Medicine:Remote patient monitoring

From HandWiki
Short description: Technology to monitor patients outside of conventional clinical settings

Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a technology to enable monitoring of patients outside of conventional clinical settings, such as in the home or in a remote area, which may increase access to care and decrease healthcare delivery costs. RPM involves the constant remote care of patients by their physicians, often to track physical symptoms, chronic conditions, or post-hospitalization rehab.[1]

Devices like smartwatches are continually updated with new Remote Monitoring technologies such as heartbeat monitors

Incorporating RPM in chronic-disease management may significantly improve an individual's quality of life, by allowing patients to maintain independence, prevent complications, and to minimize personal costs.[2] RPM facilitates these goals by delivering care through telecommunications. This form of patient monitoring can be particularly important when patients are managing complex self-care processes such as home hemodialysis.[3]

Key features of RPM, like remote monitoring and trend analysis of physiological parameters, enable early detection of deterioration; thereby reducing emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and the duration of hospital stays.[4][5][6][7] While technologies are continually being developed to tackle this type of health care, physicians may utilize basic communication methods such as Zoom, Snapchat, or even landline phones.[1]

Pilot programs for Remote Patient Monitoring began in the 1970's when Kaiser Permanente created monitoring systems for rural communities in order to provide better healthcare to isolated regions.[8] Literature related to Remote Patient Monitoring suggests that interventions based on health behavior models, care pathways, and personalized coaching lead to the best outcomes.[9]

Research on the use of Remote Patient Monitoring technologies has helped determine that further development of telehealth ecosystems, in which physicians can give recommendations and means of care while also receiving transmitted health information, can lead to better patient outcomes and higher patient satisfaction.[10][11] Researchers also note that Remote Patient Monitoring will become more important as healthcare changes from a volume focus to a value focus.[10]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Remote Patient Monitoring has been used extensively and allowed for more fields such as psychology or cardiology to use virtual care. By 2025, the Remote Patient Monitoring industry is expected to double, due to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and increased at-home care.[12] Use of Remote Patient Monitoring has been proven to ultimately provide better patient compliance and improved physician management, while decreasing costs of care.[13]

Key features of RPM

Accessibly

Both patients and care providers can access the RPM record anytime from anywhere. Instantaneous access is helpful in making accurate health decisions and improves clinical operations.[14]

Cost-effectiveness.

Not much evidence has been able to support whether or not telehealth is more cost effective or not. There is some research showing that it can be a less expensive way for doctors to provide care because they aren’t using any of their physical resources on the patient. Sage journals published a case study researching if telehealth is cost effective for the patient in the comfort of their home. Langabeer et al. (2017), stated that this study's method was to utilize telehealth resources when people called 911 and EMS responded. Once EMS was on scene, they would pull up a virtual system putting them in direct contact with an emergency department provider at the hospital. The provider was then able to triage the patient at the scene of the call and determine the best course of treatment potentially being no transport to the hospital. This in turn is more cost efficient for the patients and the medical providers both. This showed to be helpful in-patient outcomes because the provider was able to determine the critical level of the patient therefore allowing them to determine the best course of action at an earlier time.[15][16]

Promptness

RPM helps in faster decision-making. RPM collects, improves, and analyzes data promptly, which is time-saving. Report-making has become easy through RPM.

Technological components

The diverse applications of RPM lead to numerous variations of RPM technology architecture. However, most RPM technologies follow a general architecture that consists of four components.:[17]

  • Sensors on a device that is enabled by wireless communications to measure physiological parameters.
  • Sensors can connect back to a central database by WiFi or cellular communication protocols depending on the manufacturer.
  • Local data storage at patients’ site that interfaces between sensors and other centralized data repository and/or healthcare providers.
  • Centralized repository to store data sent from sensors, local data storage, diagnostic applications, and/or healthcare providers.
  • Diagnostic application software that develops treatment recommendations and intervention alerts based on the analysis of collected data.

