Medicine:Sedentary lifestyle

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Short description: Type of lifestyle involving little or no physical activity
Exercise trends such as watching television are a common characteristic of a sedentary lifestyle.

Sedentary lifestyle is a lifestyle type, in which one is physically inactive and does little or no physical movement and or exercise.[1] A person living a sedentary lifestyle is often sitting or lying down while engaged in an activity like socializing, watching TV, playing video games, reading or using a mobile phone or computer for much of the day. A sedentary lifestyle contributes to poor health quality, diseases as well as many preventable causes of death.[2][3][4][5][6]

Sitting time is a common measure of a sedentary lifestyle. A global review representing 47% of the global adult population found that the average person sits down for 4.7 to 6.5 hours a day with the average going up every year.[7][8][9][specify] The CDC found that 25.3% of all American adults are physically inactive.[10]

Screen time is a term for the amount of time a person spends looking at a screen such as a television, computer monitor, or mobile device. Excessive screen time is linked to negative health consequences.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][6][excessive citations]

Definition

Intensity of activity on a continuum from sedentary behavior through to vigorous activity intensity.
Sedentary behavior enables less energy expenditure than active behavior.

Sedentary behavior is not the same as physical inactivity: sedentary behavior is defined as "any waking behavior characterized by an energy expenditure less than or equal to 1.5 metabolic equivalents (METs), while in a sitting, reclining or lying posture".[18][19] Spending most waking hours sitting does not necessarily mean that an individual is sedentary,[3] though sitting and lying down most frequently are sedentary behaviors.[19][5] Esmonde-White defines a sedentary lifestyle as a lifestyle that involves "longer than six hours a day" of sedentary behavior.[20]

Health effects

Effects of a sedentary work life or lifestyle can be either direct or indirect. One of the most prominent direct effect of a sedentary lifestyle is an increased BMI leading to obesity.[21] A lack of physical activity is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide.[22][23]

At least 300,000 premature deaths, and $90 billion in direct healthcare costs are caused by obesity and sedentary lifestyle per year in the US alone.[24] The risk is higher among those that sit still more than five hours per day. It is shown to be a risk factor on its own independent of hard exercise and BMI. People that sit still more than four hours per day have a 40 percent higher risk than those that sit fewer than four hours per day. However, those that exercise at least four hours per week are as healthy as those that sit fewer than four hours per day.[25][26]

Indirectly, an increased BMI due to a sedentary lifestyle can lead to decreased productivity and increased absenteeism from necessary activities like work.[27]

A sedentary lifestyle contributes to or can be a risk factor for:

Mitigation

Gastineau Elementary Bike to School Day in Alaska

Adults and children spend long amounts of time sitting in a workplace or at a school, which is why interventions have been focused in these two areas.[3] Mass media campaigns might also be able to reduce the amount of time spent sitting or lying down and positively affect the intention to be active physically.[45][46]

Recent innovations in AI technology have led to the development of exercise prescription systems designed to reduce sedentary behavior. These systems deliver personalized exercise plans by analyzing individual health metrics, potentially decreasing the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and its associated health risks.[47]

In urban spaces

Some evidence has been found of a negative association between exposure to an existing urban motorway and moderate to vigorous physical activity.[48] The proportion of physically active individuals was higher in high- versus low-walkability neighborhoods.[49] Rising rates of overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity in China's rapidly growing cities and urban populations have been due to urban development practices and policies.[50]

In a work environment

Occupational sedentary behaviour accounts for a significant proportion of sitting time for many adults.[51] Some workplaces have implemented exercise classes at lunch, walking challenges among coworkers, or allowing employees to stand rather than sit at their desks during work. Workplace interventions such as alternative activity workstations,[52] sit-stand desks, and promotion of stair use are among measures implemented to counter the harms of a sedentary workplace.[53]

Research

A 2018 Cochrane review concluded that "At present there is low‐quality evidence that sit‐stand desks may reduce sitting at work in the first year of their use. However, the effects are likely to reduce with time. There is generally insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about such effects for other types of interventions and for the effectiveness of reducing workplace sitting over periods longer than one year."[54]

An intervention to encourage office workers to stand and move reduced their sitting time by 22 minutes after 1 year; the effect was 3-times greater when the intervention included a sit-to-stand desk. The intervention also led to small improvements in stress, wellbeing and vigor.[55][56]

