Physics:Filament propagation

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In nonlinear optics, filament propagation is propagation of a beam of light through a medium without diffraction. This is possible because the Kerr effect causes an index of refraction change in the medium, resulting in self-focusing of the beam.[1] Filamentary damage tracks in glass caused by laser pulses were first observed by Michael Hercher in 1964.[2] Filament propagation of laser pulses in the atmosphere was observed in 1994 by Gérard Mourou and his team at University of Michigan. The balance between the self-focusing refraction and self-attenuating diffraction by ionization and rarefaction of a laser beam of terawatt intensities, created by chirped pulse amplification, in the atmosphere creates "filaments" which act as waveguides for the beam thus preventing divergence. Competing theories, that the observed filament was actually an illusion created by an axiconic (bessel) or moving focus instead of a "waveguided" concentration of the optical energy, were put to rest by workers at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1997.[3] Though sophisticated models have been developed to describe the filamentation process, a model proposed by Akozbek et al.[4] provides a semi-analytical and easy to understand solution for the propagation of strong laser pulses in the air.

Filament propagation in a semiconductor medium can also be observed in large aperture vertical cavity surface emitting lasers.

Femtosecond laser filamentation in gaseous media

Self-focusing

A laser beam traversing a medium can modulate the refractive index of medium as[5]

[math]\displaystyle{ n = { n_0 + \bar{n}_2I} }[/math]

where [math]\displaystyle{ n_0 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \bar{n}_2 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ I }[/math] are linear refractive index, second order refractive index and intensity of propagating laser field respectively. Self-focusing occurs when the phase shift due to Kerr effect compensates for the phase shift because of Gaussian beam divergence. Phase change due to diffraction for a Gaussian beam after traversing a length of [math]\displaystyle{ \Delta z }[/math] is

[math]\displaystyle{ \phi_{diffraction}={k\Delta z\over 2\rho_0^2}r^2 }[/math]

and phase change because of Kerr effect is

[math]\displaystyle{ \phi_{Kerr}={2\pi\bar{n}_2I_0\Delta z\over \lambda}exp({-2r^2\over w_0^2}) \approx {2\pi\bar{n}_2I_0\Delta z\over \lambda}(1-{2r^2\over w_0^2}) }[/math].

where [math]\displaystyle{ k={2\pi n_0\over \lambda} }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ \rho_0={\pi w_0^2n_0\over\lambda} }[/math](Rayleigh range) and [math]\displaystyle{ w_0 }[/math] is the waist of Gaussian beam. For self-focusing to happen the one have to satisfy the condition of [math]\displaystyle{ r^2 }[/math] terms be equal in magnitude for both Kerr and diffraction phases. Hence

[math]\displaystyle{ I_0={w_0^2\over 4\rho_0^2\bar{n}_2} }[/math].

On the other hand, we know that area of a Gaussian beam at its waist is [math]\displaystyle{ \pi w_0^2\over 2 }[/math]. Therefore[6]

[math]\displaystyle{ P_{c}={\lambda^2\over 8\pi n_0 \bar{n}_2} }[/math].

Note

[math]\displaystyle{ \bar{n}_2 \left({cm^2\over W}\right)=n_2n_0\epsilon_0c }[/math]

Self-focusing needs a laser peak power higher than the critical power [math]\displaystyle{ P_{c} }[/math] (order of gigawatts in air[7]), however, for infrared (IR) nanosecond pulses with peak powers higher than the critical power self-focusing is not possible. Multiphoton ionization, inverse Bremsstrahlung and electron avalanche ionization are three major results of gas and laser interaction. The later two processes are collisional-type interactions and take time to accomplish (picosecond to nanosecond). A nanosecond pulse is long enough to develop the air breakdown before the power reaches the GW order required for self-focusing. Breakdown of gas produces plasma that has absorbing and reflecting effect so self-focusing is prohibited.[7]

Re-focusing during the propagation of a focused short laser pulse

An interesting phenomenon related to the filament propagation is the refocusing of focused laser pulses after the geometrical focus.[8][9] Gaussian Beam propagation predicts an increasing beam width bidirectionally away from the geometric focus. However, in the situation of laser filamentation, the beam will quickly recollapse. This divergence and refocusing will continue indefinitely.