Depending on the disease and the parameters that are monitored, different combinations of sensors, storage, and applications may be deployed.[5][17]

Applications

Physiological data such as blood pressure and subjective patient data are collected by sensors on peripheral devices. Examples of peripheral devices are: blood pressure cuff, pulse oximeter, and glucometer. The data are transmitted to healthcare providers or third parties via wireless telecommunication devices. The data are evaluated for potential problems by a healthcare professional or via a clinical decision support algorithm, and patient, caregivers, and health providers are immediately alerted if a problem is detected.[4] As a result, timely intervention ensures positive patient outcomes. The newer applications also provide education, test and medication reminder alerts, and a means of communication between the patient and the provider.[4] The following section illustrates examples of RPM applications, but RPM is not limited to those disease states

Cancer

Use of RPM among patients with cancer has been proven to improve outcomes overall, with studies showing improvements in re-hospitalization rates and decreased healthcare resource usage.[18] These remote monitoring technologies help to lower severity of pain as well as improving depression.[19]

The RPM has improved the life expectancy of Cancer Patients up to 20%. Remote patient monitoring devices help in early interventions, prescriptions, chemotherapy modifications, etc. RPM has helped in reducing Cancer emergency room visits or prolonged chemotherapy treatments. It is estimated that the hospitalization rate of patients with RPM is 2.8% and without RPM is 13%[20]

COVID-19

Use of Remote Patient Monitoring reduces face-to-face interactions between physician and patient

RPM can provide continuity of care for symptomatic COVID-19 patients post-discharge from hospital and those with mild to moderate oxygen desaturation levels that do not require hospitalization, and patients with long-COVID symptoms. Due to the nature of the pandemic, RPM is a necessary means of providing care to at-risk patients such as elderly or immunocompromised people.

Studies show that the use of RPM during the pandemic has helped to reduce hospitalizations [21] and decrease the use of acute care resources.[18][22]

The FDA has given emergency authorized use of RPM technologies for the purpose of decreasing the spread of COVID-19 and to prevent overload for healthcare resources and personnel.[18][23][24]

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

For patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, RPM may contribute to increased patient knowledge, earlier interventions, and shared decision making. However, the evidence is varying and issues of cost, and the shift of responsibilities to patients have also been raised.[25][26][27]

Dementia and falls

Telehealth Response Watch

For patients with dementia that are at risk for falls, RPM technology promotes safety and prevents harm through continuous surveillance.[4] RPM sensors can be affixed to the individual or their assistive mobility devices such as canes and walkers.[4] The sensors monitor an individual’s location, gait, linear acceleration and angular velocity, and utilize a mathematical algorithm to predict the likelihood for falls, detect movement changes, and alert caregivers if the individual has fallen.[4] Furthermore, tracking capabilities via Wi-Fi, global positioning system (GPS) or radio frequency enables caregivers to locate wandering elders.[4]

Diabetes

Diabetes management requires control of multiple parameters: blood pressure, weight, and blood glucose. The real-time delivery of blood glucose and blood pressure readings enables immediate alerts for patient and healthcare providers to intervene when needed. There is evidence to show that daily diabetes management involving RPM is just as effective as usual clinic visit every 3 months.[28]

Congestive heart failure

A systematic review of the literature on home monitoring for heart failure patients indicates that RPM improves quality of life, improves patient-provider relationships, shortens duration of stay in hospitals, decreases mortality rate, and reduces costs to the healthcare system.[29][30]

Infertility

A recent study of a remote patient monitoring solution for infertility demonstrated that for appropriately screened patients who had been seeking In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment, a six-month remote monitoring program had the same pregnancy rate as a cycle of IVF.[31] The remote patient monitoring product and service used had a cost-per-patient of $800, compared to the average cost of a cycle of IVF of $15,000, suggesting a 95% reduction in the cost of care for the same outcome.