In education

The majority of time children are in a classroom, they are seated (60% of the time).[3] Children who regularly engage in physical activity are more likely to become healthy adults; children benefit both physically and mentally when they replace sedentary behavior with active behavior.[57] Despite this knowledge and due in part to an increase in sedentary behaviors, children have 8 fewer hours of free play each week than they did 20 years ago.[58]

Several studies have examined the effects of adding height-adjustable standing desks to classrooms, which have reduced the time spent sitting. However, associating the reduction in sitting with health effects is challenging. In one study conducted on Australian school children, known as the Transform-Us! study, interventions reduced the amount of time children spent sitting in the classroom, which was associated with lower body mass index and waist circumference. The interventions used in the study included stand-up desks and easels, the use of timers, and sport and circus equipment in the classroom. Teachers also made lessons more active, and added breaks to lessons to promote active time.[3] In the US, another intervention for children is promoting the use of active transportation to and from school, such as through the Safe Routes to School program.[59]

History

Over the last hundred years, there has been a large shift from manual labor jobs (e.g. farming, manufacturing, building) to office jobs which is due to many contributing factors including globalization, outsourcing of jobs and technological advances (specifically internet and computers). In 1960, there was a decline of jobs requiring moderate physical activity from 50% to 20%, and one in two Americans had a physically demanding job, while in 2011 this ratio was one in five.[60] From 1990 to 2016, there was a decrease of about one third in manual labor jobs/employment.[61] In 2008, the United States American National Health Interview Survey found that 36% of adults were inactive, and 59% of adult respondents never participated in vigorous physical activity lasting more than 10 minutes per week.[62] According to a 2018 study, office based workers typically spend 70-85% sitting.[63] In the US population, prevalence of sitting watching television or videos at least 2 h/d was high in 2015-2016 (ranging from 59% to 65%); the estimated prevalence of computer use outside school or work for at least 1 h/d increased from 2001 to 2016 (from 43% to 56% for children, from 53% to 57% among adolescents, and from 29% to 50% for adults); and estimated total sitting time increased from 2007 to 2016 (from 7.0 to 8.2 h/d among adolescents and from 5.5 to 6.4 h/d among adults).[64]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "How to Fix a Sedentary Lifestyle (Because It's Never Too Late to Get Moving)" (in en-US). 17 March 2020. https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/a31448807/what-is-sedentary-lifestyle/. 
  2. ↑ "2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report". 18 February 2019. https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/report/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Sedentary Behavior and Public Health: Integrating the Evidence and Identifying Potential Solutions". Annual Review of Public Health 41: 265–287. April 2020. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094201. PMID 31913771. 
  4. ↑ "Sitting Disease: How a Sedentary Lifestyle Affects Heart Health" (in en). 8 August 2021. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/sitting-disease-how-a-sedentary-lifestyle-affects-heart-health. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Sedentary Behavior - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/sedentary-behavior. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of Updated Evidence of Potential Health Risks". Korean Journal of Family Medicine 41 (6): 365–373. November 2020. doi:10.4082/kjfm.20.0165. PMID 33242381. 
  7. ↑ "Worldwide surveillance of self-reported sitting time: a scoping review". The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 17 (1): 111. September 2020. doi:10.1186/s12966-020-01008-4. PMID 32883294. 
  8. ↑ "How Much Time Does the Average Person Spend Sitting? Reports Show It's Dramatically Changing" (in en). 23 April 2019. https://www.inverse.com/article/55165-time-spent-sitting-average-person. 
  9. ↑ "The Big Number: The average U.S. adult sits 6.5 hours a day. For teens, it's even more" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/the-big-numberthe-average-us-adult-sits-65-hours-a-day-for-teens-its-even-more/2019/04/26/7c29e4c2-676a-11e9-a1b6-b29b90efa879_story.html. 
  10. ↑ CDC (25 July 2022). "Adult Physical Inactivity" (in en-us). https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/inactivity-prevalence-maps/index.html. 
  11. ↑ "Relationship between screen time and metabolic syndrome in adolescents". Journal of Public Health 30 (2): 153–160. June 2008. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdn022. PMID 18375469. 
  12. ↑ "Household television access: associations with screen time, reading, and homework among youth". Ambulatory Pediatrics 1 (5): 244–251. 2001. doi:10.1367/1539-4409(2001)001<0244:HTAAWS>2.0.CO;2. PMID 11888409. 
  13. ↑ "Combined influence of physical activity and screen time recommendations on childhood overweight". The Journal of Pediatrics 153 (2): 209–214. August 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.02.042. PMID 18534231. 
