Physics:Roman pot
The Roman pot is the name of a technique (and of the relevant device) used in accelerator physics. Named after its implementation by the CERN-Rome collaboration in the early 1970s,[1][2] it is an important tool to measure the total cross section of two particle beams in a collider.[3] They are called pots because the detectors are housed in cylindrical vessels. The first generation of Roman pots was purpose-built by the CERN Central Workshops and used in the measurement of the total cross-section of proton-proton inter-actions in the ISR.[4][5][6] Roman pots are located as close to the beamline as possible, to capture the accelerated particles which scatter by very small angles.
Roman pots used at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Roman pots were first used in the TOTEM experiment[7] and later by the ATLAS[8] and the CMS[9] collaborations at the LHC. The figure below shows a detector used on the beamline near IP5 (interaction point 5), the location of the CMS detector.[10] Three of these are used per Roman pot unit. Each is shoved into place to within 10 microns of the beamline. Two detectors are placed above and below the beamline, and a third to the side. These detectors will record any protons that are not travelling precisely along the beamline, and thus record the elastic scattering of the protons.[11] This is used to measure the total elastic cross-section, including Coulomb scattering as well as diffractive scattering (i.e. diffraction because the protons are not point particles, and have an internal structure (i.e. quarks)). Effectively, these are detectors for studying Regge theory. The goal is to search for elastic scattering effects beyond the Standard Model, such as hypothetical "colorless gluons", as well confirming ideas of pomeron exchange, and the possible existence of an odderon.
Odderons were potentially observed only in 2017 by the TOTEM experiment at the LHC.[12] This observation was later confirmed in a joint analysis with the DØ experiment at the Tevatron.[13]
The figure below shows a single Roman pot unit, located about 220 meters forward of the IP5 interaction point. The detectors are the bulkiest bits wrapped in insulation.
References
- ↑ Experiments at the ISR. 1971. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1729363.
- ↑ "Giuseppe Cocconi (1914 - 2008)". CERN Bulletin. 2008. http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1142555.
- ↑ Holzer, B. J.; Goddard, B.; Herr, Werner; Muratori, Bruno; Rivkin, L.; Biagini, M. E.; Jowett, J. M.; Hanke, K. et al. (2020). "Design and Principles of Synchrotrons and Circular Colliders". in Myers, Stephen; Schopper, Herwig (in en). Particle Physics Reference Library. Cham: Springer Open. pp. 205–294. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-34245-6_6. ISBN 978-3-030-34245-6.
- ↑ Bryant, P. J. (1971). Run 118 - 3 November 1971 - 06.30 to 08.00h, Rings 1 and 2 - 15 GeV/c - Physics beams: Creation of low background conditions while the Roman pots are within 2 mm of the beam. ISR Running-in. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1130141.
- ↑ New-style Roman Pots in the ISR. Geneva: CERN. 1980. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1719328/.
- ↑ Fabjan, Christian; Hübner, Kurt (2017) (in en). The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): The First Hadron Collider. 27. World Scientific. pp. 87–133. doi:10.1142/9789814749145_0004. ISBN 978-981-4749-13-8. Bibcode: 2017cern.book...87F. https://cds.cern.ch/record/2312567.
- ↑ "Roman pots for the LHC" (in en-GB). 1999-03-28. https://cerncourier.com/a/roman-pots-for-the-lhc/.
- ↑ "ALFA - Absolute Luminosity For ATLAS" (in en-GB). September 2015. https://atlas-project-lumi-fphys.web.cern.ch/ALFA/.
- ↑ "The LHC as a photon collider" (in en-GB). February 2016. https://cms.cern/news/lhc-photon-collider.
- ↑ "CERN | The TOTEM experiment". https://totem-experiment.web.cern.ch/detectors/roman-pots/.
- ↑ Oriunno, Marco; Deile, Mario; Eggert, Karsten; Lacroix, Jean-Michel; Mathot, Serge Jean; Noschis, Elias Philippe; Perret, Roger; Radermacher, Ernst et al. (2006). The Roman Pot for LHC. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1078513.
- ↑ Martynov, Evgenij; Nicolescu, Basarab (2018). "Did TOTEM experiment discover the Odderon?" (in en). Physics Letters B 778: 414–418. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.01.054. Bibcode: 2018PhLB..778..414M.
- ↑ Abazov, V. M.; Abbott, B.; Acharya, B. S.; Adams, M.; Adams, T.; Agnew, J. P.; Alexeev, G. D.; Alkhazov, G. et al. (2021). "Odderon Exchange from Elastic Scattering Differences between pp and pp¯ Data at 1.96 TeV and from pp Forward Scattering Measurements". Physical Review Letters 127 (6): 062003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.062003. PMID 34420329. Bibcode: 2021PhRvL.127f2003A.
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