Surgery

When compared to standard of care with no devices, a 2021 study showed that post-surgical remote patient monitoring detected 30% more medication errors, 10-14% reduction in patient paint, and a 5% reduction in hospital re-admissions.[32][33][34] The randomized study, conducted by PJ Devereaux and Micheal McGillion, split 905 patients between a standard of care group and a RPM group, which used at-home clinical grade vital sign devices to transfer their vital signs to a Clinician Portal where they were monitored remotely and could communicate through text, chat, or video calls.[32][33][35] The scientists (Devereaux and McGillion) are now conducting two follow-up studies (PVC-RAM 2[36] and PVC-RAM 3[37]) to investigate secondary findings of PVC RAM1.

Telemedicine in prison systems

A forerunner to RPM, Florida first experimented with "primitive" telemedicine use in its prisons during the latter 1980s.[38] Working with Doctors Oscar W. Boultinghouse and Michael J. Davis, from the early 1990s to 2007, Glenn G. Hammack led the University of Texas Medical Branch's development of a pioneering telehealth program in Texas state prisons.[39] Many of the studies conducted on telehealth have focused on the effectiveness in rural or remote communities so an article published by plos one looked at a study done focusing on the effectiveness of telehealth in the prison system. This review looked at 29 different studies that all utilized telehealth in the prison slightly different. The parameters and interventions delivered varied causing the outcomes to vary. The overall systemic review provided mixed evidence on the impact and outcomes of telehealth usage in prisons. Considering the fact, the world population is growing this means so is the prison population which also means the spectrum of health issues is also broadening. This being the main reason for these studies to have been conducted. This leads to the conclusion that more testing and studies must be completed too fully determine the effectiveness in patient outcomes. There was definitely evidence in the studies showing a positive effect from telehealth in the prison system and it did in some cases prove to be effective with positive impacts. It also showed in some cases to be just as effective as normal conventional care. The study stated that the idea to consider is what is being treated and what the context of the situation being addressed is. If the situation is critical, then other measures or responses may be necessary.[40]

Veterans Health Administration

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA), United States’ largest integrated healthcare system, is an early adopter which became highly involved in the implementation and evaluation of RPM technologies. It has expanded use of RPM beyond common chronic disease applications, to post-traumatic stress disorder, cancer and palliative care. VHA’s findings indicate improvements in a wide range of metrics, including decrease in emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and nursing home admissions.[6] Findings from the VHA Care Coordination/Home Telehealth program show that RPM deployment resulted in significant savings to the organization.[41]

Whole System Demonstrator Trial in UK

The UK’s Department of Health’s Whole System Demonstrator (WSD)[42] launched in May 2008. It is the largest randomised control trial of telehealth and telecare in the world, involving 6191 patients and 238 GP practices across three sites, Newham, Kent and Cornwall. The trials were evaluated by: City University London, University of Oxford, University of Manchester, Nuffield Trust, Imperial College London and London School of Economics.

  • 45% reduction in mortality rates
  • 20% reduction in emergency admissions
  • 15% reduction in A&E visits
  • 14% reduction in elective admissions
  • 14% reduction in bed days
  • 8% reduction in tariff costs

In the UK, the Government's Care Services minister, Paul Burstow, has stated that telehealth and telecare would be extended over the next five years (2012-2017) to reach three million people.[43]

Limitations

RPM is highly dependent on the individual’s motivation to manage their health. Without the patient’s willingness to be an active participant in their care, RPM implementation will likely fail. The shift of accountability associated with RPM brings up liability issues.[17] There are no clear guidelines in respect to whether clinicians have to intervene every time they receive an alert regardless of the urgency. The continuous flow of patient data requires a dedicated team of health care providers to handle the information, which may, in fact, increase the workload. Although technology is introduced with the intent to increase efficiency, it can become a barrier to some healthcare providers that are not technological. There are common obstacles that health informatics technologies encounter that applies to RPM. Depending on the comorbidities monitored, RPM involves a diverse selection of devices in its implementation. Standardization is required for data exchange and interoperability among multiple components. Furthermore, RPM deployment is highly dependent on an extensive wireless telecommunications infrastructure, which may not be available or feasible in rural areas. Since RPM involves transmission of sensitive patient data across telecommunication networks, information security is a concern.[17] Debate surrounds the potential cybersecurity issues of RPM, including the likelihood of hacks which could pull personal medical data.[44] Additionally, most remote monitoring devices are limited to single-user applications, and could be expanded in the future for better inclusion of multi-user technologies.[44]

