Physics:Energetics
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Energetics (also called energy economics) is the study of energy under transformation. Because energy flows at all scales, from the quantum level to the biosphere and cosmos, energetics is a very broad discipline, encompassing for example thermodynamics, chemistry, biological energetics, biochemistry and ecological energetics. Where each branch of energetics begins and ends is a topic of constant debate. For example, Lehninger (1973, p. 21) contended that when the science of thermodynamics deals with energy exchanges of all types, it can be called energetics.
Aims
In general, energetics is concerned with defining relationships to describe the tendencies of energy flows and storages under transformation, defined here as phenomena which behave like historical invariants under repeated observations. When some critical number of people have observed such invariance, such a principle is usually then given the status of a 'fundamental law' of science. As in all scientific inquiry, whether a theorem or principle is considered a fundamental law appears to depend on how many people agree to the proposition. The ultimate aim of energetics therefore is the description of fundamental laws. Philosophers of science have held that the fundamental laws of thermodynamics can be treated as laws of energetics, (Reiser 1926, p. 432). By continuing to more accurately describe these laws, energetics aims to produce reliable predictions about energy flow and storage transformations at any scale.
History
Energetics has a controversial history. Some authors maintain that its origins may be found in the work of the ancient Greeks, but that the mathematical formalisation began with the work of Leibniz. Richard de Villamil (1928) said that Rankine formulated the science of energetics in his paper Outlines of the Science of Energetics published in the Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow in 1855. W. Ostwald and E. Mach subsequently developed the study, and by the late 1800s energetics was understood to be incompatible with the atomic view of the atom forwarded by Boltzmann's gas theory. Proof of the atom settled the dispute but not without significant damage. In the 1920s Lotka attempted to build on Boltzmann's views through a mathematical synthesis of energetics with biological evolutionary theory. Lotka proposed that the selective principle of evolution was one which favoured the maximum useful energy flow transformation. This view subsequently influenced the further development of ecological energetics, especially the work of Howard T. Odum.
De Villamil attempted to clarify the scope of energetics with respect to other branches of physics by positing a system that divides mechanics into two branches; energetics (the science of energy), and "pure", "abstract" or "rigid" dynamics (the science of momentum). According to Villamil energetics can be mathematically characterised by scalar equations, and rigid dynamics by vector equations. In this division the dimensions for dynamics are space, time and mass, and for energetics, length, time and mass (Villamil 1928, p. 9). This division is made according to fundamental suppositions about the properties of bodies, e.g.:
- Are the particles comprising the system rigidly fixed together?
- Is there any machinery for stopping moving bodies?
In Villamil's classification system, dynamics says yes to 1 and no to 2, whereas energetics says no to 1 and yes to 2. Therefore, in Villamil's system, dynamics assumes that particles are rigidly fixed together and cannot vibrate, and consequently must all be at zero kelvin. The conservation of momentum is a consequence of this view, however it is considered valid only in logic and not to be a true representation of the facts (Villamil, p. 96). In contrast energetics does not assume that particles are rigidly fixed together, and thus are free to vibrate, and consequently can be at non-zero temperatures.
Theories
As a general statement of energy flows under transformation, the principles of energetics include the first four laws of thermodynamics which seek a rigorous description. However the precise place of the laws of thermodynamics within the principles of energetics is a topic currently under debate. If the ecologist Howard T. Odum was right, the principles of energetics take into consideration a hierarchical ordering of energy forms, which aims to account for the concept of energy quality, and the evolution of the universe. Albert Lehninger (1973, p. 2) called these hierarchical orderings the
... successive stages in the flow of energy through the biological macrocosm
Odum proposed 3 further energetic principles and one corollary that take energy hierarchy into account. The first four principles of energetics are related to the same numbered laws of thermodynamics, and are expanded upon in that article.
See also
- Ecological economics
- Econophysics
- Energy economics
- Environmental science
- Industrial ecology
- Natural capital
- Sustainability
- Thermoeconomics
References
- S. W. Angrist and L. G. Helper (1973), Order and Chaos: Laws of Energy and Entropy, Penguin, Australia, p. 34
- G. Helm (1898), Die Energetik, Leipzig.
- M. Giampietro, K. Mayumi and A. Sorman (Dec. 2011), The Energetics of Modern Societies, Springer, Heidelberg.
- H. R. Hertz (1899) The Principles of Mechanics Presented in a New Form, London: Macmillan; reissued by Dover, New York, 1956
- A. Lehninger (1973), Bioenergetics W.A.Benjamin, Inc..
- H. T. Odum and R. C. Pinkerton (1955), 'Time's Speed Regulator', American Scientist, Vol. 43, No. 2, p. 331.
- H. T. Odum (1994), Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology, Colorado University Press.
- H. T. Odum (2000), 'An Energy Hierarchy Law For Biogeochemical Cycles', in Brown, M. T. (ed.), Emergy Synthesis: Theory and Applications of the Emergy Methodology. Proceedings of the First Biennial Emergy Analysis Research Conference, Centre for Environmental Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
- J. R. Partington (1937) A Short History of Chemistry, London: Macmillan. Reissued by Dover Publications, New York, 1989 ISBN:0-486-65977-1
- Oliver L. Reiser, 1926, Probability, Natural Law, and Emergence: I. Probability and Purpose, The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 23, No. 16, pp. 421–435
- M. Tribus (1961), Thermostatics and Thermodynamics, Van Nostrand, University Series in Basic Engineering, pp. 619–622.
- De Villamil, R. (1928), Rational Mechanics.
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