  14. ↑ "Screenieboppers and extreme screenies: the place of screen time in the time budgets of 10-13 year-old Australian children". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 30 (2): 137–142. April 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1467-842X.2006.tb00106.x. PMID 16681334. 
  15. ↑ "Clinical and psychological effects of excessive screen time on children". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 53 (4): 333–338. April 2017. doi:10.1111/jpc.13462. PMID 28168778. 
  16. ↑ "Active versus Passive Screen Time for Young Children" (in en). Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 37 (4): 94–98. 1 December 2012. doi:10.1177/183693911203700413. ISSN 1836-9391. 
  17. ↑ "What are the negative side effects of too much screen time?" (in en). Active Health. https://www.activehealth.sg/read/screen-time/what-are-the-negative-side-effects-of-too-much-screen-time. 
  18. ↑ "Sedentary lifestyle: Effects, solutions, and statistics" (in en). 29 August 2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322910. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "What is Sedentary Behaviour?". https://www.sedentarybehaviour.org/what-is-sedentary-behaviour/. 
  20. ↑ Forever Painless: End Chronic Pain and Reclaim Your Life in 30 Minutes a Day. HarperCollins. 2016. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-06-244866-8. 
  21. ↑ "Health Risks of an Inactive Lifestyle". https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html. 
  22. ↑ "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data". Lancet 367 (9524): 1747–1757. May 2006. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9. PMID 16731270. 
  23. ↑ "Indicator Metadata Registry Details" (in en). https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/3416. 
  24. ↑ "The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle. A call to action for clinicians". Archives of Internal Medicine 164 (3): 249–258. February 2004. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.3.249. PMID 14769621. 
  25. ↑ smh.com.au - Sitting can lead to an early death: study, 28 March 2012
  26. ↑ "New exercise prescription: don't just sit there: stand up and move more, more often". Archives of Internal Medicine 172 (6): 500–501. March 2012. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.209. PMID 22450937. 
  27. ↑ "Productivity loss due to overweight and obesity: a systematic review of indirect costs". BMJ Open 7 (10): e014632. October 2017. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014632. PMID 28982806. 
  28. ↑ "The association between sedentary behaviour and risk of anxiety: a systematic review". BMC Public Health 15: 513. June 2015. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1843-x. PMID 26088005. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 "Physical Activity". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/pa/en/index.html. 
  30. ↑ "Physical inactivity a leading cause of disease and disability, warns WHO". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/release23/en/index.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Sedentary behaviour and risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose response meta-analysis". European Journal of Epidemiology 33 (9): 811–829. September 2018. doi:10.1007/s10654-018-0380-1. PMID 29589226. 
  32. ↑ "Health Risks of an Inactive Lifestyle". MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/healthrisksofaninactivelifestyle.html. 
  33. ↑ Daniel M. Landers. "The Influence of Exercise on Mental Health". President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. http://www.fitness.gov/mentalhealth.htm. "The research literature suggests that for many variables there is now ample evidence that a definite relationship exists between exercise and improved mental health. This is particularly evident in the case of a reduction of anxiety and depression." 
  34. ↑ "Who Is At Risk for High Blood Pressure?". National Institutes of Health. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP_WhoIsAtRisk.html. 
  35. ↑ "Sitting Less and Moving More: Implications for Hypertension". Hypertension 72 (5): 1037–1046. November 2018. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11190. PMID 30354827. 
  36. ↑ "Divorce, Heavy Drinking, Smoking Linked to Hair Loss". WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/news/20110923/divorce-heavy-drinking-smoking-linked-to-hair-loss#2. 
  37. ↑ "Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Annals of Internal Medicine 162 (2): 123–132. January 2015. doi:10.7326/M14-1651. PMID 25599350. 
  38. ↑ "Living longer by sitting less and moving more". Current Opinion in Cardiology 30 (5): 551–557. September 2015. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000207. PMID 26204494. 
  39. ↑ "Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Causes". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/causes/index.html. 
  40. ↑ "Overweight and Obesity: What You Can Do". Office of the Surgeon General. 19 July 2006. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_whatcanyoudo.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Exercise and Bone Health". National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. 2009. http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Bone_Health/Exercise/default.asp. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Osteoporosis — Frequently Asked Questions". United States Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. http://www.womenshealth.gov/faq/osteoporosis.cfm. 