Reimbursement

United States

Since 2020, Medicare fully covers doctors and other medical staff receiving payment for RPM patient setup and training. This is then followed by a fixed monthly amount for operating health monitoring devices and logging patient readings. Medicaid also covers these procedures in 34 states.[45]

Cigna, Humana and UnitedHealth Care are among the large private U.S. private health insurance companies that offer members to track certain health data, such as blood pressure, glucose values and other metrics, and send them to their virtual primary care providers who can review the data during patient visits. Some of these plans include coverage of the use of medical devices for remote patient monitoring.[46]

Germany

Digital health applications (known as DiGA in German: “Digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen”) have been eligible for nationwide insurance coverage since the end of 2019 through a fast-track application process.[47] Medical devices that are used for remote patient monitoring through apps, have to be considered Category I (low risk) or IIa (low-medium risk) to be eligible.[48] Telehealth and coaching, even when combined with remote patient monitoring through wearables, is not directly covered by the DiGA directive, but needs to be reimbursed separately under different provisions.[49]

Controversy

Published by the New England Journal of Medicine, a randomized controlled trial involving congestive heart failure patients concluded that the use of telemonitoring failed to provide a benefit over usual care.[50] The telemonitoring patient group was instructed to call a designated number daily, and answer a series of questions about their symptoms using a keypad.[50] Clearly, the process described by Chaudhry et al. (2010) differs from the RPM methodology illustrated in the overview, which involves actual collection and transmission of physiological data through point-of-care devices. With articles[51][52] from Forbes associating RPM with the negative findings by Chaudhry et al. (2010), it may be difficult to clear the misconception that telemonitoring is synonymous with remote patient monitoring. Researchers at the Semnan University of Medical Science have determined that while Remote Patient Monitoring is a more feasible type of care for elderly people at home, especially during a difficult period like the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is difficult for physicians to maintain control over their care while not under their supervision.[53] The lack of standardization of RPM nomenclature and definition makes it difficult to differentiate between different forms of patient monitoring involving technology. Different forms of RPM have varying effectiveness, with researchers supporting more resources going towards developing technologies which counter the pitfalls of these methods.[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "How COVID-19 Affects the Telehealth, Remote Patient Monitoring Landscape" (in en-US). 4 May 2021. https://mhealthintelligence.com/features/how-covid-19-affects-the-telehealth-remote-patient-monitoring-landscape. 
  2. ↑ "Descriptions of barriers to self-care by persons with comorbid chronic diseases". Annals of Family Medicine 1 (1): 15–21. 2003. doi:10.1370/afm.4. PMID 15043175. 
  3. ↑ "Bridging the self-care deficit gap: Remote patient monitoring and the hospital-at-home.". International Conference on Electronic Healthcare. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. 0001. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 8 September 2008. pp. 66–73. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-00413-1_8. ISBN 978-3-642-00413-1. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "Technologies for remote patient monitoring in older adults: Position paper.". Oakland, CA: Center for Technology and Aging. April 2010. http://www.phi.org/uploads/application/files/mjr85izva3yk7v3ah3yqtf5bt1phgzywg67a7zlsv7xcy9h85w.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Data Management within mHealth Environments: Patient Sensors, Mobile Devices, and Databases". J. Data and Information Quality 4: 1–20. 2012. doi:10.1145/2378016.2378021. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Remote patient management: technology-enabled innovation and evolving business models for chronic disease care". Health Affairs 28 (1): 126–35. 2009. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.126. PMID 19124862. 