In photo-reactive systems

Filament formation and propagation may also be observed in photopolymer systems. Such systems display a Kerr-like optical nonlinearity via photoreactive-based increases in the refractive index.[10] The filaments form as a result of the self-trapping of individual beams, or modulation instability of a wide-area light profile. Filament propagation has been observed in several photo-polymerizable systems, including organo-siloxane,[11] acrylics,[12] epoxy and copolymers with epoxies,[13] and polymer blends.[14][15] The locations of filament formation and propagation may be controlled by modulating the spatial profile of the input light field. Such photo-reactive systems are able to produce filaments from spatially and temporally incoherent light, because the slow reaction responds to the time-average intensity of the optical field, whereby femto-second fluctuations wash out.[11] This is similar to photo-refractive media with non-instantaneous responses, which enable filament propagation with incoherent or partially incoherent light.[16]

Potential applications

The filaments, having made a plasma, turn the narrowband laser pulse into a broadband pulse having a wholly new set of applications. An interesting aspect of the filamentation induced plasma is the limited density of the electrons, a process which prevents the optical breakdown.[17] This effect provides an excellent source for spectroscopy of high pressure with low level of continuum and also smaller line broadening.[18][clarification needed] Another potential application is the LIDAR-monitoring of air.[19]

Flat panel dicing using short laser pulses is an important application due to the fact that as the glass substrates become thinner it becomes more difficult to improve the process yield using conventional diamond blade dicing techniques. Using short pulses dicing speeds of over 400 mm/s has been successfully demonstrated on non-alkali glass and borosilicate glass, using a 50 kHz, 5W high-power femtosecond laser. The working principle developed by Kamata et al.[20] is the following. The short pulse laser beam having a wavelength to which the work is transparent is directed to the front surface of the work toward the back surface and focused. A filament in the light beam traveling direction from the beam waist is formed by the auto-focusing action due to the laser beam propagation in the work is formed. The substance in the filament is decomposed by the laser beam and can be discharged from the back surface, and a cavity is formed in the channel. While forming the cavity, the laser beam is scanned, a machined surface is formed, and thereafter the work can be cut with a weak bending stress.[citation needed]

In July 2014, researchers at the University of Maryland reported using filamenting femtosecond laser pulses in a square arrangement to produce a density gradient in air which acted as an optical waveguide lasting on the order of several milliseconds. Initial testing demonstrated a signal gain of 50% over an unguided signal at a distance of about one meter.[21] A field application was demonstrated in 2021, where kHz-repetition-rate 1030-nm terawatt Yb:YAG laser, installed in the vicinity of the 124-m-tall Säntis telecommunications tower was used to guide lightning strikes towards the tower's Franklin rod, opening up the possibility of future laser lightning rods.[22]

