Medicine:Symptom
A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls",[1] from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is apparent to a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease. A symptom can be subjective or objective. Tiredness is a subjective symptom whereas cough or fever are objective symptoms.[2] In contrast to a symptom, a sign is a clue to a disease elicited by an examiner or a doctor.[3] For example, paresthesia is a symptom (only the person experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that the skin is redder than usual). Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, but often combinations of them are at least suggestive of certain diagnoses, helping to narrow down what may be wrong. In other cases they are specific even to the point of being pathognomonic.
The term is sometimes also applied to physiological states outside the context of disease, as for example when referring to "symptoms of pregnancy". Many people use the term sign and symptom interchangeably.[4]
Types
Symptoms may be briefly acute or a more prolonged but acute or chronic, relapsing or remitting. Asymptomatic conditions also exist (e.g. subclinical infections and silent diseases like sometimes, high blood pressure).
Constitutional or general symptoms are those related to the systemic effects of a disease (e.g., fever, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss). They affect the entire body rather than a specific organ or location.
The terms "chief complaint", "presenting symptom", "iatrotropic symptom", or "presenting complaint" are used to describe the initial concern which brings a patient to a doctor. The symptom that ultimately leads to a diagnosis is called a "cardinal symptom".
Non-specific symptoms
Non-specific symptoms are self-reported symptoms that do not indicate a specific disease process or involve an isolated body system. For example, fatigue is a feature of many acute and chronic medical conditions, which may or may not be mental, and may be either a primary or secondary symptom. Fatigue is also a normal, healthy condition when experienced after exertion or at the end of a day.
Positive and negative
Symptoms can be divided into positive and negative. Positive symptoms are the ones observed in persons with a disease or other abnormal condition, but normally not observed in average healthy persons. A negative symptom is absence of a function or feeling normally present in an average person.[citation needed]
For example, in describing mental disorders,[5][6] especially schizophrenia, positive and negative symptoms are as follows.[7]
Positive symptoms
Positive symptoms are symptoms that are present in the disorder and are not normally experienced by most individuals. It reflects an excess or distortion of normal functions (i.e., experiences and behaviors that have been added to a person's normal way of functioning).[8] Examples are hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.[5]
For somatic sensory symptoms, the positive ones are tingling, itching and various sensations described as pricking, bandlike, lightning-like shooting feelings (lancinations), aching, knifelike, twisting, drawing, pulling, tightening, burning, searing, electrical, or raw feelings. The terms used to describe positive sensory symptoms are paresthesia and dysesthesia.
Negative symptoms
Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found in healthy persons, but that are diminished or not present in affected persons. Thus, it is something that has disappeared from a person's normal way of functioning.[8] Examples are social withdrawal, apathy, inability to experience pleasure and defects in attention control.[6]
The negative sensory symptoms are diminished or missing sensations. The most common one is numbness. The following terms are used for negative symptoms. Hypoesthesia (hypesthesia) is a partial loss of sensitivity to moderate stimuli, such as pressure, touch, warmness, coldness, etc. Anesthesia is the complete loss of sensitivity to stronger stimuli, such as pinprick. Hypalgesia (analgesia) is loss of sensation to painful stimuli.[9]
Possible causes
Some symptoms occur in a wide range of disease processes, whereas other symptoms are fairly specific for a narrow range of illnesses. For example, a sudden loss of sight in one eye has a significantly smaller number of possible causes than nausea does.
Some symptoms can be misleading to the patient or the medical practitioner caring for them. For example, inflammation of the gallbladder often gives rise to pain in the right shoulder, which may understandably lead the patient to attribute the pain to a non-abdominal cause such as muscle strain.
Symptom versus sign
A medical sign has the potential to be objectively observed by someone other than the patient, whereas a symptom does not. There is a correlation between this difference and the difference between the medical history and the physical examination. Symptoms belong only to the history, whereas signs can often belong to both. Clinical signs such as rash and muscle tremors are objectively observable both by the patient and by anyone else. Some signs belong only to the physical examination, because it takes medical expertise to uncover them. (For example, laboratory signs such as hypocalcaemia or neutropenia require blood tests to find.) A sign observed by the patient last week but now gone (such as a resolved rash) was a sign, but it belongs to the medical history, not the physical examination, because the physician cannot independently verify it today.
Symptomatology
Symptomatology (also called semiology) is a branch of medicine dealing with symptoms.[10] Also this study deals with the signs and indications of a disease.[11]
See also
- List of medical symptoms
- Pathogenesis
- Sinthome
- Symptomatic treatment
- Medical sign
References
- ↑ "Sumptoma, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Pursues". Perseus.tufts.edu. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2398870. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ↑ "Symptom | Definition of symptom in English by Lexico Dictionaries". https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/symptom.
- ↑ "Medical Definition of PHYSICAL SIGN". https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/physical%20sign.
- ↑ "What Are Signs And Symptoms And Why Do They Matter?" (in en). Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171206135909/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161858.php. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: positive symptom". Minddisorders.com. Archived from the original on 2012-01-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20120102111246/http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Positive-symptoms.html. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Negative symptoms - effects, withdrawal, examples, person, used, brain, Definition, Description". Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20100820044840/http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Negative-symptoms.html. Retrieved 2010-07-14. Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: negative symptom
- ↑ "Mental Health: a Report from the Surgeon General". Surgeongeneral.gov. 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111043025/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter2/sec2.html. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Understanding Psychosis , Mental Health Illness of Australia.
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th edition, Chapter 31: Numbness, Tingling, and Sensory Loss
- ↑ The British Medical Association (BMA) (2002). Illustrated Medical Dictionary. A Dorling Kindersley Book. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-75-133383-1.
- ↑ David A. Bedworth, Albert E. Bedworth (2010). The Dictionary of Health Education. Oxford University Press. pp. 484. ISBN 978-0-19-534259-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=SihnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA484.
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