  7. ↑ "Impact of ICT on home healthcare". In ICT Critical Infrastructures and Society. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 2012. pp. 111–122. http://security1.win.tue.nl/THeCS/pubs/Impact%20of%20ICT%20on%20Home%20Healthcare-HCC10-%202012.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "The History of Remote Monitoring, Telemedicine Technology" (in en-US). 9 November 2015. https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/the-history-of-remote-monitoring-telemedicine-technology. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Impact of remote patient monitoring on clinical outcomes: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". npj Digital Medicine 1 (1): 20172. January 2018. doi:10.1038/s41746-017-0002-4. PMID 31304346. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Personalized Technologies in Chronic Gastrointestinal Disorders: Self-monitoring and Remote Sensor Technologies". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 14 (12): 1697–1705. December 2016. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.05.009. PMID 27189911. 
  11. ↑ "Effectiveness of Remote Patient Monitoring After Discharge of Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure: The Better Effectiveness After Transition -- Heart Failure (BEAT-HF) Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Internal Medicine 176 (3): 310–8. March 2016. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7712. PMID 26857383. 
  12. ↑ "RPM market will double in next five years, predict stakeholders" (in en). 5 August 2020. https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/rpm-market-will-double-next-five-years-predict-stakeholders. 
  13. ↑ (in en) Medinfo 2007. IOS Press. 2007. ISBN 978-1-58603-774-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=dEXxG4XyvKwC&pg=PP1. 
  14. ↑ Ekeland, Anne G.; Bowes, Alison; Flottorp, Signe (2010-11-01). "Effectiveness of telemedicine: A systematic review of reviews" (in en). International Journal of Medical Informatics 79 (11): 736–771. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.08.006. ISSN 1386-5056. PMID 20884286. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386505610001504. 
  15. ↑ Langabeer, James R; Champagne-Langabeer, Tiffany; Alqusairi, Diaa; Kim, Junghyun; Jackson, Adria; Persse, David; Gonzalez, Michael (September 2017). "Cost–benefit analysis of telehealth in pre-hospital care" (in en). Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 23 (8): 747–751. doi:10.1177/1357633X16680541. ISSN 1357-633X. PMID 27913657. 
  16. ↑ Shigekawa, Erin; Fix, Margaret; Corbett, Garen; Roby, Dylan H.; Coffman, Janet (2018-12-01). "The Current State Of Telehealth Evidence: A Rapid Review". Health Affairs 37 (12): 1975–1982. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05132. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 30633674. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05132. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Fusion trends & opportunities medical devices and communications.". AnalystReport (Connecticut: NERAC Publication). September 2010. http://www.nerac.com/nerac_insights.php?category=reports&id=279. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Association of a Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) Program With Reduced Hospitalizations in Cancer Patients With COVID-19". JCO Oncology Practice 17 (9): e1293–e1302. June 2021. doi:10.1200/OP.21.00307. PMID 34085535. 
  19. ↑ "Benefits of remote real-time side-effect monitoring systems for patients receiving cancer treatment". Oncology Reviews 6 (1): e7. March 2012. doi:10.4081/oncol.2012.e7. PMID 25992209. 
  20. ↑ Pritchett, Joshua C.; Borah, Bijan J.; Desai, Aakash P.; Xie, Zhuoer; Saliba, Antoine N.; Leventakos, Konstantinos; Coffey, Jordan D.; Pearson, Kristina K. et al. (September 2021). "Association of a Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) Program With Reduced Hospitalizations in Cancer Patients With COVID-19". JCO Oncology Practice 17 (9): e1293–e1302. doi:10.1200/OP.21.00307. ISSN 2688-1535. PMID 34085535. 
