Place:Pomerania

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Short description: Historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe
Pomerania

Pomorze, Pommern, Pòmòrskô
Historical region
Panorama of Gdańsk from Motława
Toruń Old Town
Pomeranian Dukes' Castle in Szczecin
Stralsund Old Town
Dunes of Łeba, Slovincian National Park
Chalk cliffs, Jasmund National Park
  • From top, left to right: Historic center of Gdańsk
  • Toruń Old Town
  • Ducal Castle, Szczecin
  • Stralsund Old Town
  • Dunes of Łeba, Slovincian National Park
  • Chalk cliffs, Jasmund National Park
Coat of arms of {{{official_name}}}
Coat of arms
Contemporary administrative units with Pomerania in the name, not representing the exact historical region, as they also include parts of other regions
Contemporary administrative units with Pomerania in the name, not representing the exact historical region, as they also include parts of other regions
Coordinates: [ ⚑ ] : 54°17′N 18°09′E / 54.29°N 18.15°E / 54.29; 18.15
CountriesPoland
Germany
Largest citiesin Poland: Gdańsk, Szczecin
in Germany: Greifswald, Stralsund
Demonym(s)Pomeranian
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Primary airportsGdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport
Solidarity Szczecin–Goleniów Airport
HighwaysA1-PL.svg 32px

Pomerania (Template:Audio-pl ; Template:Audio-de ; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô; Swedish: Pommern) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany . The central and eastern part belongs to the West Pomeranian, Pomeranian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian voivodeships of Poland, while the western part belongs to the German states of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg.

Pomerania's historical border in the west is the Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian border Urstromtal,[lower-alpha 1] which now constitutes the border between the Mecklenburgian and Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, while it is bounded by the Vistula River in the east. The easternmost part of Pomerania is alternatively known as Pomerelia, consisting of four sub-regions: Kashubia inhabited by ethnic Kashubians, Kociewie, Tuchola Forest and Chełmno Land.

Pomerania has a relatively low population density, with its largest cities being Gdańsk and Szczecin. Outside its urban areas, it is characterized by farmland, dotted with numerous lakes, forests, and small towns. In the west of Pomerania lie several islands, the largest of which are Rügen, the largest island in Germany; Usedom/Uznam, and Wolin, the largest island in Poland. The region has a rich and complicated political and demographic history at the intersection of several cultures.

Geography

17th-century map of the Duchy of Pomerania

Borders

Pomerania is the area along the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea between the rivers Recknitz, Trebel, Tollense and Augraben in the west and Vistula in the east.[1][2] It formerly reached perhaps as far south as the Noteć river, but since the 13th century its southern boundary has been placed further north.

Landscape

Most of the region is coastal lowland, being part of the Central European Plain. Its southern, hilly parts belong to the Baltic Ridge, a belt of terminal moraines formed during the Pleistocene. Within this ridge, a chain of moraine-dammed lakes constitutes the Pomeranian Lake District. The soil is generally rather poor, sometimes sandy or marshy.[1]

The western coastline is jagged, with many peninsulas (such as Darß–Zingst) and islands (including Rügen, Usedom, and Wolin) enclosing numerous bays (Bodden) and lagoons (the biggest being the Lagoon of Szczecin).

The eastern coastline is smooth. Łebsko and several other lakes were formerly bays, but have been cut off from the sea. The easternmost coastline along the Gdańsk Bay (with the Bay of Puck) and Vistula Lagoon, has the Hel Peninsula and the Vistula peninsula jutting out into the Baltic.

Subregions

The flag used in the German part of Pomerania

The Pomeranian region has the following administrative divisions:

  • Western Pomerania (Vorpommern) in northeastern Germany, stretching from the Recknitz river to the Germany–Poland border. This region is part of the federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The southernmost part of historical Western Pomerania (the Gartz area) is now in Brandenburg, while its historical eastern parts (the Oder estuary) are now in Poland. Western Pomerania comprises the historical regions inhabited by Western Slavic tribes Rugians and Volinians,[citation needed] otherwise the Principality of Rügen and the County of Gützkow.
  • The West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Zachodniopomorskie) in Poland, stretching from the Oder–Neisse line to the Wieprza river, encompassing most of historical Pomerania in the narrow sense (as well as small parts of historic Greater Poland and Lubusz Land).
  • The Pomeranian Voivodeship, with similar borders to Pomerelia, stretching from the Wieprza river to the Vistula delta in the vicinity of Gdańsk.
  • The northern half of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, comprising most of Tuchola Forest and Chełmno Land.

The bulk of Farther Pomerania is included within the modern West Pomeranian Voivodeship, but its easternmost parts (the Słupsk area) now constitute the northwest of Pomeranian Voivodeship. Farther Pomerania in turn comprises several other historical subregions, most notably the former Principality of Cammin, the Nowogard County, and the Słupsk and Sławno Land. The Lębork and Bytów Land is considered a part of Pomerelia (Kashubia) by the Polish historiography, and of Farther Pomerania by the German historiography.

Parts of Pomerania and surrounding regions have constituted a euroregion since 1995. The Pomerania euroregion comprises Hither Pomerania and Uckermark in Germany, West Pomerania in Poland, and Scania in Sweden.

  • Typical Pomeranian beach (West Pomeranian Voivodeship)

  • Wdzydze Lake (Pomeranian Voivodeship)

  • Wolin National Park (West Pomeranian Voivodeship)

  • Słowiński National Park (Pomeranian Voivodeship)

  • Usedom/Uznam (Western Pomerania)

  • Cape Arkona (Western Pomerania)

Nomenclature

Etymology

In Lechitic languages the prefix "po-" means along; unlike the word "po", which means after. Pomorze, therefore, means Along the Sea. This construction is similar to toponyms Pogórze (Along the Mountains), Polesie (Along the Forest), Porzecze (Along the River), etc.

