Organization:Oxfam

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Short description: Charitable humanitarian organization
Oxfam
Oxfam logo vertical.svg
Named afterOxford Committee for Famine Relief
Founded5 October 1942; 81 years ago (1942-10-05)
Founded atOxford, England , United Kingdom
TypeInternational NGO
Registration no.202918[1]
FocusPoverty eradication
Disaster relief
Advocacy
Policy research
Migration advocacy
HeadquartersNairobi, Kenya
Area served
Worldwide
Director
Gabriela Bucher[2]
Jemilah Mahmood (Chair)[2]
Websitewww.oxfam.org

Oxfam is a British-founded confederation of 21 independent charitable organizations focusing on the alleviation of global poverty, founded in 1942 and led by Oxfam International.[3]


History

Plaque commemorating first meeting of Oxfam in the Old Library, the University Church, Oxford

Founded at 17 Broad Street, Oxford, as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief by a group of Quakers, social activists, and Oxford academics in 1942 and registered in accordance with UK law in 1943, the original committee was a group of concerned citizens, including Henry Gillett (a prominent local Quaker), Theodore Richard Milford, Gilbert Murray and his wife Mary, Cecil Jackson-Cole, and Alan Pim. The committee met in the Old Library of University Church of St Mary the Virgin, Oxford, for the first time in 1942, and its aim was to help starving citizens of occupied Greece, a famine caused by the Axis occupation of Greece and Allied naval blockades and to persuade the British government to allow food relief through the blockade. The Oxford committee was one of several local committees formed in support of the National Famine Relief Committee.[4]

Oxfam's first paid employee was Joe Mitty, who began working at the Oxfam shop on Broad Street, Oxford, on 9 November 1949. Engaged to manage the accounts and distribute donated clothing, he originated the policy of selling anything people were willing to donate, and developed the shop into a national chain.[5]

Fundraising innovations led by advertising adviser Harold Sumption, including rigorous testing of advertising campaigns, direct mail, the trading catalogue, and the first multimedia fundraising campaign the "Hunger £ Million",[6] helped Oxfam become, for a time, the largest charity in the UK.[7] By 1960, it was an international nongovernmental aid organization.[citation needed] The first overseas committee was founded in Canada in 1963, and in 1965, the organization changed its name to its telegraphic address, OXFAM. The Oxford committee became known as Oxfam GB.[citation needed] In 1995 Oxfam International was formed by a group of independent non-governmental organizations. Stichting Oxfam International was registered as a non-profit foundation at The Hague, Netherlands, in 1996.[8]

Winnie Byanyima was the executive director of Oxfam International from 2013 to 2019.[9]

Oxfam's work

Focus

Original Oxfam shop at 17 Broad Street, Oxford
Oxfam relief supplies outside the Siginon warehouse in Nairobi, Kenya

Oxfam has provided relief services during various global crises, including the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, North Korean famine, 2011 East Africa drought, 2012 Sahel drought, Nepal earthquake,[10] and Yemeni crisis.[11] The Bosfam NGO was also founded in May 1995 by women participating in an Oxfam GB psychosocial 'radionice' project to support internally displaced women during the Bosnian war. Oxfam has become a globally recognized leader in providing water sanitation to impoverished and war-torn areas the world over. In 2012, Oxfam became one of the humanitarian groups that comprise the UK's Rapid Response Facility to ensure clean water in the wake of humanitarian disasters.[12]

A January 2014 Oxfam report stated that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50% of the world's population, or about 3.5 billion people.[13][14][15][16][17] More recently, in January 2015, Oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016.[18] An Oxfam report released in 2017 stated that eight billionaires possess the same amount of wealth as the poorest half of humanity.[19][20][21][22]

Campaigns

The Make Trade Fair campaign organized by Oxfam International focuses on the elimination of trade practices, such as dumping, which occurs when highly subsidized, surplus commodities from developed countries such as rice, cotton, corn, and sugar are sold at low prices and farmers from poor countries have difficulty competing.[23] Another practice Oxfams opposes is the setting of tariffs, where nations enforce high taxes on imported goods, restricting the sales of products from other nations,[24] unbalanced labour rights for women, who often earn lower wages than their male counterparts,[25] and stringent patent issues that prevent the prices of medication, software, and textbooks (e.g. gene patents, chemical patents, and software patents) from being lowered. Thus, such essential goods are often inaccessible to developing nations.[26]

As part of its work Oxfam has also campaigned on issues regarding coffee farming. In October 2006, Oxfam accused Starbucks of asking the National Coffee Association (NCA) to block a US trademark application from Ethiopia for three of the country's coffee beans, Sidamo, Harar and Yirgacheffe. They claimed this could result in denying Ethiopian coffee farmers potential annual earnings of up to £47m.[27] Following this Starbucks had placed pamphlets in its stores accusing Oxfam of "misleading behavior" and insisting that its "campaign need[s] to stop", while The Economist derided Oxfam's "simplistic" stance and Ethiopia's "economically illiterate" government, arguing that Starbucks' (and Illy's) standards-based approach would ultimately benefit farmers more.[28] In June 2007, Ethiopian Government representatives and senior leaders from Starbucks Coffee Company worked out an agreement regarding distribution, marketing and licensing that recognized the importance and integrity of Ethiopia's specialty coffee designations. An Oxfam spokesman said the deal sounds like a "useful step" as long as farmers are benefiting, and a big step from a year prior when Starbucks "wasn't engaging directly (with) Ethiopians on adding value to their coffee".[29]

Shops

See also: Oxfam bookshopsOxfam has shops all over the world, which sell many fair-trade and donated items since their first charity shop opened in 1948,[30] although trading began in 1947. The proceeds from these are used to further Oxfam's mission and relief efforts around the globe. Much of their stock comes from public donations but as of 2012 they still sold fair trade products from developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America, including handcrafts, books, music CDs and instruments, clothing, toys, food, and ethnic creations. These objects are brought to the public through fair trade to help boost the quality of life of their producers and surrounding communities.[31]

As of 2010, Oxfam had over 1,200 shops worldwide.[32] More than half of them were in the UK, with around 750 Oxfam GB shops, including specialist shops such as books, music, furniture, and bridal wear. Oxfam Germany has 45 shops, including specialist book shops; Oxfam France shops sell books and fair-trade products, and Oxfam Hong Kong has two shops selling donated goods and fair-trade products. Oxfam Novib, Oxfam Australia (with over 20 fair trade shops), Oxfam Ireland and Oxfam in Belgium also raise funds from shops.