  43. ↑ "Natural course and prognosis of intervertebral disc diseases. International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine Seattle, Washington, June 1994". Spine 20 (6): 635–639. March 1995. doi:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00001. PMID 7604337. 
  44. ↑ "Physical inactivity a leading cause of disease and disability, warns World Health Organization". https://www.who.int/news/item/04-04-2002-physical-inactivity-a-leading-cause-of-disease-and-disability-warns-who. 
  45. ↑ Stead, Martine; Angus, Kathryn; Langley, Tessa et al. (2019-05-02). "Mass media to communicate public health messages in six health topic areas: a systematic review and other reviews of the evidence" (in EN). Public Health Research 7 (8): 1–206. doi:10.3310/phr07080. ISSN 2050-439X. PMID 31046212. https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/phr/phr07080/. 
  46. ↑ "How can local authorities reduce obesity? Insights from NIHR research". NIHR Evidence (National Institute for Health and Care Research). 19 May 2022. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/how-local-authorities-can-reduce-obesity/. 
  47. ↑ Chen, Hung-Kai; Chen, Fueng-Ho; Lin, Shien-Fong (January 2021). "An AI-Based Exercise Prescription Recommendation System" (in en). Applied Sciences 11 (6): 2661. doi:10.3390/app11062661. ISSN 2076-3417. 
  48. ↑ "Effects of urban motorways on physical activity and sedentary behaviour in local residents: a natural experimental study". The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 14 (1): 102. July 2017. doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0557-0. PMID 28750678. 
  49. ↑ "Health impacts of the built environment: within-urban variability in physical inactivity, air pollution, and ischemic heart disease mortality". Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (2): 247–253. February 2012. doi:10.1289/ehp.1103806. PMID 22004949. 
  50. ↑ "Overweight, obesity, and inactivity and urban design in rapidly growing Chinese cities". Health & Place 21: 29–38. May 2013. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.12.009. PMID 23416231. 
  51. ↑ "Examining total and domain-specific sedentary behaviour using the socio-ecological model - a cross-sectional study of Irish adults". BMC Public Health 19 (1): 1155. August 2019. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7447-0. PMID 31438911. 
  52. ↑ "A Cluster-Randomised Crossover Pilot Feasibility Study of a Multicomponent Intervention to Reduce Occupational Sedentary Behaviour in Professional Male Employees". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (17): 9292. September 2021. doi:10.3390/ijerph18179292. PMID 34501882. 
  53. ↑ "Interventions to reduce sedentary behavior and increase physical activity during productive work: a systematic review". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 42 (3): 181–191. May 2016. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3544. PMID 26683116. 
  54. ↑ "Workplace interventions for reducing sitting at work". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 (12): CD010912. December 2018. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub5. PMID 30556590. 
  55. ↑ Edwardson, Charlotte L.; Biddle, Stuart J. H.; Clemes, Stacy A. et al. (2022-08-17). "Effectiveness of an intervention for reducing sitting time and improving health in office workers: three arm cluster randomised controlled trial" (in en). BMJ 378: e069288. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069288. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 35977732. PMC 9382450. https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-069288. 
  56. ↑ "Intervention helped office workers to spend less time sitting" (in en). NIHR Evidence. 2023-06-27. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_58670. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/intervention-helped-office-workers-to-spend-less-time-sitting/. 
  57. ↑ "The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans". JAMA 320 (19): 2020–2028. November 2018. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14854. PMID 30418471. 
  58. ↑ "It's a Kid's Job" (in en). 10 July 2018. https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/special-issues/parenting/its-kids-job. 
  59. ↑ "Safe Routes to School (SRTS)". 19 October 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/policy/hst/hi5/saferoutes/index.html. 
  60. ↑ "Less Active at Work, Americans Have Packed on Pounds". The New York Times. 2011. https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/less-active-at-work-americans-have-packed-on-pounds/. 
  61. ↑ "The State of American Jobs". Pew Research Center. 2016. http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/1-changes-in-the-american-workplace/. 
  62. ↑ "Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. pp. 11. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_242.pdf. 
  63. ↑ "A three arm cluster randomised controlled trial to test the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the SMART Work & Life intervention for reducing daily sitting time in office workers: study protocol". BMC Public Health 18 (1): 1120. September 2018. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6017-1. PMID 30217233. 
  64. ↑ "Trends in Sedentary Behavior Among the US Population, 2001-2016". JAMA 321 (16): 1587–1597. April 2019. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.3636. PMID 31012934. 

Further reading

External links



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