Earliest sources

Pomerania was first mentioned in an imperial document of 1046, referring to a Zemuzil dux Bomeranorum (Zemuzil, Duke of the Pomeranians).[3] Pomerania is mentioned repeatedly in the chronicles of Adam of Bremen (c. 1070) and Gallus Anonymous (ca. 1113).

Terminology and attribution of subdivisions

The territorial designation "Pomerania" lacks a universally accepted definition, since it may refer either to combined Hither and Farther Pomerania only (in German contemporary and historical usage[4]) or to Hither and Farther Pomerania combined with Pomerelia (in Polish contemporary and historical usage).

As a consequence, the term "West Pomerania" is ambiguous, since it may refer to either Hither Pomerania (in German usage and historical usage based on German terminology[4]), or to combined Hither and Farther Pomerania (in Polish usage and historical usage based on German terminology). In parallel, the term "East Pomerania" may similarly carry different meanings, referring either to Farther Pomerania (in German usage and historical usage based on German terminology[4]), or to Pomerelia (in Polish usage and historical usage based on German terminology).

As a further complication, the borders of the eponymous administrative units have been drawn disregarding mostly the historical ones. The Polish unit called województwo zachodniopomorskie (West Pomeranian Voivodeship) includes the whole Polish part of Hither Pomerania, but only the western two-thirds of Farther Pomerania, with the remaining easternmost one-third (Słupsk, Ustka, and Miastko) has been part of the województwo pomorskie ([East-]Pomeranian Voivodeship). The former regional unit stretches however far more south than the historical region, to include the northern part of the historical Neumark (Dębno, Chojna, Trzcińsko-Zdrój, Myślibórz, Nowogródek Pomorski, Lipiany, Barlinek, Pełczyce, Suchań, Choszczno, Recz, and Drawno), as well as a strip the historical Greater Poland (Tuczno, Człopa, Mirosławiec, Wałcz, and Czaplinek), or even a small part of Pomerelia (Biały Bór); in turn the other one comprises only approximately northern two-thirds of Pomerelia but also parts of historical Malbork Land and Upper Prussia known under the ethnographic designation of Powiśle and constituting the westernmost strip of historical Prussia; and finally, the remaining one third of Pomerelia forms part of województwo kujawsko-pomorskie (Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship), a further regional unit, in this case bearing a name accurately reflecting historical heterogeneity of its territory. Similarity but to lesser extent, borders of the combined German districts Vorpommern-Rügen and Vorpommern-Greifswald deviate significantly in numerous locations from the historical ones with Mecklenburg and Brandenburg. As a consequence, the common understanding of the terms has started to be used more and more frequently in the sense of the current administrative units.