Of the Oxfam charity shops around the UK, around 100 are specialist bookshops or book and music shops. Oxfam is the largest retailer of second-hand books in Europe, selling around 12 million per year. In 2008, Oxfam GB worked with over 20,000 volunteers in shops across the UK, raising £17.1 million for Oxfam's programme work.[33]

In the wake of the 2018 sexual abuse scandal, CEO Mark Goldring admitted closures of some Oxfam shops were likely.[34] Allegations also appeared at this time regarding sexual harassment in Oxfam shops in Britain.[35] Sector press later reported that Oxfam closed 26 of its shops in 2020 and that shops made an operational loss of £12.9 million in 2020,[36] with further closures reported in local media thereafter.[37]

Fundraising

Oxfam has several successful fundraising channels in addition to its shops. Over half a million people in the UK make a regular financial contribution to its work. In April 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office fined Oxfam charities for breaching the Data Protection Act by misusing donors' personal data. Oxfam was fined £6,000.[38]

Offices and affiliates

Template:Primary sources section Oxfam International consists of 21 affiliates and the international secretariat in Nairobi. Additional offices were in Addis Ababa, Washington, DC, New York City, Brussels, and Geneva.[39]

Affiliates Country/Region Established Full Affiliate since
Oxfam America  United States 1970 1995
Oxfam Australia  Australia 1954 (as Food for Peace Campaign) 1995
Oxfam Belgique/ Oxfam België  Belgium 1964 1995
Oxfam Canada  Canada 1966 1995
Oxfam Colombia  Colombia 2020 Observer
Oxfam France  France 1988 2006
Oxfam Germany  Germany 1995 2003
Oxfam GB  United Kingdom 1942 1995
Oxfam Hong Kong  Hong Kong 1976 1995
Oxfam Denmark  Denmark 1966 (as World University Service, WUS)[40] 2015
Oxfam Italia  Italy 1976 (as Ucodep) 2012
Oxfam Intermón  Spain 1956 (as Intermón) 1997
Oxfam India  India 2008 2011
Oxfam Ireland  Ireland  United Kingdom 1971 (as Oxfam Northern Ireland) 1998
Oxfam Mexico  Mexico 1996 2008
Oxfam New Zealand  New Zealand 1991 1995
Oxfam Novib  Netherlands 1956 (as Novib) 1995
Oxfam Québec  Canada 1973 1995
Oxfam South Africa  South Africa 2013 2016

Oxfam Japan was a member from 2003 until its closure in 2018.[41]

Oxfam International

Countries with Oxfam members

The Oxfam International Secretariat (OIS) leads, facilitates, and supports collaboration between the Oxfam affiliates. The OIS Board comprises the executive director, chair of each affiliate, and the OI chair. The affiliates' chairs are voting members and are not remunerated. The executive directors and the OI Chair are all non-voting members. The board also elects the deputy chair and treasurer from among its voting members. The board is responsible for ensuring that Oxfam International is accountable, transparent, and fit for purpose.[42] In 2009–10, it had about 77 staff (including secondment placements and temporary staff). It is funded by contributions from affiliate organizations and has an operating budget of US$8.7M.[43] The legal name of the entity is Stichting Oxfam International.[44]

Oxfam America

In 1970, Oxfam America became an independent nonprofit organization and an Oxfam affiliate in response to the humanitarian crisis created by the fight for independence in Bangladesh. Oxfam America's headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts , with a policy and campaigns office in Washington, D.C., and seven regional offices around the world. A registered 501(c)3 organization, Oxfam America campaigns for climate change adaptation, food security, aid reform, access to medicines, and fair trade. Ray Offenheiser served as the president and CEO of Oxfam America from 1996 until 2016.[45] As of 2017, the president and CEO is Abby Maxman.[46][47]

Oxfam Australia

Oxfam Australia is an independent, not-for-profit, secular, community-based aid and development organization, and an affiliate of Oxfam International.[48]

Oxfam Denmark

Oxfam Denmark has its roots in the Danish department of World University Service and has been active since the 1966 (initially mainly against apartheid and similar situations in other southern African nations).[49][50] Since the 1970s, it mainly worked with projects in Africa and Latin America, and usually focused on democracy, education and the causes of poverty.[49][51] In 1991, the affiliate broke loose and founded the independent organization IBIS, International Bistand International Solidaritet (in English: 'International Aid International Solidarity'), and was mainly involved with transformative education, inequality, women's rights and democracy. In 2015 IBIS became a member of Oxfam.[51][52] Around the same time, the name was modified from IBIS to Oxfam IBIS, and in 2023 they made the complete transition and changed its name again to Oxfam Denmark.[50][52][53] Today the organization mainly focus on transformative education, climate justice, economic justice and humanitarian aid.[54]

Oxfam GB (Great Britain)

Oxfam clothing and shoe bank in the United Kingdom

Oxfam GB's headquarters are in Cowley, Oxford. The finance office is in Newcastle, from where Oxfam shops are managed.[55] Oxfam GB had a total income of £408.6m in 2016/17, had 5,000 employees, and used the services of 23,000 volunteers.[56][57]

In 2016 it received £31.7m from the British government.[58] Mark Goldring was the chief executive officer from 2013 until January 2019, followed by Dhananjayan (Danny) Sriskandarajah who held office from January 2019 until December 2023.[59][60] Halima Begum was announced as his successor as chief executive officer in December 2023.[61]

Oxfam India

Oxfam's involvement in India began when money was granted in 1951 to fight famine in Bihar. Bihar at the time was one of the poorest and most populated states in India.

