Place:Rif
| Rif | |
|---|---|
 A view of the Rif mountains around Chefchaouen | |
| Highest point | |
| Peak | Jbel Tidirhine |
| Elevation | 2,455 m (8,054 ft) |
| Naming | |
| Native name | |
| Geography | |
 Map of the Rif in northern Morocco
| |
| Country | Morocco |
| Range coordinates | [ ⚑ ] : 35°N 4°W / 35°N 4°W |
The Rif or Riff (Tarifit: ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ, ⴰⵔⵉⴼ, romanized: Arrif, Arif, Arabic: الريف), also called Rif Mountains, is a geographic region in northern Morocco. It is bordered on the north by the Mediterranean Sea and Spain and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and is the homeland to an indigenous people known as the Rifians. Historically, it belonged to the Rif Republic and its president, Abd el Krim, who led the Rif War from 1920 to 1927 and against a Spanish colonial empire, the Rif region was historically a Spanish Protectorate by the Spanish colonial empire in Africa.[clarification needed] This mountainous and fertile area is bordered by Cape Spartel and Tangier to the west, by Berkane and the Moulouya River to the east, by the Mediterranean to the north, and by the Ouergha River to the south. The Rif mountains are separated into the eastern Rif mountains (Nador, Driouch, Al Hoceima) and western Rif mountains (Tangier, Tetouan, Chefchaouen, Taounate).[1]
Geography
Geologically, the Rif Mountains belong to the Gibraltar Arc or Alborán Sea geological region. They are an extension of the Baetic System, which includes the mountains of the southern Iberian Peninsula across the strait.[2] Thus, the Rif Mountains are not part of the Atlas Mountain System.
Major cities in the greater Rif region include Nador, Al Hoceima (also called Villa), Imzouren, Driouch, Ben Taieb, Midar and Al Aaroui and a few (small) towns: Segangan, Selwan, Ajdir and Targuist (Targist).
History
The Rif has been inhabited by Berbers since prehistoric times.[3] As early as the 11th century BC, the Phoenicians began to establish trading posts with the approval of or partnership with the local Berbers; had started interbreeding and creating a Punic language on the Mediterranean and the Atlantic coasts; and had founded cities such as Tetouan, Rusadir (now Melilla) and (in the 5th century BC) Tingi (now Tangier).
After the Third Punic War, the coast of North Africa came under the control of Rome, and the Rif became part of the Kingdom of Mauretania. When Mauretania was divided during the rule of Emperor Claudius, Tangier became the capital of Mauretania Tingitana.[4] In the 5th century AD, the Roman rule came to an end, and the region was later reconquered and partly controlled by the Byzantine Empire.[5]
In 710, Salih I ibn Mansur founded the Emirate of Nekor in the Rif, and Berbers started converting to Islam. By the 15th century, many Moors were exiled from Spain, and most of them settled in Western Rif and brought their culture, such as Andalusian music, and even established the city of Chefchaouen. Since then, the Rif has suffered numerous battles with Spain and Portugal. In 1415, Portugal invaded Ceuta, and in 1490 Spain conquered Melilla.[6][7]
The Hispano-Moroccan War broke out in 1859 in Tetouan, and Morocco was defeated.[8] The Spanish-Moroccan conflicts continued in the 20th century, under the leadership of Abd el-Krim, the Berber guerrilla leader who proclaimed the Republic of the Rif in 1921.[9] The Riffian Berbers won several victories over the Spanish in the Rif War in the 1920s before they were eventually defeated.[10] The Spanish region was decolonised and restored to Morocco by Spain in April 1956, a month after the French region gained its independence from France.[11] Shortly afterward, a revolt broke out in the north against the Moroccan king by Riffian insurgents in 1958, but it was easily suppressed.[12]
Economy
Farmers in the Rif produce most of Morocco's supply of cannabis. The region is economically underdeveloped.[13]
Environment
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According to C. Michael Hogan, there are between five and eight separate subpopulations of the endangered primate Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus.[14] The Rif mountains are also home to the honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera major.