West Pomerania East Southeast
Ahrenshoop (westernmost Pomeranian settlement),
Ribnitz-Damgarten (Damgarten only),
Saal,
Prerow,
Zingst,
Barth,
Tribsees,
Franzburg,
Richtenberg,
Grimmen,
Stralsund,
DÄNHOLM 		Rügen
HIDDENSEE,
UMMANZ,
Garz/Rügen,
Bergen auf Rügen,
Putgarten,
VILM,
Sagard,
Binz,
Sassnitz,
Sellin,
Thiessow,
Göhren 		Loitz,
Gützkow,
Greifswald,
Lubmin,
Kröslin,
RUDEN,
GREIFSWALDER OIE,
Wolgast,
Lassan 		Kummerow,
Sommersdorf,
Verchen,
Demmin,
Altentreptow 		Alt Tellin,
Jarmen,
Anklam 		Usedom
Peenemünde,
Karlshagen,
Trassenheide,
Zinnowitz,
GÖRMITZ,
Usedom,
Zempin,
Koserow,
Loddin,
Ückeritz,
Bansin,
Heringsdorf,
Ahlbeck 		Pasewalk,
Torgelow,
Ueckermünde,
Eggesin,
Löcknitz,
Penkun,
Altwarp,
Pomellen (easternmost settlement in M.-V.) 		Schwedt/Oder (districts north of the Welse river only),
Gartz (Oder),
Mescherin (easternmost Pomeranian settlement in Germany) 		Uznam/Wolin
Świnoujście,
Międzyzdroje,
Wolin,
Międzywodzie,
CHRZĄSZCZEWSKA,
Dziwnów (left-bank) 		Goleniów,
Police,
Nowe Warpno,
Szczecin,
Dąbie 		Widuchowa,
Gryfino,
Banie,
Pyrzyce 		Maszewo,
Stargard,
Stepnica,
Dziwnów (right-bank with historic centre),
Kamień Pomorski,
Golczewo,
Ińsko,
Dobrzany,
Dolice,
Chociwel,
Gryfice,
Gościno,
Płoty,
Nowogard,
Łobez,
Węgorzyno,
Resko,
Trzebiatów 		Świdwin,
Połczyn-Zdrój,
Kalisz Pomorski,
Drawsko Pomorskie,
Złocieniec,
Kołobrzeg,
Koszalin,
Polanów,
Sianów,
Karlino,
Tychowo,
Bobolice,
Białogard,
Biały Bór,
Szczecinek,
Sławno,
Darłowo 		Ustka,
Słupsk,
Miastko 		Łeba,
Lębork,
Bytów
(Lauenburg and Bütow Land
German: Lande Lauenburg und Bütow
Polish: Ziemia lęborsko-bytowska) 		Człuchów,
Chojnice,
Kościerzyna,
Kartuzy,
Żukowo,
Puck,
Władysławowo,
Jastarnia,
Hel 		Wejherowo,
Reda,
Rumia,
(so-called Little Kashubian Tricity)
Gdynia,
Sopot,
Gdańsk
(Tricity)
Pruszcz Gdański,
Nowy Staw,
Krynica Morska 		Starogard Gdański,
Skarszewy,
Pelplin,
Tczew,
Gniew 		Świecie,
Nowe 		Tuchola,
Pruszcz 		Toruń,
Grudziądz,
Chełmno,
Chełmża,
Wąbrzeźno,
Kowalewo Pomorskie,
Jabłonowo Pomorskie,
Radzyń Chełmiński,
Łasin,
Brodnica (part north of Drwęca with historic center),
Golub
Current countries Germany Poland
Current administrative regions Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
(Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) 		Brandenburg województwo zachodniopomorskie
(West Pomeranian Voivodeship) 		województwo pomorskie
(Pomeranian Voivodeship) 		województwo kujawsko-pomorskie
(Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship)
Vorpommern-Rügen Vorpommern-Greifswald Mecklenburgische Seenplatte Vorpommern-Greifswald Uckermark
German terminology
(corresponding English term) 		Pommern[1]
(Pomerania)
bounded in the west by the Recknitz, Trebel and Lake Kummerow, and in the east by the Piaśnica 		Pomerellen, Pommerellen[1]
(Pomerelia)[1]
After Partitions of Poland, part of the wider Westpreussen
(West Prussia)
before Partitions of Poland, part of the wider Königlich-Preußen or Preußen Königlichen Anteils
(Royal Prussia)
Vorpommern
(Hither Pomerania, Fore Pomerania)
in modern usage the part located in Germany only 		Hinterpommern
(Farther/Further Pomerania, Rear Pomerania) 		Kaschubei[5]
(Kashubia)
areas south-east of Könitz (Schwarzwasser, Czersk): Tucheler Heide
(Tuchola Forest),
Koschneiderei 		Kociewie Tucheler Heide
(Tuchola Forest),
Koschneiderei 		Kulmerland
(Chełmno Land)
Neuvorpommern
(New Hither Pomerania)
western part of Swedish Pomerania that went from Sweden to Prussia in 1815
 Altvorpommern
(Old Hither Pomerania)
eastern part of Swedish Pomerania that went from Sweden to Prussia in 1720
Westpommern
(Western Pomerania)
mainland west of the Zarow and Rügen archipelago 		Mittelpommern
(Middle Pomerania)
mainland east of the Zarow as well as Usedom and Wolin 		Ostpommern
(Eastern Pomerania)
Mittelpommerscher Keil
(Middle Pomeranian Wedge)
excluding Uznam and Wolin
Polish terminology
(corresponding English term) 		Pomorze Zachodnie
(Western Pomerania)
Pomorze Nadodrzańskie
(Oder Pomerania)
 Pomorze Wschodnie
(Eastern Pomerania)
Pomorze Nadwiślańskie
(Vistula Pomerania)
before World War II simply Pomorze[1]
(Pomerelia,[1] literally Pomerania)
before Partitions of Poland, part of the wider Prusy Królewskie
(Royal Prussia)
Pomorze Zaodrzańskie
(Trans-Oder Pomerania)
Pomorze Wołogoskie
(Wołogoszcz or German: Wolgast Pomerania) 		Pomorze Szczecińskie
(Szczecin Pomerania)
Pomorze Zachodnie w węższym znaczeniu
(Western Pomerania in narrower sense)
 Pomorze Środkowe
(Middle Pomerania)
Pomorze Koszalińsko-Słupskie
(Koszalin and Słupsk Pomerania) 		Pomorze Gdańskie
(Gdańsk Pomerania)
Ziemia chełmińska
(Chełmno Land)
ethnocultural region
Pomorze Przednie
(Hither Pomerania, Fore Pomerania) in modern usage the part located in Germany only 		Pomorze Tylne
(Farther/Further Pomerania, Rear Pomerania) usage limited mainly to translations of German texts 		Kaszuby
(Kashubia)
ethnocultural region
areas south-east of Chojnice (Czarna Woda, Czersk): Bory Tucholskie
(Tuchola Forest)
ethnocultural region,
Kosznajderia
former ethnocultural region 		Kociewie
ethnocultural region 		Bory Tucholskie
(Tuchola Forest)
ethnocultural region,
Kosznajderia
former ethnocultural region
Kashubian terminology
(corresponding English term) 		Zôpadnô Pòmòrskô
(Western Pomerania) 		Lãbòrskò-bëtowskô Zemia
(Lębork and Bytów Land)
 Pòrénkòwô Pòmòrskô
(Eastern Pomerania)
Kaszëbë
(Kashubia
ethnocultural region) 		Kòcéwskô (Kociewie)
ethnocultural region 		Tëchòlsczé Bòrë (Tuchola Forest)
ethnocultural region,
Kòsznajderiô (Kosznajderia)
former ethnocultural region 		Chełmińskô Zemia (Chełmno Land)
ethnocultural region

History

Prehistory to the Middle Ages (circa 400 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)

Poland with Pomerania under the rule of Mieszko I, c. 960-992. Dagome iudex first defined Poland's geographical boundaries (including Pomorenia) and placed the lands under the protection of the Apostolic See.

Settlement in the area called Pomerania for the last 1,000 years started by the end of the Vistula Glacial Stage, some 13,000 years ago.[6] Archeological traces have been found of various cultures during the Stone and Bronze Age, Baltic peoples, Germanic peoples and Veneti during the Iron Age and, in the Dark Ages, West Slavic tribes and Vikings.[7][8][9][6][10][11][12] Starting in the 10th century, early Polish rulers subdued the region, successfully integrating the eastern part with Poland, while the western part fell under the suzerainty of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Gdańsk, established during the reign of Mieszko I of Poland has since become Poland's main port (apart from periods of Poland losing control over the region).

