Medicine:Manganese deficiency
| Manganese deficiency (medicine) |
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Manganese deficiency in humans results in a number of medical problems.[1] Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams). However poisoning may occur when greater amounts are ingested.
Function
Manganese is a component of some enzymes and stimulates the development and activity of other enzymes. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.[2]
A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.[3]
Food sources
Manganese is found in leafy green vegetables, fruits, nuts, cinnamon and whole grains. The nutritious kernel, called wheat germ, which contains the most minerals and vitamins of the grain, has been removed from most processed grains (such as white bread). The wheat germ is often sold as livestock feed. Many common vitamin and mineral supplement products fail to include manganese in their compositions. Relatively high dietary intake of other minerals such as iron, magnesium, and calcium may inhibit the proper intake of manganese.[4]
References
- ↑ Erikson, Keith M.; Ascher, Michael (2019). "Ch 10. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health". in Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O. et al.. Essential Metals in Medicine:Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic. 19. Berlin: de Gruyter. 253–266. doi:10.1515/9783110527872-016. ISBN 978-3-11-052691-2.
- ↑ Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (2001). "Manganese". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press. pp. 394–419. ISBN 9780309072793.
- ↑ Keen, C.L.; Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (1996). "Manganese". in Ziegler, E.E.; Filer, L.J.. Present Knowledge in Nutrition (7th ed.). ILSI Press. pp. 334–343. ISBN 9780944398722.
- ↑ Kies, C. (1994). "Bioavailability of manganese". in Klimis-Tavantzis, D.L.. Manganese in health and disease. Modern Nutrition. 2. CRC Press. pp. 39–58. ISBN 9780849378416. https://books.google.com/books?id=vhni0jStgWYC&pg=PA39.
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