  21. ↑ "Remote patient monitoring in peritoneal dialysis helps reduce risk of hospitalization during Covid-19 pandemic". Journal of Nephrology 33 (6): 1123–1124. December 2020. doi:10.1007/s40620-020-00822-0. PMID 32780306. 
  22. ↑ "Rapid implementation of a COVID-19 remote patient monitoring program". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 27 (8): 1326–1330. August 2020. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaa097. PMID 32392280. 
  23. ↑ Center for Devices and Radiological Health (2021-07-15). "Remote or Wearable Patient Monitoring Devices EUAs" (in en). FDA. https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-emergency-use-authorizations-medical-devices/remote-or-wearable-patient-monitoring-devices-euas. 
  24. ↑ Camden, Chantal; Silva, Mindy (2021-01-02). "Pediatric Teleheath: Opportunities Created by the COVID-19 and Suggestions to Sustain Its Use to Support Families of Children with Disabilities". Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 41 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1080/01942638.2020.1825032. ISSN 0194-2638. PMID 33023352. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942638.2020.1825032. 
  25. ↑ "Patient expectations and experiences of remote monitoring for chronic diseases: Systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies". International Journal of Medical Informatics 124: 78–85. April 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.01.013. PMID 30784430. 
  26. ↑ "Remote Patient Monitoring Technologies for Predicting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations: Review and Comparison". JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8 (5): e16147. May 2020. doi:10.2196/16147. PMID 32348262. 
  27. ↑ "Does remote patient monitoring reduce acute care use? A systematic review". BMJ Open 11 (3): e040232. March 2021. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040232. PMID 33653740. 
  28. ↑ "Modem transmission of glucose values reduces the costs and need for clinic visits". Diabetes Care 26 (5): 1475–9. May 2003. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.5.1475. PMID 12716807. 
  29. ↑ "A systematic review of the literature on home monitoring for patients with heart failure". Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 12 (5): 234–41. 2006. doi:10.1258/135763306777889109. PMID 16848935. 
  30. ↑ "Using Telehealth to Reduce All-Cause 30-Day Hospital Readmissions among Heart Failure Patients" (in en). https://www.healthrecoverysolutions.com/resources/case-study/penn-medicine-at-home. 
  31. ↑ "Pregnancy Prognosis in Infertile Couples on the DuoFertility Programme Compared with In Vitro Fertilisation/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection". European Obstetrics & Gynaecology 6 (2): 92–4. 2011. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 McGillion, Michael H; Parlow, Joel; Borges, Flavia K; Marcucci, Maura; Jacka, Michael; Adili, Anthony; Lalu, Manoj M; Ouellette, Carley et al. (2021-09-30). "Post-discharge after surgery Virtual Care with Remote Automated Monitoring-1 (PVC-RAM-1) technology versus standard care: randomised controlled trial" (in en). BMJ 374: n2209. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2209. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 34593374. PMC 8477638. https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n2209. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Leighanne, Evans (2021-10-20). "Canadian study using Kitchener-based technology proves virtual healthcare post-surgery is beneficial". CTV Kitchener. https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/canadian-study-using-kitchener-based-technology-proves-virtual-healthcare-post-surgery-is-beneficial-1.5631691. 
  34. ↑ Kate, Bueckert (2021-10-26). "Post-surgery patients monitored virtually do better than those seeing doctors in person, study indicates". CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/mcmaster-study-kitchener-cloud-dx-patient-monitoring-surgery-1.6225420. 
  35. ↑ McGillion, Michael H.; Parlow, Joel; Borges, Flavia K.; Marcucci, Maura; Jacka, Michael; Adili, Anthony; Lalu, Manoj M.; Yang, Homer et al. (2021-01-01). "Post Discharge after Surgery Virtual Care with Remote Automated Monitoring Technology (PVC-RAM): protocol for a randomized controlled trial" (in en). CMAJ Open 9 (1): E142–E148. doi:10.9778/cmajo.20200176. ISSN 2291-0026. PMID 33653769. PMC 8034369. https://www.cmajopen.ca/content/9/1/E142. 