The main burial sites of Pomeranian dukes of the houses of Sobiesław and Griffin
Oliwa Cathedral in Gdańsk
Ducal Castle in Szczecin
St. Peter's Church in Wolgast

In the 12th century, the Duchy of Pomerania (western part), as a vassal state of Poland, became Christian under saint Otto of Bamberg (the Apostle of the Pomeranians); at the same time Pomerelia (eastern part) became a part of diocese of Włocławek within Poland. Since the late 12th-early 13th century, the Griffin Duchy of Pomerania stayed with the Holy Roman Empire and the Principality of Rugia with Denmark, while Pomerelia, under the ruling of Samborides, was a part of Poland.[20][21][22][23] Pomerania, during its alliance in the Holy Roman Empire, shared borders with West Slavic state Oldenburg, as well as Poland and the expanding Margraviate of Brandenburg. In the early 14th century the Teutonic Knights invaded and annexed Pomerelia from Poland into their monastic state, which already included historical Prussia. As a result of the Teutonic rule, in German terminology the name of Prussia was also extended to conquered Polish lands like Gdańsk Pomerania, although it was not inhabited by Baltic Prussians but Lechitic Poles. Meanwhile, the Ostsiedlung started to turn Slavic narrow Pomerania into an increasingly German-settled area; the remaining Wends and Polish people, often known as Kashubians, continued to settle within Pomerelia.[24][25] In 1325 the line of the princes of Rügen died out, and the principality was inherited by the Griffins.[26]

Renaissance (circa 1400–1700) to Early Modern Age

Location of the Pomeranian Voivodeship within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

In 1466, with the Teutonic Order's defeat in the Thirteen Years' War, Pomerelia became again part of the Polish Crown and formed the Pomeranian Voivodeship within the provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland.[27] While the German population in the Duchy of Pomerania adopted the Protestant reformation in 1534,[28][29][30] the Polish (along with Kashubian) population remained with the Roman Catholic Church. The Thirty Years' War severely ravaged and depopulated narrow Pomerania; few years later this same happened to Pomerelia (the Deluge).[31] With the extinction of the Griffin house during the same period, the Duchy of Pomerania was divided between the Swedish Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648, while Pomerelia remained in with the Polish Crown.

Modern Age

The Prussian Province of Pomerania within Prussia and the German Empire circa 1871
The Province of Pomerania

Prussia gained the southern parts of Swedish Pomerania in 1720,[32]:341–343 invaded and annexed Pomerelia from Poland in 1772 and 1793, and gained the remainder of Swedish Pomerania in 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars.[32]:363, 364 The former Brandenburg-Prussian Pomerania and the former Swedish parts were reorganized into the Prussian Province of Pomerania,[32]:366 while Pomerelia was made part of the Province of West Prussia. With Prussia, both provinces joined the newly constituted German Empire in 1871. Under German rule, the Polish minority suffered discrimination and oppressive measures aimed at eradicating its culture.

Following the German Empire's defeat in World War I, however, eastern Pomerania/Pomerelia was returned to the rebuilt Polish state, while German-majority Gdańsk/Danzig was transformed into the independent Free City of Danzig. In the interbellum, the border with Poland and the creation of what German propaganda called the "Polish Corridor" were often contested in Germany. Irredentist claims towards Poland were one of the factors contributing to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. In 1938 Germany's Province of Pomerania was expanded to include northern parts of the former Province of Posen–West Prussia (part of historic Greater Poland).

Under the Nazi government, the persecution of Poles in the German-controlled part of Pomerania intensified. In January 1939, Germany resumed expulsions of Poles and many were also forced to flee.[33] The Sturmabteilung, Schutzstaffel, Hitler Youth and Bund Deutscher Osten launched attacks on Polish institutions, schools and activists.[34] From May to August 1939, the Gestapo carried out arrests of Polish leaders, activists, entrepreneurs, and even some staff of the Consulate of Poland in Szczecin.[35]

World War II

German battleship SMS Schleswig-Holstein firing at the Polish Military Transit Depot during the battle of Westerplatte, 1939

In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland starting World War II. The first battle of the war, at Westerplatte, was fought in the region. Afterwards the Polish part of Pomerania was annexed by Germany, and made part of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. The Nazis deported the Pomeranian Jews to a reservation near Lublin.[36] The Polish population suffered heavily during the Nazi oppression; more than 40,000 died in executions, death camps, prisons and forced labour, primarily those who were teachers, businessmen, priests, politicians, former army officers, and civil servants.[37] Thousands of Poles and Kashubians suffered expulsion, their homes taken over by the German military and civil servants, as well as some Baltic Germans resettled there between 1940 and 1943 in accordance with the Lebensraum policy. The Stutthof concentration camp with numerous subcamps was located in the region. There were also numerous Nazi prisons, forced labour camps, and multiple prisoner-of-war camps, including the large Stalag II-B and Stalag II-D, for Polish, French, Belgian, Dutch, Serbian, Italian, American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealander and other Allied POWs. Połczyn-Zdrój was the location of a Germanisation camp for kidnapped Polish children.[38] The Polish resistance movement was active both in the pre-war Polish part and the pre-war German part of Pomerania.

After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the German–Polish border was shifted west to the Oder–Neisse line,[39] and all of Pomerania was in the Soviet Occupation Zone.[32]:512–515[40]:373ff The German inhabitants of the former eastern territories of Germany and Poles of German ethnicity from Pomerelia were expelled. Between 1945 and 1948, millions of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) and German citizens (Reichsdeutsche), were removed from former German territory now governed by Poland and other Eastern European countries. Many German civilians were sent to internment and labor camps where they were used as forced labor as part of German reparations to countries in Eastern Europe. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions is disputed, with low-range estimates in the hundreds of thousands (see: Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)). The area was resettled primarily with Poles of Polish ethnicity, (some themselves expellees from former eastern Poland) and some Poles of Ukrainian ethnicity (resettled under Operation Vistula) and few Polish Jews.[40]:381ff[41][42] Most of Hither or Western Pomerania (Vorpommern) remained in Germany, and most of the expelled Pomeranians found refuge there, later many moved on to other German regions and abroad. Today German Hither Pomerania forms the eastern part of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, while the Polish part is divided mainly between the West Pomeranian, Pomeranian voivodeships, with their capitals in Szczecin and Gdańsk. During the 1980s, the Solidarity and Die Wende ("the change") movements overthrew the Communist regimes implemented during the post-war era; since then, Pomerania is democratically governed.