References

  1. ↑ Rashidian Vaziri, M R (2013). "Describing the propagation of intense laser pulses in nonlinear Kerr media using the ducting model". Laser Physics 23 (10): 105401. doi:10.1088/1054-660X/23/10/105401. Bibcode: 2013LaPhy..23j5401R. 
  2. ↑ Hercher, M. (1964). "Laser-induced damage in transparent media". Journal of the Optical Society of America 54: 563. 
  3. ↑ Xhao, X.M.; Jones, R.J.; Strauss, C.E.M.; Funk, D.J.; Roberts, J.P.; Taylor, A.J. (1997). "Control of femtosecond pulse filament formation in air through variation of the initial chirp of the pulse". CLEO '97., Summaries of Papers Presented at the Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. 11. IEEE. pp. 377–378. doi:10.1109/CLEO.1997.603294. ISBN 0-7803-4125-2. 
  4. ↑ N Aközbek, CM Bowden, A Talebpour, SL Chin, Femtosecond pulse propagation in air: Variational analysis, Phys. Rev. E 61, 4540–4549 (2000)
  5. ↑ Boyd, Robert. Nonlinear optics (Third ed.). Academic press. 
  6. ↑ Diels, Jean-Claude; Rudolph, Wolfgang (2006-10-05). Ultrashort laser pulse phenomena (Second ed.). ISBN 978-0-12-215493-5. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chin, S.L.; Wang, T.J.; Marceau, C. (2012). "Advances in intense femtosecond laser filamentation in air". Laser Physics 22 (1): 1–53. doi:10.1134/S1054660X11190054. Bibcode: 2012LaPhy..22....1C. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3409&context=facultybib2010. 
  8. ↑ M. Mlejnek, E.M. Wright, J.V. Moloney, Opt. Lett. 23 1998 382
  9. ↑ A. Talebpour, S. Petit, S.L. Chin, Re-focusing during the propagation of a focused femtosecondTi:Sapphire laser pulse in air, Optics Communications 171 1999 285–290
  10. ↑ Kewitsch, Anthony S.; Yariv, Amnon (1996-01-01). "Self-focusing and self-trapping of optical beams upon photopolymerization" (in EN). Optics Letters 21 (1): 24–6. doi:10.1364/OL.21.000024. ISSN 1539-4794. PMID 19865292. Bibcode: 1996OptL...21...24K. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/2845/1/KEWol96.pdf. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Burgess, Ian B.; Shimmell, Whitney E.; Saravanamuttu, Kalaichelvi (2007-04-01). "Spontaneous Pattern Formation Due to Modulation Instability of Incoherent White Light in a Photopolymerizable Medium". Journal of the American Chemical Society 129 (15): 4738–4746. doi:10.1021/ja068967b. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 17378567. 
  12. ↑ Biria, Saeid; Malley, Philip P. A.; Kahan, Tara F.; Hosein, Ian D. (2016-03-03). "Tunable Nonlinear Optical Pattern Formation and Microstructure in Cross-Linking Acrylate Systems during Free-Radical Polymerization". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 120 (8): 4517–4528. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11377. ISSN 1932-7447. 
  13. ↑ Basker, Dinesh K.; Brook, Michael A.; Saravanamuttu, Kalaichelvi (2015-09-03). "Spontaneous Emergence of Nonlinear Light Waves and Self-Inscribed Waveguide Microstructure during the Cationic Polymerization of Epoxides". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119 (35): 20606–20617. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07117. ISSN 1932-7447. 
  14. ↑ Biria, Saeid; Malley, Phillip P. A.; Kahan, Tara F.; Hosein, Ian D. (2016-11-15). "Optical Autocatalysis Establishes Novel Spatial Dynamics in Phase Separation of Polymer Blends during Photocuring". ACS Macro Letters 5 (11): 1237–1241. doi:10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00659. PMID 35614732. 
  15. ↑ Biria, Saeid; Hosein, Ian D. (2017-05-09). "Control of Morphology in Polymer Blends through Light Self-Trapping: An in Situ Study of Structure Evolution, Reaction Kinetics, and Phase Separation". Macromolecules 50 (9): 3617–3626. doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00484. ISSN 0024-9297. Bibcode: 2017MaMol..50.3617B. 
  16. ↑ (in en) Spatial Solitons | Stefano Trillo | Springer. Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Springer. 2001. ISBN 9783540416531. https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783540416531. 
  17. ↑ A. Talebpour et al., Focusing limits of intense ultrafast laser pulses in a high pressure gas: road to new spectroscopic source, 2000,Optics Communications, 183:479–484
  18. ↑ A. Talebpour et al., Spectroscopy of the Gases Interactingwith Intense Femtosecond Laser Pulses, 2001, Laser Physics, 11:68–76
  19. ↑ Wöste, Ludger; Frey, Steffen; Wolf, Jean-Pierre (2006). "LIDAR-Monitoring of the Air with Femtosecond Plasma Channels". Advances In Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 53: 413-441. doi:10.1016/S1049-250X(06)53011-3. 
  20. ↑ Kamata, M.; Sumyoshi, T.; Tsujikaula, S., & Sekita, H. (2008). Laser machining method, laser cutting method, and method for dividing structure having multilayer board, PCT Application, WO/2008/126742
  21. ↑ "Creating optical cables out of thin air". (e) Science News. 22 July 2014. https://esciencenews.com/articles/2014/07/22/creating.optical.cables.out.thin.air. 
  22. ↑ Houard, Aurélien et al. (16 January 2023). "Laser-guided lightning". Nature Photonics 17: 231–235. doi:10.1038/s41566-022-01139-z. 

External links

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  1. ↑ Chin, S. L.; Wang, T. -J.; Marceau, C.; Wu, J.; Liu, J. S.; Kosareva, O.; Panov, N.; Chen, Y. P. et al. (2012). "Advances in intense femtosecond laser filamentation in air". Laser Physics 22: 1–53. doi:10.1134/S1054660X11190054. Bibcode: 2012LaPhy..22....1C. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3409&context=facultybib2010. 
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