Oxfam had launched an appeal that led to the first report of Oxfam's work in the House of Commons in UK. On 31 May 1951, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations had commended the Bihar appeal, stating "the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief has made an appeal for donations and I hope individuals will reply to that generously". Among the many donations received was one for 100 British pounds from an Indian Rajah in appreciation of what Oxfam was doing for the hungry of his country.[62]

Bihar and famine would bring Oxfam back to India in 1965 to address drought due to bad monsoons. Bihar held a population of 53 million, of which 40 million relied on subsistence farming to live.[63][page needed] This would compound for India in the future; production of food had not been parallel to its exploding population. It is estimated that, over the course of the droughts and famines, 2,400 tons of milk was bought by Oxfam and at the height of this was feeding over 400,000 children and mothers.[64] In 1968 Oxfam's first field director in India, Jim Howard, created the Oxfam Gramdan Action Programme, or OGAP.[64] This was the first joint rural development programme in Oxfam and the first step to a new 'operational' Oxfam. Oxfam India was established on 1 September 2008 under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 as a non-profitable organization with its head office in Delhi and is now a member of Oxfam International Confederation. This was marked by Oxfam's 60th year in India.[65]

Effective from 1 January 2022, Oxfam lost its foreign-funding license registration under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) which is mandatory for charities, NGOs and any non-profit organisations receiving foreign funding in India along with 6,000 other such organisations.[66]

Oxfam New Zealand

Oxfam New Zealand[67] is an aid and development organization and affiliate of Oxfam International.[68] Oxfam NZ is also responsible for delivering Cyclone relief in several countries in the Pacific region.[69] Oxfam New Zealand's work is made possible by supporters, interns, staff, volunteers, board and overseas partners. Most of the staff are based in their Auckland office. They also have a policy unit in Wellington.[70] Most of Oxfam New Zealand's funds come from donations, supplemented by New Zealand government funds.

Criticism

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In 2002, Oxfam Belgium published a poster inciting a boycott of Israel, with a caricature of a bloody orange. The resemblance of the bleeding orange to the antisemitic blood libel was considered blatant, notably by the Simon Wiesenthal Center. Following their complaint, Oxfam International communicated that it does not support the boycott of Israel, that it considers the poster message to have been inappropriate, that it regrets Oxfam's association with this type of message and offered an apology. Oxfam Belgium was reprimanded by the president Ian Anderson.[71][72]

In October 2009, Oxfam was accused by Israeli NGO Regavim of aiding Palestinians in illegal activities in Kiryat Arba, including water theft. Oxfam has denied its participation.[73]

Oxfam UK has partnered[when?] with the Board of Deputies, who represent the Jewish community of the UK. The project, Grow-Tatzmiach, includes sending 25 people to an activist training programme to help fight global hunger. In exchange for partnering, Oxfam has agreed not to "call for a boycott of Israeli goods or to support groups that do so, and will not partner with organizations that advocate violence or oppose a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict". Despite this agreement, there are still those on both sides who object to this project.[74]

In response to a 2012 Oxfam report that laid the blame for poor economic development in the Palestinian territories solely with Israel, a spokesman for the Israel embassy in the UK said: "Oxfam's latest report on the situation in the Palestinian territories puts a clearly political agenda above any humanitarian concern. Far from advancing peace, such an approach undermines the prospects of reaching a negotiated resolution to the conflict."[75]

As of 2013, Oxfam endorsed the two-state solution and wants Israel to lift the blockade of the Gaza Strip and dismantle all of the Israeli settlement infrastructure.[74]

On 17 January 2014 Oxfam UK cancelled an exhibition, "Gaza: Through my Eyes", which had been due to take place at East London Mosque after Left Foot Forward presented information to the charity detailing homophobic and potentially anti-semitic comments by one of the organizers, Ibrahim Hewitt. Human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell was reported as welcoming the event's cancellation but expressed disappointment that the organization "did no proper checks on (Mr. Hewitt) before agreeing his presence."[76]

On 29 January 2014, actress Scarlett Johansson resigned as an international spokeswoman for Oxfam after appearing in a TV ad for SodaStream, a company with presence in the West Bank. Her publicist stated that Johansson "respectfully decided to end her ambassador role with Oxfam after eight years ... She and Oxfam have a fundamental difference of opinion in regards to the boycott, divestment and sanctions movement."[77]

In February 2015, Israeli NGO Regavim released a report stating that the European Union had illegally funded the construction of houses; Oxfam and other NGOs participated in the project. Oxfam defended the construction "on humanitarian grounds."

In 2019, the Israeli intelligence services implicated Oxfam Belgium in funding the PFLP, which carried out a bomb attack the same year and killed the Jewish teenager Rina Sneirb. Oxfam Belgium transferred funds to the subsidiary in the amount of 288,002 euros from 2017 to 2018, but claims to have made no funding since.[78]

In March 2020, the ambassador of Israel in the United Kingdom, Mark Regev, protested that antisemitic books, notably the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, were being sold on Oxfam's website. In response, the Oxfam GB chief executive apologized and removed the books from sale.[79]

In October 2020 NBC News reported that Oxfam was on the list of human rights organizations the Trump administration was considering branding as antisemitic.[80]

Internal structures and political role

An Oxfam cholera awareness-raising campaign in Mbandaka, Democratic Republic of Congo

In October 2005, the magazine New Internationalist described Oxfam as a "Big International Non-Government Organisation (BINGO)", having a corporate-style, undemocratic internal structure, and addressing the symptoms rather than the causes of international poverty – especially by acquiescing to neoliberal economics and even taking over roles conventionally filled by national governments.[81][failed verification] Similar criticism came from Red Pepper magazine in July 2005[82] and Katherine Quarmby in the New Statesman in May 2005.[83] The latter article detailed growing rifts between Oxfam and other organisations within the Make Poverty History movement.