Pomeranian dialect and traditions still live in the country of Brazil in a colony where the language is still spoken. The arrival of Pomerania immigrants with Germans and Italians helped form the state of Espírito Santo since the early 1930s.[43] Their importance and respect are one of the cultural signatures of the area. The Brazilian city of Pomerode (in the state of Santa Catarina) was founded by Pomeranian Germans in 1861 and is considered the most typically German of all the German towns of southern Brazil.

Demographics

Kashubians in regional dress

The German part of Western Pomerania is inhabited by German Pomeranians. In other parts, Poles are the dominant ethnic group since the territorial changes of Poland after World War II, and the resulting Polonization. Kashubians, descendants of the medieval West Slavic Pomeranians, are numerous in rural Pomerelia.

German Hither Pomerania had a population of about 470,000 in 2012 (districts of Vorpommern-Rügen and Vorpommern-Greifswald combined) – while the Polish districts of Hither Pomerania had a population of about 580,000 in 2012 (Szczecin and Świnoujście cities with powiat rights, Police County, as well as Goleniów Wolin and Międzyzdroje gminas combined). So overall, about 1.15 million people live in the historical region of Hither Pomerania today, while the Szczecin metropolitan area reaches even further.[citation needed]

Pomerelia is dominated by the Tricity metropolitan area (Pomeranian Voivodeship) with its population in 2012 estimated at least at 1,035,000 and the area at 1,332,51 km2, encompassing the Tricity itself with a population of 748,986 combining the eponymous three cities of Gdańsk (population 460,427), Gdynia (population 248,726) and Sopot (population 38,217), as well as the Little Kashubian Tricity with a population of 120,158 people (2012), formed by the City of Wejherowo (population 50,310 in 2012) and the towns (urban gminas) of Rumia (population 49,230 in 2020) and Reda (population 26,011 in 2019). The area also includes two smaller towns of Żukowo and Pruszcz Gdański belonging to the eponymous urban-rural gminas, and a number of rural gminas.

Polish voivodeship/
German Landkreis 		Capital Registration
plates 		Area
(km2) 		Population
Polish 31 December 1999
German December 2010 		Territorial
code
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
(northern half) 		Bydgoszcz (Voivod office)
Toruń (Voivod council) 		C 17,969.72 2,100,771 04
Pomeranian Voivodeship Gdańsk G 18,292.88 2,192,268 22
West Pomeranian Voivodeship Szczecin Z 22,901.48 1,732,838 32
Polish Pomerania and Kuyavia total 59,164.08 6,025,877
Vorpommern-Greifswald Greifswald VG and locally optional: ANK, GW, HGW, PW, SBG, UEM, WLG 3,927 245,733
Vorpommern-Rügen Stralsund VR and locally optional: GMN, HST, NVP, RDG, and RÜG 3,188 230,743
German Pomerania total 7,115 476,476

Cities in Pomerania

Altogether, there are 16 cities in the broad-sense Pomerania, understood as comprising also Pomerelia. Their list is presented below and includes the 14 municipalities in Poland electing a city mayor (Polish: prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (Polish: burmistrz), with 9 of them holding the status of a city with powiat rights (Polish: miasto na prawach powiatu, an independent city), as well as the 2 municipalities in Germany holding the status of a district-belonging city (German: Große kreisangehörige Stadt), as no city of the German part of Pomerania holds currently any higher status, such as a partially of fully independent city (German: Große selbständige Stadt, Kreisfreie Stadt, or Stadtkreis), or a city-state (German: Stadtstaat).

Cities in the historical region of Hither Pomerania

  • Szczecin (city with powiat rights, West Pomeranian Voivodeship): 394,482; up to 763,321 in the metropolitan area[44]
  • Greifswald, in Low German Griepswohld (Vorpommern-Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern): 59,332
  • Stralsund (Vorpommern-Rügen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern): 59,171
  • Świnoujście (city with powiat rights, West Pomeranian Voivodeship); 39,834
  • Schwedt/Oder (Uckermark, Brandenburg) expanded in contemporary times, so that it now also encompasses some neighbourhoods north of the Welse, the historical border river between Brandenburg and Pomerania (Blumenhagen, Gatow, Hohenfelde, Jamikow, Kummerow, Kunow, Schönow and Vierraden): 33,524

  • Szczecin

  • Greifswald

  • Stralsund

  • Świnoujście

Cities in the historical region of Farther Pomerania

  • Koszalin (city with powiat rights, West Pomeranian Voivodeship): 109,343
  • Słupsk (city with powiat rights, Pomeranian Voivodeship): 94,849
  • Stargard (Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship): 69,724
  • Kołobrzeg (Kołobrzeg County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship); 46,259

  • Koszalin

  • Słupsk

  • Stargard

  • Kołobrzeg

Cities in the historical region of Pomerelia

  • Tricity (Pomeranian Voivodeship): 748,986; the Tricity metropolitan area (Pomeranian Voivodeship): population in 2012; at least 1,035,000 area 1,332,51 km2
    • Gdańsk (city with powiat rights, Pomeranian Voivodeship): 460,427
    • Gdynia (city with powiat rights, Pomeranian Voivodeship): 248,726
    • Sopot (city with powiat rights, Pomeranian Voivodeship): 38,217
  • Toruń (city with powiat rights, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship): 205,934
  • Grudziądz (city with powiat rights, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship): 96,042
  • Tczew (Tczew County, Pomeranian Voivodeship): 60,279
  • Wejherowo (Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship): 50,375
  • Starogard Gdański (Starogard County, Pomeranian Voivodeship): 44,470

  • Gdańsk

  • Toruń

  • Grudziądz

Culture

Languages and dialects

Polish is the dominating language in the Polish part of Pomerania. Kashubian dialects are also spoken by the Kashubians in Pomerelia.