  36. ↑ Population Health Research Institute (2021-09-14). Post Discharge After Surgery Virtual Care With Remote Automated Monitoring Technology (PVC-RAM)-2 Trial. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04876950. 
  37. ↑ "PVC-RAM-3 - Research Studies - PHRI - Population Health Research Institute of Canada" (in en-US). https://www.phri.ca/research/pvc-ram-3/. 
  38. ↑ "State Prisons Turn to Telemedicine to Improve Health and Save Money". Annals of Emergency Medicine (The PEW Charitable Trusts) 56 (5): A15–A17. January 21, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.09.008. PMID 21064235. https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(10)01534-9/fulltext. Retrieved 2019-10-03. 
  39. ↑ "The Doctor Will See You Now. Please Log On.". The New York Times. May 29, 2010. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/business/30telemed.html. 
  40. ↑ Tian, Esther Jie; Venugopalan, Sooraj; Kumar, Saravana; Beard, Matthew (2021-05-17). "The impacts of and outcomes from telehealth delivered in prisons: A systematic review" (in en). PLOS ONE 16 (5): e0251840. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251840. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 33999946. Bibcode: 2021PLoSO..1651840T. 
  41. ↑ "Care Coordination/Home Telehealth: the systematic implementation of health informatics, home telehealth, and disease management to support the care of veteran patients with chronic conditions". Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 14 (10): 1118–26. December 2008. doi:10.1089/tmj.2008.0021. PMID 19119835. 
  42. ↑ "Whole Systems Demonstrators: An Overview of Telecare and Telehealth". U.K. Department of Health. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_100947.pdf. 
  43. ↑ "Roll-out of telehealth and telecare to benefit three million lives". U.K. Department of Health. 19 January 2012. http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/2012/01/roll-out-of-telehealth-and-telecare-to-benefit-three-million-lives/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Exploring a New Security Framework for Remote Patient Monitoring Devices" (in en). Computers 6 (1): 11. March 2017. doi:10.3390/computers6010011. 
  45. ↑ Bowman, Jeff (2023-02-07). "Reimbursements for Remote Patient Monitoring: How to Use Them to Raise Practice Revenue" (in en). https://remetrichealth.com/reimbursements-for-remote-patient-monitoring-how-to-use-them-to-raise-practice-revenue/. 
  46. ↑ Vaidya, Anuja (January 31, 2022). "Cigna's MDLIVE Deploys Remote Patient Monitoring Program". https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/cignas-mdlive-deploys-remote-patient-monitoring-program. 
  47. ↑ "BfArM - Interesting facts". https://www.bfarm.de/EN/Medical-devices/Tasks/DiGA-and-DiPA/Digital-Health-Applications/Interesting-facts/_node.html. 
  48. ↑ "BfArM - Differentiation and classification". https://www.bfarm.de/EN/Medical-devices/Tasks/Differentiation-and-classification/_node.html. 
  49. ↑ [Das Fast-Track-Verfahren für digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) nach § 139e SGB V "Das Fast-Track-Verfahren für digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) nach § 139e SGB V"]. Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices: 16. September 4, 2023. Das Fast-Track-Verfahren für digitale Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) nach § 139e SGB V. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Telemonitoring in patients with heart failure". The New England Journal of Medicine 363 (24): 2301–9. December 2010. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1010029. PMID 21080835. 
  51. ↑ "Why remote patient monitoring is overhyped.". Forbes. 18 November 2010. https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertlangreth/2010/11/18/why-telemedicine-is-overhyped/2/. 
  52. ↑ "A double whammy for remote patient monitoring.". Forbe. 19 November 2010. https://www.forbes.com/sites/sciencebiz/2010/11/19/a-double-whammy-for-remote-patient-monitoring/. 
  53. ↑ "COVID-19: Pros and cons of different caring techniques of elderly patients". Journal of Education and Health Promotion 10: 87. 2021-03-31. doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_1536_20. PMID 34084834. 



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