In a 2011 Columbia Journalism Review article, journalist Karen Rothmyer accused NGOs in general and Oxfam in particular of being unduly influenced by the priorities of the media, of providing inaccurate information to the press ("stories featuring aid projects often rely on dubious numbers provided by the organisations") and of perpetuating negative stereotypes which "have the potential to influence policy". She drew on earlier work by journalist Lauren Gelfand, who had taken a year away from journalism to work for Oxfam: "A lot of what Oxfam does is to sustain Oxfam"; and Linda Polman, author of the Crisis Caravan: "Aid organisations are businesses dressed up like Mother Theresa".[84] In 2015, Omaar and de Waal, in Food and Power in Sudan, commented, "the 1990s have seen growing pressure for humanitarian institutions to become more accountable. There has been a succession of reviews of operations, growing in independence and criticism."[85]

Accusations of overrepresenting poverty

2015 study on net worth inequality

Oxfam's study from January 2015[86] on wealth inequality stating that the richest 1% at the end of 2016 will own more than half of the world's assets has been criticized by several scholars as overestimating wealth inequality and ignoring other indicators of quality of life. Because Oxfam calculated personal assets in net worth, individuals in first-world, developed nations with high incomes who have more debts than assets appear as poorer than rural subsistence farmers with no debts and no assets.[87]

2022 report on poverty increasing

Oxfam's 2022 "Profiting from Pain" report[88] claims that 1 million people fall into poverty every 33 hours. Journalist Noah Smith observed that the report depended on incorrectly cited numbers, allegedly from the World Bank, claiming that 198 million people would become poor in 2022. However, the number in question represented the worst-case increase in global poverty between 2020 and 2022, rather than the increase for 2022 alone, which was according to the World Bank likely closer to 12 million. Further, the Oxfam data added an additional claim of 65 million people further falling into poverty due to the Ukraine War, in spite of the fact that the World Bank already considers the Ukraine conflict when making its poverty projections.[89]

Bookshops

Oxfam shop in Cirencester, England

In 2010 Oxfam was criticized by independent bookshops and the booksellers association. for aggressively expanding its specialist bookshops, using tactics more often associated with multi-national corporations. The charity's critics claim its expansion has come at the expense of independent secondhand book sellers and other charity shops in many areas of the UK.[90][91]

Staff sexual misconduct in Haiti and Chad

In February 2018 an investigation by The Times newspaper found that Oxfam allowed three men to resign and sacked four for gross misconduct after an inquiry concerning sexual exploitation, the downloading of pornography, bullying and intimidation. A 2011 confidential report by Oxfam had found "a culture of impunity" among some staff in Haiti and concluded that 'it cannot be ruled out that any of the prostitutes were under-aged'. Among the staff who were permitted to resign was the charity's Belgian country director, Roland Van Hauwermeiren.[92] In the internal report, Van Hauwermeiren admitted using prostitutes at a villa whose rent was paid for by Oxfam with charitable funds. Oxfam's chief executive at the time, Dame Barbara Stocking, offered Hauwermeiren "a phased and dignified exit" because sacking him risked "potentially serious implications" for the charity's work and reputation.[93] Allegations were also circulated by the Daily Mail at this time regarding sexual harassment in Oxfam shops in Britain.[35]

Oxfam did not report any of the incidents to the Haitian authorities, because "it was extremely unlikely that any action would be taken".[93] Although Oxfam disclosed details of the incident to the Charity Commission, the Commission revealed after The Times investigation that it had never received Oxfam's final investigation report and Oxfam "did not detail the precise allegations, nor did it make any indication of potential sexual crimes involving minors". A spokesperson for the Commission commented that: "We will expect the charity to provide us with the assurance that it has learnt lessons from past incidents".[94] Oxfam later explained it had not given details to the Commission beyond "inappropriate sexual behaviour" because using prostitutes in Haiti was not illegal.[95]

In response to the revelations, Liz Truss, the chief secretary to the Treasury, described the reports as "shocking, sickening and depressing". Oxfam issued a statement in which it asserted "Oxfam treats any allegation of misconduct extremely seriously. As soon as we became aware of a range of allegations – including of sexual misconduct – in Haiti in 2011 we launched an internal investigation. The investigation was announced publicly and staff members were suspended pending the outcome". The statement also added that the allegations "that under-age girls may have been involved were not proven".[93] Speaking on the BBC's Andrew Marr Show, the international development secretary, Penny Mordaunt, said Oxfam had failed in its "moral leadership" over the "scandal". Mordaunt also said that Oxfam did "absolutely the wrong thing" by not reporting the detail of the allegations to the government.[96] The incident led the International Development Committee of the UK Parliament to issue a report about sexual harassment and abuse in the humanitarian sector on 31 July 2018.[97] Former supporters who withdrew from their association with Oxfam at this time included Minnie Driver.[98]

Oxfam had been aware that Van Hauwermeiren while director of Oxfam's relief operation in Chad in 2006 and other staff had repeatedly used prostitutes at the Oxfam team house there, and that one of Oxfam's staff members had been fired for his behaviour.[99][100] Oxfam's deputy chief executive Penny Lawrence resigned, taking full responsibility and acknowledging that "(c)oncerns were raised about the behaviour of staff in Chad as well as Haiti that we failed to adequately act upon".[100] CEO Mark Goldring also resigned a few months later. New allegations were made by a senior staffer, Helen Evans, who had been the lead investigator of organizational sexual misconduct between 2012 and 2015.[101] A commentator in the medical journal The Lancet, Mishal S. Khan, argued the Oxfam sex scandal was "not surprising."[102] It was reported that the scandal cost Oxfam £16 million in unrestricted funding, and job losses and closures of some Oxfam shops were admitted to be likely in consequence.[34]

Internal training materials

In June 2021, The Telegraph reported that leaked staff training documents claimed that "privileged white women" and "mainstream feminism" were supporting the root causes of sexual violence by wanting "bad men" fired or imprisoned, and adding that reporting sexual assault "legitimises criminal punishment, harming black and other marginalised people."[103] In the same month The Times reported that staff at the organisation being angered by an "offensive and divisive" staff survey that took aim at "whiteness" as well as asking them to state if they were anti-racist.[104]