In the German part of Pomerania, Standard German dominates. The historical German dialects of Pomerania are, however, Low German. The Pomeranian dialects were all part of the East Low German subgroup: Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch in the west, Central Pomeranian (Mittelpommersch) in Central Pomerania around Szczecin (then Stettin), and East Pomeranian in the east. The regions east of the Piaśnica river are not considered Pomeranian according to German terminology, but either West Prussian or Pomerelian. Danzig German was hence classified as Low Prussian, like the dialects of East Prussia (Königsberg).

Those parts of Pomerania that remained German after 1945 are almost entirely located in the Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch area. Only the regions between the Zarow river in the west and the Oder river in the east are historically part of the Central Pomeranian dialect region: the southern shores of the Szczecin Lagoon (Ueckermünde), the towns along the Uecker and Randow rivers, and those parts of Pomerania that are now in Brandenburg (Gartz and the northern districts of Schwedt/Oder). Central Pomeranian is also spoken along the historically Brandenburgian headwaters of the Uecker river (Prenzlau). In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, however, the dominating Low German standard version is the Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect, and Central Pomeranian texts are often rewritten.

East Pomeranian, Low Prussian, and Standard German were dominating east of the Oder-Neisse line before most of its speakers were expelled after World War II. Kashubian and East Low German are also spoken by the descendants of émigrées, most notably in the Americas (e.g. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Canada). Slovincian was spoken at the Farther Pomeranian–Pomerelian frontier, but is now extinct.

  • A map of Polish dialects. The Pomorze region contains the Kashubian language and a mix of Polish dialects from other parts of the country.

  • Pomerania historically lay in the Low German dialect region: Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch, Central Pomeranian (on the map:Mittelpommerisch) and East Pomeranian (on the map: Hinterpommerisch) dialects. The regions east of the Piaśnica river are not regarded as speaking East Pomeranian according to German terminology, and the Low German dialects that were spoken there are called Low Prussian.

  • The Central Pomeranian dialect region of Low German, east of the Zarow and north of the Welse, where "Ohren" (ears) is pronounced like "oan" and "orn" (now bounded by the Oder-Neisse line in the east)

Cuisine

For typical food and beverages of the region, see Pomeranian cuisine.

Museums

Major museums
National Museum in Szczecin
National Museum in Gdańsk
District Museum in Toruń
Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald

At least 50 museums in Poland cover the history of Pomerania, the most important of them being the District Museum in Toruń, the Museum in Grudziądz, the National Museum in Gdańsk, the National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk, the Museum of Sopot, the Emigration Museum in Gdynia, the Museum of Polish Navy in Gdynia, the Museum of Kociewie in Starogard Gdański, the Museum of Kashubian and Pomeranian Literature and Music in Wejherowo, the Kashubian Museum in Kartuzy, the Central Pomerania Museum in Słupsk,[45] the Darłowo Museum,[46] the Koszalin Museum,[47] the Museum of Polish Arms in Kołobrzeg, the Museum of Archeology and History in Stargard, the National Museum in Szczecin,[48] the Museum of the Puck Region, and the Museum of Maritime Fisheries in Świnoujście.

The Pomeranian State Museum in Greifswald, as well as the Stralsund Museum, both have a variety of archeological findings and artefacts dedicated to the history of Pomerania from the different periods covered in this article.

Other notable museums include the Museum of the National Anthem (Muzeum Hymnu Narodowego) in Będomin at the birthplace of Józef Wybicki, author of the lyrics of the national anthem of Poland, and the Copernicus House in Toruń, birthplace of famed astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. The Diocesan Museum in Pelplin contains one of the finest collections of medieval art in Poland, and the country's sole copy of the Gutenberg Bible. Medieval open-air museums are the Grodzisko in Sopot and Skansen in Wolin. There are also the Dar Pomorza, ORP Błyskawica and SS Sołdek museum ships.

Several museums devoted to World War II history are located in Pomerania, including the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, the Guardhouse no. 1 at Westerplatte (a branch of the Museum of Gdańsk), the Museum of Coastal Defence in Hel, the Stutthof Museum in Sztutowo with the branch Piaśnica Museum in Wejherowo, the Museum of the Pomeranian Wall and World War II in Szczecinek, the Historical Technical Museum in Peenemünde, and the Armory Museum in Kłanino.

Aquarias of Pomerania are the Gdynia Aquarium, Seal Sanctuary in Hel and Ozeaneum in Stralsund.

Perhaps more unusual museums include the Amber Museums in Gdańsk and Jarosławiec, the Museum of Gingerbread in Toruń, and the Hither Pomeranian Potato Museum in Tribsees.

Education

Universities

The University of Greifswald, founded in 1456 (teaching since 1436), is the oldest university in Pomerania.

There are four traditional (non-profiled and multi-faculty, public research) universities in the region, namely the University of Greifswald, the University of Szczecin, the University of Gdańsk and the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, the oldest of which, the University of Greifswald, was founded when Greifswald belonged to Duchy of Pomerania, thus being one of the oldest universities in the world.

The technical universities are the Gdańsk University of Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, and Koszalin University of Technology.

University of Applied Sciences

The Stralsund University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Stralsund) in Stralsund has around 2,400 students.