The Rif region receives more rainfall than any other region in Morocco, with some portions receiving upwards of 2,000 mm (78.74 in) of precipitation a year.[citation needed] The western and central portions are more rainy and are covered in forests of Atlas cedar, cork oak and holm oak, as well as the only remaining forests of Moroccan fir, a subspecies of the Spanish fir.[citation needed] The eastern slopes receive less rainfall, and there forests consist mainly of pines, particularly the Aleppo pine and the maritime pine, as well as tetraclinis.[citation needed]
Massive deforestation due to overgrazing, forest fires, and forest clearing for agriculture, particularly for the creation of cannabis plantations, has taken place since the 1950s. This deforestation has led to soil degradation due to the washing away of topsoil, which has aggravated the process.[15]
See also
- Ghomaras
- Hirak Rif
- Jebala people
- Iznasen
- Nekor
- Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
- Oriental (Morocco)
- Riffian
Footnotes
- ↑ "Rif | mountains, Morocco | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/place/Rif-mountains-Morocco.
- ↑ Davis, Dan. Dissertation (Univ. of Texas at Austin): Commercial Navigation in the Greek and Roman World (Thesis).
- ↑ Mário Curtis Giordani, História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos. Editora Vozes, Petrópolis (Brasil) 1985, pp. 42f., 77f. Giordani references Bousquet, Les Berbères (Paris 1961).
- ↑ Le Bohec 2015, p. 443.
- ↑ Evans 2005, p. xxv.
- ↑ López de Coca Castañer 1998, p. 351.
- ↑ Bravo Nieto 1990, pp. 15; 24.
- ↑ Fernández-Rivero 2011, pp. 470–471.
- ↑ David S. Woolman, Rebels in the Rif: Abd El Krim and the Rif Rebellion (Stanford University Press, 1968), p. 96
- ↑ Entelis, John P. (9 March 2017). "La Guerre du Rif: Maroc (1925–1926)". The Journal of North African Studies 22 (3): 500–503. doi:10.1080/13629387.2017.1300383.
- ↑ Burns, Jennifer. "Revolution of the King and the People in Morocco, 1950–1959: Records of the U.S. State Department Classified Files". http://gdc.gale.com/archivesunbound/archives-unbound-the-king-and-the-people-in-morocco-1950-1959-u.s.-state-department-records-on-the-internal-affairs-of-morocco/.
- ↑ Leveau, Rémy (1985) (in fr). Le fellah marocain, défenseur du trône. Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques. pp. 111. ISBN 978-2-7246-0509-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=UW9yAAAAMAAJ.
- ↑ "Morocco moves to legalise some cannabis cultivation". The Economist. 2021-07-10. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2021/07/10/morocco-moves-to-legalise-some-cannabis-cultivation.
- ↑ C. Michael Hogan, 2008
- ↑ Boubekraoui, Hamid; Maouni, Yazid; Ghallab, Abdelilah; Draoui, Mohamed; Maouni, Abdelfettah (2023). "Spatio-temporal analysis and identification of deforestation hotspots in the Moroccan western Rif". Trees, Forests and People 12: 100388. doi:10.1016/j.tfp.2023.100388.
References
- Bravo Nieto, Antonio (1990). "La ocupación de Melilla en 1497 y las relaciones entre los Reyes Católicos y el duque de Medina Sidonia". Aldaba (Melilla: Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia) (15): 15–38. doi:10.5944/aldaba.15.1990.20168. ISSN 0213-7925.
- Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy (2005). "Morocco said to produce nearly half of the world's hashish supply", Jane's Intelligence Review
- Evans, James Allan Stewart (2005). The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire. Westport: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32582-3.
- Fernández-Rivero, Juan-Antonio (2011). "La fotografía militar en la guerra de África: Enrique Facio". Ceuta y la Guerra de África de 1859–1860. Ceuta: Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes. pp. 459–492. ISBN 978-84-92627-30-1. http://eprints.rclis.org/16861/1/Enrique%20Fazio%20en%20la%20Guerra%20Africa.pdf.
- C. Michael Hogan (2008). "Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus", Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
- Le Bohec, Yann (2015). "The "Third Punic War": The Siege of Carthage (148–146 BC)". in Hoyos, Dexter. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley. pp. 430–446. ISBN 978-1-1190-2550-4.
- López de Coca Castañer, José Enrique (1998). "Granada y la expansión portuguesa en el Magreb extremo". Historia. Instituciones. Documentos (Seville: Universidad de Sevilla) (25): 351–368. doi:10.12795/hid.1998.i25.018. ISSN 0210-7716.
External links
- Galerie Rif (Arrif) (in French)
- Rif Map
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