In March 2023 further controversy followed the publication of Oxfam's "Inclusive Language Guide", which included apologising for its use of English given that it was the language of a "colonising nation" and making suggestions to the reader such as using "parent" as opposed to "mother" and "father" or avoid the phrase "stand with" for potentially being regarded as ableist to those who cannot stand.[105] Oxfam defended the guide, in part stating that "this guide is not prescriptive, it is intended to help authors communicate with the diverse range of people with which we work."[106]

2023 Pride Month video

An animated video posted by Oxfam International in June 2023 for Pride Month attracted criticism, particularly from anti-trans activists,[107][108] for its inclusion of a caricatured group of people representing "hate groups" that included one wearing a button badge labelled "TERF" and described by some critics to resemble J. K. Rowling.[109] The scene was also criticised for using "racial stereotyping"[110] for its "depiction of an Asian man".[107]

The video was soon taken down and replaced with a revised version, replacing the three figures with a montage of social media images and the term "TERF",[110] and an apology stating that "Oxfam believes that all people should be able to make decisions which affect their lives, enjoy their rights and live a life free of discrimination and violence, including people from LGBTQIA+ communities. In efforts to make an important point about the real harm caused by transphobia, we made a mistake. ... There was no intention by Oxfam or the film-makers for this slide to have portrayed any particular person or people."[110][111][112]

Low pay for UK staff

In December 2023, the trade union Unite announced that hundreds of UK-based employees in Oxfam's shops and offices would undertake 17 days of strikes over low pay. This was the first strike in the organisation's 81-year history, and was arranged in response to double-digit real-term declines in wages for UK-based staff that, it claimed, left some of the lowest paid employees unable to cover the cost of basic necessities.[113] The strike was later suspended following a revised pay offer.[114]

Awards and nominations

In January 2013, Oxfam was nominated for the Charity of the Year award at the British Muslim Awards.[115]

See also

  • 2007–08 world food price crisis
  • Global Hunger Index
  • Integrated Food Security Phase Classification
  • Millennium Development Goals (Goal 1)
  • Make Trade Fair
  • Ox-Tales
  • Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition (1974)