Economy

Agriculture primarily consists of raising livestock, forestry, fishery, and the cultivation of cereals, sugar beets, and potatoes. Industrial food processing is increasingly relevant in the region. Key producing industries are shipyards, mechanical engineering facilities (i.e. renewable energy components), and sugar refineries, along with paper and wood fabricators.[1] Service industries today are an important economical factor in Pomerania, most notably with logistics, information technology, life science, biotechnology, health care, and other high-tech branches often clustering around research facilities of the Pomeranian universities.

Since the late 19th century, tourism has been an important sector of the economy, primarily in the numerous seaside resorts along the coast.

The Polish Świnoujście LNG terminal is located in Pomerania.

Sports

The Tricity Derby, contested by Arka Gdynia and Lechia Gdańsk, is the largest football derby in Pomerania

Sports enjoying either great popularity or success in Pomerania are football, basketball, speedway, handball, volleyball and rugby union.

Most popular and accomplished football teams are Arka Gdynia, Lechia Gdańsk and Pogoń Szczecin, based in the three largest cities.

Among the most successful Polish basketball teams are the Arka Gdynia men's and women's teams. Other popular men's clubs are Czarni Słupsk, Spójnia Stargard, Trefl Sopot, Wilki Morskie Szczecin, Polpharma Starogard Gdański.

The most successful speedway club is KS Toruń, while other popular teams are Wybrzeże Gdańsk and GKM Grudziądz.

The most successful men's handball team is Wybrzeże Gdańsk, and other popular club is Pogoń Szczecin, whereas successful women's teams are Pogoń Szczecin and Arka Gdynia.

With ten Polish Championship titles KPS Chemik Police is among the most successful women's volleyball clubs in Poland (as of October 2023).

RC Lechia Gdańsk, Ogniwo Sopot and RC Arka Gdynia are all multiple times Polish champions in rugby union, winning a combined total of 28 titles (as of November 2023).

Largest stadiums are Stadion Gdańsk, Stadion Miejski im. Floriana Krygiera in Szczecin, MotoArena Toruń and Stadion Miejski in Gdynia. Main indoor arenas include Ergo Arena in Gdańsk/Sopot, Gdynia Arena in Gdynia and Netto Arena in Szczecin.

Curiosities

  • The Pomeranian dog and Pomeranian Coarsewool are named after the region.
  • The historic centre of Stralsund is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar".
  • The old town of Toruń is listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • The beech forest in Jasmund National Park is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe.
  • The Peene Valley is, with a total area of about 45,000 hectares, the largest contiguous fen region of Europe.[49]
  • The Randow is a river which is fed by lateral tributaries and swampland and has a mouth at both ends.
  • Pomerania boasts 13 Historic Monuments of Poland, including the old towns of Gdańsk, Toruń and Chełmno.
  • There are 3 national parks each in the Polish and German parts of Pomerania: Slovincian National Park, Tuchola Forest National Park, Wolin National Park, Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park, Jasmund National Park and Lower Oder Valley National Park.
  • The Gothic Our Lady of Częstochowa Church in Darłowo contains the sarcophagus of Eric of Pomerania, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, whereas the Toruń Cathedral contains the heart of King John I Albert of Poland.
  • Pomerania is home to the Sopot Pier, the longest wooden pier in Europe, and the Świnoujście Lighthouse, the tallest brick lighthouse in the world.
  • The pier of Prerow on Fischland-Darß-Zingst will become the longest pier in the Baltic Sea, measuring 720 metres.
  • The Slovincian National Park contains the largest dunes in Europe.[50]
  • The two most populous islands of the Baltic Sea, Usedom and Rügen, are part of Pomerania.
  • St. Mary's Church, Stralsund has been the tallest structure in the world from 1549-1569 and from 1573-1647.
  • Pomerania is home to the St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk and Szczecin Cathedral, the largest and tallest Gothic churches in Poland, respectively.
  • The astronomical clock of St. Nicholas Church, Stralsund is the oldest mechanical clock in the world to have been preserved in its original state.
  • The Crooked Forest is located in Nowe Czarnowo in Pomerania.
  • The main sanctuary of the Rani was located on Cape Arkona, where they whorshiped Svetovit, chief god of the Rani and later of all Polabian Slavs.
  • Pomerania's fourth-largest island of Hiddensee looks like a seahorse from above, which is reflected in the island's flag.
  • A ballistic missile lifting off from the army research center in Peenemünde on October 3, 1942, was the first human-built object to enter outer space.
  • The Colossus of Prora is a 3 km long string of houses built with the intention of becoming a huge holiday accommodation.
  • The Hiddensee treasure is the largest discovery of Viking gold artifacts in Germany.
  • There exists a village called Pommern on the Moselle.
  • There is a memorial to British pilots of the No. 617 Squadron RAF, who were shot down by Germany during WWII, at the Karsibór island.

Gallery

  • Stralsund, one of several Hanseatic cities built in typical Brick Gothic style

  • Town Hall and Our Lady of Częstochowa Church in Darłowo

  • Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Pelplin, one of the largest churches in Poland

  • Gniew Castle

See also

  • German exonyms (Pomorze)
  • Polish exonyms (Western Pomerania)
  • History of Pomerania
  • Kashubian-Pomeranian Association
  • Pomerania State Museum
  • Pomerode
  • Eastern Pomerania (disambiguation)
  • Western Pomerania (disambiguation)
  • Middle Pomerania
  • Pomeranian (disambiguation)

