Medicine:Pathognomonic
From HandWiki
Pathognomonic (synonym pathognomic[1]) is a term, often used in medicine, that means "characteristic for a particular disease". A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. The absence of a pathognomonic sign does not rule out the disease. Labelling a sign or symptom "pathognomonic" represents a marked intensification of a "diagnostic" sign or symptom.
The word is an adjective of Greek origin derived from πάθος pathos 'disease' and γνώμων gnomon 'indicator' (from γιγνώσκω gignosko 'I know, I recognize').
Practical use
In contrast, a test with very high sensitivity rarely misses a condition, so a negative result should be reassuring (the disease tested for is absent). A sign or symptom with very high sensitivity is often termed sine qua non. An example of such test is a genetic test to find an underlying mutation in certain types of hereditary colon cancer.[2][3]
Examples
| Disease | Sign | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytomegalovirus infection | Owl's eye appearance of inclusion bodies[4][5] | ||
| Lyme disease | Erythema chronicum migrans[6] | ||
| Inclusion body myositis | Filamentous material seen in inclusion bodies under electron microscopy | ||
| Hypocalcemia | Trousseau sign and Chvostek sign | ||
| Tetanus or Strychnine poisoning | Risus sardonicus | ||
| Measles | Koplik's spots | ||
| Wilson's disease | Kayser–Fleischer ring | ||
| Diphtheria | Pseudomembrane on tonsils, pharynx and nasal cavity | ||
| Chronic hemorrhagic pancreatitis | Grey-Turner's sign (ecchymosis in flank area) | ||
| Cholera | Rice-watery stool | ||
| Enteric fever | Rose spots in abdomen | ||
| Meningitis | Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign | ||
| Angina pectoris | Levine's sign (hand clutching of chest)[7] | ||
| Patent ductus arteriosus | Machine-like murmur | ||
| Parkinson's disease | date=April 2014} |- | Whipple's disease | Oculo-masticatory myorhythmia |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | Auer rod | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia | ||
| Pericarditis | Pericardial friction rub | ||
| Rheumatic fever | Aschoff bodies | ||
| Rabies | Hydrophobia and negri bodies | ||
| Gout | Tophi | ||
| Acute tubular necrosis | Muddy brown casts | ||
| Granulosa cell tumour | Call-Exner bodies | ||
| Malakoplakia | Michaelis–Gutmann bodies | ||
| Narcolepsy (with cataplexy) | Cataplexy | ||
| Endodermal sinus tumor | Schiller–Duval body | ||
| Parkinson's disease | Rigidity with tremor[8] | ||
| Atrial flutter | Flutter waves[9] | ||
| Sickle cell disease | Vaso-occlusive crises[10] | ||
| Lightning injury | Lichtenberg figure on skin[11][12] |
See also
- AIDS defining clinical condition
- List of eponymous medical signs
- Medical sign
- Sine qua non
References
- ↑ "Pathognomic". Oxford Dictionaries. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pathognomic.
- ↑ "Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: molecular genetics, genetic counseling, diagnosis and management". Familial Cancer 7 (1): 27–39. 2007. doi:10.1007/s10689-007-9165-5. PMID 17999161.
- ↑ "Colorectal cancer survival advantage in MUTYH-associated polyposis and Lynch syndrome families". Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102 (22): 1687–9. November 2010. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq439. PMID 21044965.
- ↑ Page 268 in: Gibbs, Ronald Darnley; Sweet, Richard L. (2009). Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7815-2.
- ↑ "Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7". Journal of Clinical Pathology 53 (8): 612–4. August 2000. doi:10.1136/jcp.53.8.612. PMID 11002765.
- ↑ "The rising challenge of Lyme borreliosis in Canada". Canada Communicable Disease Report 34 (1): 1–19. January 2008. PMID 18290267. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/08vol34/dr-rm3401a-eng.php.
- ↑ Swartz, Mark H. (2014). Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination. Elsevier. pp. 354. ISBN 9780323225076. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kse7AgAAQBAJ&q=%22Levine%27s+sign%22+pathognomonic&pg=PA355.
- ↑ Arslan, Orhan E. (2015). Neuroanatomical Basis of Clinical Neurology, Second Edition (2nd ed.). Hoboken: CRC Press. p. 473. ISBN 978-1-4398-4834-0.
- ↑ Bernstein, Neil E.; Sandler, David A.; Goh, Mark; Feigenblum, David Y.; Holmes, Douglas S.; Chinitz, Larry A. (15 October 2004). "Why a Sawtooth? Inferences on the Generation of the Flutter Wave during Typical Atrial Flutter Drawn from Radiofrequency Ablation". Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 9 (4): 358–361. doi:10.1111/j.1542-474X.2004.94576.x. PMID 15485514.
- ↑ "Gender differences in severity of sickle cell diseases in non-smokers". Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 29 (4): 1050–4. July 2013. PMID 24353686.
- ↑ Lindford, A.; Juteau, S.; Jaks, V.; Klaas, M.; Lagus, H.; Vuola, J.; Kankuri, E. (2021). "Case Report: Unravelling the Mysterious Lichtenberg Figure Skin Response in a Patient with a High-Voltage Electrical Injury". Frontiers in Medicine 8. doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.663807. PMID 34179045.
- ↑ Cooray, Vernon; Cooray, Gerald K.; Cooray, Charith (2015). "On the possible mechanism of keraunographic markings on lightning victims". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 136: 119-123. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2015.06.006. Bibcode: 2015JASTP.136..119C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JASTP.136..119C/abstract.
External links
 |  |