References

  1. ↑ "OXFAM – Charity 202918". https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/202918. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "How we are organized". https://www.oxfam.org/en/what-we-do/about/how-we-are-organized#boards. 
  3. ↑ "Oxfam Annual Report and Accounts, 2016/7". 2017. p. 8. http://www.oxfamannualreview.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/oxfam-annual-report-2016-17.pdf. 
  4. ↑ Black, (1992)
  5. ↑ "Oxfam shop founder dies aged 88". News (BBC News). 2 October 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7024049.stm. 
  6. ↑ Smith, George (21 April 1998). "Harold Sumption (obituary)". The Independent. 
  7. ↑ Pegram, Giles (22 February 2017). "Has fundraising moved forwards, or backwards, in the last 50 years? And where next?". https://101fundraising.org/2017/02/fundraising-moved-forwards-backwards-last-50-years-next/. 
  8. ↑ "Stitching Oxfam International". Companies House. https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/FC019279. 
  9. ↑ "Winnie Byanyima to serve second 5-year term leading Oxfam International, from Nairobi". Oxfam.org. 4 December 2017. https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-12-04/winnie-byanyima-serve-second-5-year-term-leading-oxfam. 
  10. ↑ "Open Sans". http://earthquakenepalin2015.com. 
  11. ↑ "Aid agency Oxfam condemns Saudi airstrike in Yemen". Reuters. 20 April 2015. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-yemen-security-humanitarian-idUKKBN0NB0DT20150420. 
  12. ↑ "Rapid response: Tackling cholera in Sierra Leone with Oxfam". Department for International Development. https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/rapid-response-tackling-cholera-in-sierra-leone-with-oxfam. 
  13. ↑ "Rigged rules mean economic growth increasingly 'winner takes all' for rich elites all over world". Oxfam. 20 January 2014. http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2014-01-20/rigged-rules-mean-economic-growth-increasingly-winner-takes-all-for-rich-elites. 
  14. ↑ Neuman, Scott (20 January 2014). "Oxfam: World's Richest 1 Percent Control Half of Global Wealth". NPR. https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/01/20/264241052/oxfam-worlds-richest-1-percent-control-half-of-global-wealth. 
  15. ↑ Stout, David (20 January 2014). "One Stat to Destroy Your Faith in Humanity: The World's 85 Richest People Own as Much as the 3.5 Billion Poorest". Time. http://business.time.com/2014/01/20/worlds-85-wealthiest-people-as-rich-as-3-5-billion-poorest/. Retrieved 21 January 2014. 
  16. ↑ Wearden, Graeme (20 January 2014). "Oxfam: 85 richest people as wealthy as poorest half of the world". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/20/oxfam-85-richest-people-half-of-the-world. 
  17. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas (22 July 2014). "An Idiot's Guide to Inequality". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/opinion/nicholas-kristof-idiots-guide-to-inequality-piketty-capital.html. 
  18. ↑ Cohen, Patricia (19 January 2015). "Richest 1% Likely to Control Half of Global Wealth by 2016, Study Finds". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/19/business/richest-1-percent-likely-to-control-half-of-global-wealth-by-2016-study-finds.html. 
  19. ↑ Ratcliff, Anna (16 January 2017). "Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world". Oxfam. https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-01-16/just-8-men-own-same-wealth-half-world. 
  20. ↑ Mullany, Gerry (16 January 2017). "World's 8 Richest Have as Much Wealth as Bottom Half of Global Population". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/world/eight-richest-wealth-oxfam.html. 
  21. ↑ Elliott, Larry (16 January 2017). "World's eight richest people have same wealth as poorest 50%". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/jan/16/worlds-eight-richest-people-have-same-wealth-as-poorest-50. 
  22. ↑ Hardoon, Deborah. "An Economy for the 99%: It's time to build a human economy that benefits everyone, not just the privileged few". Oxfam. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/an-economy-for-the-99-its-time-to-build-a-human-economy-that-benefits-everyone-620170. 
  23. ↑ "Rigged Rules – Dumping". http://www.maketradefair.com/en/index.php?file=issues_dumping.htm#. 
  24. ↑ "Rigged Rules – Market Access". http://www.maketradefair.com/en/index.php?file=issues_marketaccess.htm. 
  25. ↑ "Rigged Rules – Labour Rights". http://www.maketradefair.com/en/index.php?file=issues_labour.htm. 
  26. ↑ "Rigged Rules – Patents". http://www.maketradefair.com/en/index.php?file=issues_patents.htm. 
  27. ↑ "Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee row". BBC News (UK). 26 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6086330.stm. 
  28. ↑ "Oxfam versus Starbucks: And this time, Oxfam may be wrong". The Economist. 7 November 2006. http://www.economist.com/daily/columns/businessview/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8129387. (Subscription content?)
  29. ↑ Craig Harris (28 November 2007). "Starbucks chairman, Ethiopia talk beans". Seattle PI. http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Starbucks-chairman-Ethiopia-talk-beans-1257087.php. 
  30. ↑ "History of Oxfam". Oxfam. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/about-us/history-of-oxfam. 
  31. ↑ "Fair Trade Products, Homeware, Gifts & Jewellery from". Shop. AU: Oxfam. http://www.oxfamshop.org.au/. 
  32. ↑ Annual Report, Oxfam, November 2010 
  33. ↑ "Trustee's Report 2007–08". Oxfam. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/accounts/annual_report_accounts.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Hopkins, Nick (2018-06-15). "Oxfam to axe jobs and aid programmes in £16m cuts after scandal" (in en). http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/15/oxfam-warns-staff-urgent-savings-16m-haiti-scandal. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Newspaper headlines: Oxfam shop abuse claims and 'aid for sex'". BBC News. 13 February 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-the-papers-43039432. 
  36. ↑ "Biggest charity shop chains report £70m losses from pandemic". https://www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/biggest-charity-shop-chains-report-70m-losses-from-pandemic.html. 
  37. ↑ "Spalding charity shop shuts its doors for good". 3 July 2021. https://www.spaldingtoday.co.uk/news/sadness-as-charity-shop-shuts-after-almost-60-years-9205862/. 
  38. ↑ "fines eleven more charities". ICO. 5 April 2017. https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2017/04/ico-fines-eleven-more-charities/. 
  39. ↑ "Oxfam International Financial Statements 2019-20". https://oi-files-d8-prod.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2021-11/Oxfam%20International%20Financial%20Statements%202019-20.pdf. 
  40. ↑ "Fra WUS til IBIS til Oxfam Danmark | Oxfam Danmark" (in da). https://oxfam.dk/om-os/vores-historie. 
  41. ↑ "Oxfam Japan closure". October 2018. https://www.oxfam.org/en/node/10797. 
  42. ↑ "Stichting Oxfam International Rules of Procedure as amended on 4 October 2012". http://www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/file_attachments/story/rulesofprocedure-2013_1.pdf. 
  43. ↑ "Wealth: Having It All and Wanting More". Oxfam. January 2015. pp. 1–12. http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Wealth_Having_it_all_and_wanting_more.pdf. 