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–07
  2. ↑ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000, Pomerania [1]
  3. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.23,24, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 e.g. here (Sheperd Atlas), or in old Enc Britannica
  5. ↑ "Duden online Kaschubei". 12 June 2019. https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Kaschubei. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Johannes Hoops, Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Walter de Gruyter, p.422, ISBN:3-11-017733-1
  7. ↑ From the First Humans to the Mesolithic Hunters in the Northern German Lowlands, Current Results and Trends – THOMAS TERBERGER. From: Across the western Baltic, edited by: Keld Møller Hansen & Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, 2006, ISBN:87-983097-5-7 OCLC 43087092, Sydsjællands Museums Publikationer Vol. 1 "Archived copy". http://www.uni-greifswald.de/~histor/~ufg/mitarbeiter/terberger/Terberger1_LoRes.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp.18ff, ISBN:83-906184-8-6
  9. ↑ Horst Wernicke, Greifswald, Geschichte der Stadt, Helms, 2000, pp.16ff, ISBN:3-931185-56-7
  10. ↑ A. W. R. Whittle, Europe in the Neolithic: The Creation of New Worlds, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p.198, ISBN:0-521-44920-0
  11. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.22,23, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  12. ↑ Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.pp.237ff,244ff
  13. ↑ Joachim Herrmann, Die Slawen in Deutschland, Akademie-Verlag Berlin, 1985, pp.261,345ff
  14. ↑ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.32, ISBN:83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092:pagan reaction of 1005
  15. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.25, ISBN:3-88680-272-8: pagan uprising that also ended the Polish suzerainty in 1005
  16. ↑ A. P. Vlasto, Entry of Slavs Christendom, CUP Archive, 1970, p.129, ISBN:0-521-07459-2: abandoned 1004 – 1005 in face of violent opposition
  17. ↑ Nora Berend, Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' C. 900–1200, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p.293, ISBN:0-521-87616-8, ISBN:978-0-521-87616-2
  18. ↑ David Warner, Ottonian Germany: The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg, Manchester University Press, 2001, p.358, ISBN:0-7190-4926-1, ISBN:978-0-7190-4926-2
  19. ↑ Michael Borgolte, Benjamin Scheller, Polen und Deutschland vor 1000 Jahren: Die Berliner Tagung über den "Akt von Gnesen", Akademie Verlag, 2002, p.282, ISBN:3-05-003749-0, ISBN:978-3-05-003749-3
  20. ↑ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp.35ff, ISBN:83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092
  21. ↑ Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.40ff, ISBN:3-11-015435-8
  22. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.34ff,87,103, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  23. ↑ Jan M. Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.43, ISBN:83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092
  24. ↑ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp.77ff, ISBN:83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092
  25. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.45ff, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  26. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.115,116, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  27. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.186, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  28. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.205–212, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  29. ↑ Richard du Moulin Eckart, Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten, Georg Olms Verlag, 1976, pp.111,112, ISBN:3-487-06078-7
  30. ↑ Gerhard Krause, Horst Robert Balz, Gerhard Müller, Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, pp.43ff, ISBN:3-11-015435-8
  31. ↑ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.263,332,341–343,352–354, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, ISBN:3-88680-272-8
  33. ↑ Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945" (in pl). Przegląd Zachodni (4): 45. 
  34. ↑ Cygański, p. 46
  35. ↑ Cygański, pp. 46-47, 51-52
  36. ↑ Leni Yahil, Ina Friedman, Haya Galai, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945, Oxford University Press US, 1991, ISBN:0-19-504523-8, p.138: 12/13 February 1940, 1,300 Jews of all sexes and ages, extreme cruelty, no food allowed to be taken along, cold, some died during deportation, cold and snow during resettlement, 230 dead by 12 March, Lublin reservation chosen in winter, 30,000 Germans resettled before to make room [2]
  37. ↑ "Poland". Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 July 2023. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/466681/Poland/28215/World-War-II. 
  38. ↑ "Lebensborn" (in pl). https://www.polczyn-zdroj.pl/node/318. 
  39. ↑ "It is difficult to credit with good faith any person who asserts that Poland's western boundary was fixed by the Potsdam conference, or that there was a promise that it would be established at some particular place." See: Speaking Frankly by James F. Byrnes, New York & London, 1947, p.79-81. Byrnes, a Judge and former State Governor, served as a close adviser to President Truman and became US Secretary of State in July 1945. In that capacity, Byrnes attended the Potsdam Conference and the Paris Conference.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, ISBN:83-906184-8-6 OCLC 43087092
  41. ↑ Tomasz Kamusella in Prauser and Reeds (eds), The Expulsion of the German communities from Eastern Europe, p.28, EUI HEC 2004/1 [3]
  42. ↑ Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948, 2001, p.114, ISBN:0-7425-1094-8, ISBN:978-0-7425-1094-4
  43. ↑ "Os pomeranos: um povo sem Estado finca suas raízes no Brasil" (in pt). 29 December 2014. http://midiacidada.org/os-pomeranos-um-povo-sem-estado-finca-suas-raizes-no-brasil/. 
  44. ↑ Entwicklungsprioritäten der Metropolregion Stettin (German PDF; 1,7 MB)
  45. ↑ "Muzeum Pomorza Środkowego – Strona główna". Muzeum.slupsk.pl. http://www.muzeum.slupsk.pl/. 
  46. ↑ "Muzeum w Darłowie – Zamek Książąt Pomorskich zaprasza". Muzeumdarlowo.pl. http://www.muzeumdarlowo.pl/. 
  47. ↑ "Muzeum w Koszalinie". Muzeum.koszalin.pl. http://www.muzeum.koszalin.pl/. 
  48. ↑ "Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie – Aktualności". Muzeum.szczecin.pl. http://www.muzeum.szczecin.pl/. 
  49. ↑ Peenetal / Peene-Haff-Moor at www.bfn.de
  50. ↑ "Słowiński National Park". https://wellbeingtourism.com/places/slowinski-national-park/. 
  1. ↑ The border valley is formed by the rivers Landgraben, Tollense, Trebel, Recknitz and Randow

External links

Internet directories

Culture and history

Maps of Pomerania



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