  44. ↑ "Privacy Notice" (in en). 2019-10-17. https://www.oxfam.org/en/privacy-policy. 
  45. ↑ Fallon, Joan (21 November 2016). "Ray Offenheiser to join Notre Dame faculty as Distinguished Professor of the Practice in the Keough School of Global Affairs ". University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  46. ↑ "Abby Maxman ". Oxfam America. oxfamamerica.org. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  47. ↑ Maxman, Abby (5 July 2017). "Aid to Africa " (letter to the editor). The New York Times . nytimes.com. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  48. ↑ Blackburn, (1993)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Historien kort" (in da). Oxfam IBIS. http://oxfamibis.dk/oxfam-ibis-historie/. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "IBIS hedder nu Oxfam IBIS" (in da). Globalnyt. https://globalnyt.dk/content/ibis-hedder-nu-oxfam-ibis. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Ibis om Oxfam-medlemskab: Vi kommer ikke til at druknet" (in da). altinget.dk. http://www.altinget.dk/artikel/ibis-om-oxfam-medlemskab-vi-kommer-ikke-til-at-drukne. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Vejen til medlemskab af Oxfam" (in da). Oxfam IBIS. http://oxfamibis.dk/vejen-til-medlemskab-af-oxfam/. 
  53. ↑ "Nyhed | Oxfam Danmark bliver til Oxfam Danmark og lancerer en ny strategi" (in da). https://oxfam.dk/artikler/oxfam-ibis-bliver-til-oxfam-danmark-og-lancerer-en-ny-strategi. 
  54. ↑ "Vores arbejde" (in da). https://oxfam.dk/vores-arbejde. 
  55. ↑ "Volunteer in an Oxfam shop | Oxfam GB". http://www.oxfam.org.uk/get-involved/volunteer-with-us/in-an-oxfam-shop. 
  56. ↑ Oxfam GB Annual Report 2017, pp. 31, 54.
  57. ↑ Elgot, Jessica (11 February 2018). "Oxfam told to show 'moral leadership' or lose government funds". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/11/oxfam-show-moral-leadership-lose-government-funds-prostitutes-haiti. 
  58. ↑ "Reality Check: How much UK charity money goes to Oxfam?". BBC News. 12 February 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43031911. 
  59. ↑ "Oxfam's CEO, Directors and Trustees". https://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/about-us/our-trustees. 
  60. ↑ Brexit and the refugee crisis. Oxfam GB. 2017. p. 6. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/oxfam/bitstream/10546/620278/1/mb-brexit-refugee-crisis-150617-en.pdf. Retrieved 3 September 2017. 
  61. ↑ "Oxfam GB appoints Halima Begum as Chief Executive | Oxfam GB". 7 December 2023. https://www.oxfam.org.uk/media/press-releases/oxfam-gb-appoints-halima-begum-as-chief-executive/. 
  62. ↑ The Oxfam Story, page 11, Pergamon Press Ltd (1964) Library of Congress Card No. 64-17726
  63. ↑ Black 1992.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Drops in the ocean: the work of Oxfam 1960–1970. London: Macdonald & Co. 1970. ISBN 0-356-03568-9. 
  65. ↑ "About". IN: Oxfam. https://www.oxfamindia.org/who-we-are. 
  66. ↑ "Oxfam India says it's 'severely' hit by ban on foreign funds" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2022-01-03. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59856377. 
  67. ↑ "Home". https://www.oxfam.org.nz/. 
  68. ↑ "Oxfam Trailwalker in New Zealand". https://www.runningcalendar.co.nz/oxfam-trailwalker/. 
  69. ↑ "Improving disaster relief in the Pacific with Oxfam New Zealand | Deloitte New Zealand | Corporate responsibility". http://www2.deloitte.com/nz/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/humanitarian-innovation-oxfam-new-zealand.html. 
  70. ↑ "Who we are – about our people". 13 June 2012. http://www.oxfam.org.nz/about-us/who-we-are. 
  71. ↑ Rudi Roth (2012). UNIA et l'antisémitisme en Belgique: "stop ou encore" ?. 
  72. ↑ "NGOs and Antisemitism: Oxfams "Blood Oranges", Christian Aids "Bethlehems Child", and HRWs "Indiscriminate killings" » ngomonitor". 27 January 2007. https://www.ngo-monitor.org/ngos_and_antisemitism_oxfam_s_blood_oranges_christian_aid_s_bethlehem_s_child_and_hrw_s_indiscriminate_killings_/. 
  73. ↑ Lazaroff, Tovah; Lappin, Yaakov (31 October 2009). "NGO: Oxfam aids illegal Palestinian deeds". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Israel/NGO-Oxfam-aids-illegal-Palestinian-deeds. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Oxfam agrees to conditions on Israel set by UK Jewry". The Times of Israel. http://www.timesofisrael.com/oxfam-agrees-to-conditions-on-israel-set-by-uk-jewry/. 
  75. ↑ "Israeli settlements 'jeopardising' Palestinian prosperity". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18693709. 
  76. ↑ Bloodworth, James (15 January 2014). "Left Foot Forward forces Oxfam climbdown over speaker's homophobic comments". Left Foot Forward. http://www.leftfootforward.org/2014/01/left-foot-forward-forces-oxfam-climbdown-over-homophobic-speaker/. 
  77. ↑ "Scarlett Johansson quits Oxfam role over SodaStream row". BBC News. 30 January 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-25958176. 
  78. ↑ L'Echo (31 December 2019). "De l'argent belge géré en Palestine par des terroristes présumés". https://www.lecho.be/economie-politique/international/moyen-orient/de-l-argent-belge-gere-en-palestine-par-des-terroristes-presumes/10194915.html. 
  79. ↑ "Oxfam removes antisemitic books from sale after Israel's UK ambassador tweets condemnation". 13 March 2020. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/13/oxfam-removes-antisemitic-books-sale-israels-uk-ambassador-tweets/. 
  80. ↑ "Trump admin considers branding human rights groups as "anti-Semitic"" (in en). 23 October 2020. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/trump-admin-considers-branding-amnesty-international-other-human-rights-groups-n1244335. 
  81. ↑ "The Big Charity Bonanza". New Internationalist. 1 October 2005. http://newint.org/features/2005/10/01/keynote/. 
  82. ↑ "The New Scramble for Africa", Red Pepper, July 2005 
  83. ↑ Quarmby, Katherine (30 May 2005), "How Oxfam is Failing Africa", New Statesman, https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/176/32064.html, retrieved 26 May 2016 
  84. ↑ Rothmyer, Karen (March–April 2011). "Hiding the Real Africa; Why NGOs Prefer Bad News". Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/reports/hiding_the_real_africa.php?page=all. Retrieved 27 September 2020. 
  85. ↑ Omaar; de Waal (1997). Food and Power in the Sudan: A Critique of Humanitarianism. African Rights. ISBN 978-1-899477-13-5. [page needed]
  86. ↑ "Richest 1% will own more than all the rest by 2016 – Oxfam International". Oxfam. 19 January 2015. https://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2015-01-19/richest-1-will-own-more-all-rest-2016. 
  87. ↑ Davidson, Jacob (July 7, 2020). "Yes, Oxfam, the Richest 1% Have Most of the Wealth. But That Means Less Than You Think". Money.com. https://money.com/oxfam-richest-1-wealth-flawed/. "By that standard, an American with, say, a high salary and a large mortgage might—if the amount owed on the mortgage is greater than his assets—be counted as less wealthy than a subsistence farmer who doesn't owe anything. Consider that U.S. adults under 35 have a negative household savings rate of 2% and you can see how, according to Oxfam, the U.S. has more citizens in the bottom 10% of worldwide wealth than China does. (It places about 7% of Americans in the bottom decile of wealth, and fewer than 0.1% of Chinese citizens.) Only India is said by Oxfam to have more people in this poorest group than the United States.". 
  88. ↑ Archived copy
  89. ↑ Smith, Noah (2022-06-15). "Oxfam serves up a lot of dodgy statistics". https://noahpinion.substack.com/p/oxfam-serves-up-a-lot-of-dodgy-statistics. 
  90. ↑ Victoria Gallagher (10 February 2010). "Indie booksellers concerned by latest Oxfam Bookshop". The Bookseller. http://www.thebookseller.com/news/indie-booksellers-concerned-latest-oxfam-bookshop. Retrieved 30 March 2015. 
  91. ↑ Hill, Susan. "Bullying is bullying – whoever does it". The Spectator (UK). http://www.spectator.co.uk/susanhill/5767413/bullying-is-bullying-whoever-does-it.thtml. 
  92. ↑ "Oxfam Haiti allegations: How the scandal unfolded". BBC News. 21 February 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43112200. "Among the male staff accused of sexual misconduct is Oxfam's then-director of operations in Haiti, Roland Van Hauwermeiren. He is alleged to have used prostitutes at a villa rented for him by the charity." 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Chief Reporter, Sean O’Neill (9 February 2018). "Minister orders Oxfam to hand over files on Haiti prostitute scandal" (in en). The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/top-oxfam-staff-paid-haiti-quake-survivors-for-sex-mhm6mpmgw. 
  94. ↑ "Oxfam denies 'Haiti prostitute' cover-up" (in en-GB). BBC News. 9 February 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-43004360. 
  95. ↑ Hope, Christopher (4 July 2018). "Oxfam did not tell regulator about use of prostitutes in Haiti because it was not illegal, says Barbara Stocking". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/07/03/oxfam-did-not-tell-regulator-use-prostitutes-haiti-not-illegal/. 
  96. ↑ "Oxfam 'failed in moral leadership'" (in en-GB). BBC News. 11 February 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43020875. 
  97. ↑ "Sexual exploitation and abuse in the aid sector - International Development Committee - House of Commons". https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmintdev/840/84002.htm. 
  98. ↑ "Minnie Driver cuts ties with Oxfam over sex scandal" (in en-GB). Guardian. 13 February 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/feb/13/minnie-driver-cuts-ties-with-oxfam-over-sex-scandal. 
  99. ↑ Ratcliffe, Rebecca; Quinn, Ben (11 February 2018). "Oxfam: fresh claims that staff used prostitutes in Chad". The Observer. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/10/oxfam-faces-allegations-staff-paid-prostitutes-in-chad. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 "Oxfam: Deputy resigns over sex claims amid crisis talks". BBC News. 12 February 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-43027631. 
  101. ↑ Smout, Alistair. (13 February 2018). "UK's Oxfam hit by new report of sex abuse by aid workers". Reuters website Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  102. ↑ Khan, Mishal S. (2018-03-17). "Oxfam: sex scandal or governance failure?". The Lancet 391 (10125): 1019–1020. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30476-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 29483018. 
  103. ↑ Newman, Melanie; Bindel, Julie; Dixon, Hayley (2021-06-09). "Oxfam training guide blames 'privileged white women' over root causes of sexual violence" (in en-GB). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/06/09/oxfam-training-guide-blames-privileged-white-women-root-causes/. 
  104. ↑ O’Neill, Sean (2024-01-06). "Oxfam staff rage at 'whiteness survey'" (in en). The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/oxfam-staff-rage-at-whiteness-survey-fw7h6dl3w. 
  105. ↑ "Oxfam's bizarre' language guide says sorry for using English and warns staff not to use words like 'mother and people'" (in en). https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/oxfam-bizarre-language-guide-sorry-for-using-english/. 
  106. ↑ Perry, Sophie (2023-03-17). "Oxfam hits back at claims its 'erasing mothers and fathers'" (in en-US). https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/03/17/oxfam-mother-father-trans-language-backlash/. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 O'Dell, Liam (2023-06-07). "Oxfam Pride advert branded 'hateful' by anti-trans activists for making 'terfs' look like terrible people". indy100. https://www.indy100.com/identities/oxfam-lgbt-pride-month-terf-2661063990. 
  108. ↑ Moss, Rob (2023-06-07). "Oxfam video depicting 'JK Rowling' with Terf badge criticised". Personnel Today. https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/oxfam-jk-rowling-video-terf-pride-month/. 
  109. ↑ Beal, James (2023-06-06). "Oxfam criticised over 'JK Rowling hate figure' in LGBT cartoon" (in en-GB). The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/f8d03094-0464-11ee-9bf2-8ca4db35d928?shareToken=464def0ed4b9af9ecd143d8e76d26e14. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 110.2 Butler, Patrick (2023-06-07). "Watchdog considers action over Oxfam cartoon of anti-trans 'hate groups'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/07/oxfam-pride-month-cartoon-charities-watchdog. 
  111. ↑ Murray, Tom (2023-06-07). "Oxfam denies depicting JK Rowling as red-eyed 'Terf' in its new Pride video". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/jk-rowling-oxfam-video-terf-badge-b2352820.html. 
  112. ↑ Oxfam International [@Oxfam] (2023-06-06). "Official statement: [image"]. https://twitter.com/Oxfam/status/1666090474174816256. 
  113. ↑ Sweney, Mark (8 December 2023). "Oxfam shop and office workers strike for first time". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/08/oxfam-shop-and-office-workers-strike-for-first-time. 
  114. ↑ Wearden, Graeme (10 December 2023). "Oxfam's first ever strike suspended after charity offers 'improved pay deal'". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/10/oxfams-first-ever-strike-suspended-after-charity-offers-improved-pay-deal. 
  115. ↑ "Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards". Asian Image. 31 January 2013. http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10197507.Winners_honoured_at_British_Muslim_Awards/. 

Further reading

  • Berry, Craig, and Clive Gabay. "Transnational political action and 'global civil society' in practice: the case of Oxfam." Global Networks 9.3 (2009): 339–358. [ online]
  • Black, Maggie (1992). A Cause for Our Times: Oxfam the First 50 Years. Oxford UP. ISBN 0-85598-173-3. .
  • Blackburn, Susan (1993). Practical Visionaries: A Study of Community Aid Abroad. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84562-2. .
  • Crewe, Emma. "Flagships and tumbleweed: A history of the politics of gender justice work in Oxfam GB 1986–2015." Progress in Development Studies 18.2 (2018): 110–125.
  • Eadie, Deborah and Suzanne Williams, ed. The Oxfam Handbook of Development and Relief (2 vol. 1995).
  • Gill, Peter. Drops in the ocean: the work of Oxfam 1960–1970 (1970).
  • Hajnal, Peter I. "Oxfam International". in Peter I. Hajnal, ed. Civil society in the information age (Routledge, 2018). 57–66.
  • Hilton, Matthew. "Oxfam and the Problem of NGO Aid Appraisal in the 1960s". Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 9.1 (2018): 1–18. abstract

Archival sources

External links



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