Religion:List of blasphemy cases in Pakistan

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According to human rights groups, blasphemy laws in Pakistan are often exploited, even against Muslims, to settle personal rivalries or to persecute minorities. Almost any person that speaks out against blasphemy laws or proceedings is in danger of being lynched or killed by a mob.[1]

Arrests and death sentences issued for blasphemy laws in Pakistan go back to the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite the implementation of these laws, no one has yet been executed by the order of the courts or government. People have only been imprisoned to await a verdict or killed at the hands of felons who were convinced that the suspects were guilty.[2][3]

Incidents

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Year Case
1996 On 14 October, Pakistani police arrested Ayub Masih, a Christian bricklayer, for violation of penal code § 295-C. Muhammad Akram, a Muslim neighbour of Masih, complained to the police that Masih had said Christianity was right, and Masih had suggested that Akram read Salman Rushdie's Satanic Verses.[4][5] The same day that Masih was arrested, Muslim villagers forced the entire Christian population of Masih's village (fourteen families) to leave the village. Masih's family had applied under a government program that gave housing plots to landless people. Local landlords resented Masih's application because the landlords had been able to oblige landless Christians to work in the fields in exchange for a place to live. Masih's application gave him a way out of his subservience to the landlords.[6] Upon Masih's arrest, the authorities gave Masih's plot to Akram.[4] Akram shot and injured Masih in the halls of the Session Court at Sahiwal on 6 November 1997. Four assailants also attacked Masih in jail. The authorities took no action against Akram or against the other assailants.[4] On 20 April 1998, Judge Abdul Khan sentenced Masih to death and levied a fine of 100,000 rupees. Two judges of the Lahore High Court heard Masih's appeal on 24 July 2001. Shortly thereafter, the judges affirmed the judgment of the trial court.[4] On 16 August 2002, the Supreme Court of Pakistan set aside the judgment of the lower courts. The Supreme Court noted Akram's acquisition of Masih's property and concluded the case had been fabricated for personal gain. The court also noted other breaches in the law of due process.[7][8]
1997 On 6 and 7 February, a mob of approximately 30,000 Muslims burned and looted the villages of Shanti Nagar and Tibba near Khanewal in Punjab.[9][10] The riot began after loudspeakers accused the local Christian population of ripping pages from the Quran and scribbling insults against Mohammed in the margins.[11] The attacks saw the destruction of at least 785 homes as well four churches and forced over 2,500 Christians to flee.[12] In 2013, villagers in Shanti Nagar erected the then largest cross in Pakistan in memory of the attack.[13]
2000 In October, Pakistani authorities charged Younus Shaikh, a physician, with blasphemy on account of remarks that students claimed he made during a lecture. The students alleged that, inter alia, Shaikh had said Muhammad's parents were non-Muslims because they died before Islam existed. A judge ordered that Shaikh pay a fine of 100,000 rupees, and that he be hanged.[14] On 20 November 2003, a court retried the matter and acquitted Shaikh, who fled Pakistan for Switzerland soon thereafter.[15]
2005 On 11 August, Judge Arshad Noor Khan of the Anti-Terrorist Court found a different Younus Shaikh guilty of “defiling a copy of the Quran, outraging religious feelings and propagating religious hatred among society.”[16] Shaikh was arrested after openly distributing copies of his book, Shaitan Maulvi (Satanic Cleric), in which he wrote that stoning to death was not mentioned in the Quran as a punishment for adultery. The book also said that four historical imams were Jews.[17] The judge imposed upon Shaikh a fine of 100,000 rupees, and sentenced him to spend his life in jail.[18]
2005 On 23 December, five men from the Mehdi Foundation International were arrested in Lahore for putting up posters of their leader, Riaz Gohar Shahi, which claimed that he was the Mahdi. They were all later sentenced to five years each by the Anti-Terrorism Court for violation of penal code § 295-A.[19]
2006 On 3 June, following protests by the country's Christian minority, Pakistan banned the The Da Vinci Code (film) for theorizing about the descendants of Jesus Christ. Although the book had been available for some time, culture minister Ghulam Jamal said that "Islam teaches us to respect all the prophets of God Almighty and degradation of any prophet is tantamount to defamation of the rest."[20][21]
2009 On 22 January, Hector Aleem, a Christian peace activist, was arrested in Islamabad after having allegedly sent a member of Sunni Tehreek a blasphemous text message.[22] He was later cleared of the blasphemy charges, but remained jailed on charges of fraud and smuggling.[23]
2009 In June, Asia Bibi, a Catholic woman from Punjab, was arrested and prosecuted under penal code 295C after supposedly making derogatory remarks about the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[24] Bibi was convicted and sentenced to death in November 2010, as well as fined the equivalent of $1,100.[25] On 8 October 2018, following several unsuccessful appeals, Bibi's death sentence was overturned by Pakistan's Supreme Court.[26] However, she was prevented from leaving the country by order of the Government of Pakistan until 8 May 2019 when she was reunited with her family in Canada .[27]
2009 In July, eight Pakistani Christians were killed in the Punjabi town of Gojra after members of the then-banned Sipah-e-Sahaba attacked and burned their homes. Christians in the neighboring village of Korrian had allegedly torn up pages of the Quran during a wedding, but the Federal Minister for Minorities Shahbaz Bhatti said this was untrue and that the police had ignored his instructions to protect Gojra's Christian community.[28][29][30]
2010 In July, a trader in Faisalabad complained that one of his employees had been handed a pamphlet which contained disrespectful remarks about Muhammad. According to the police, the pamphlet appeared to have the signatures and addresses of Pastor Rashid Emmanuel and his brother Sajid, who were Christians. The brothers were shot and killed while being escorted by the police from a district court. Both had denied the charge of blasphemy.[31] Following their murder, rumors spread that angry Christians were burning Muslim homes, prompting hundreds of Muslim men to gather in Christian neighborhoods. They then clashed with nearby Christians before the police dispersed the crowd.[32] An anti-terrorism court later sentenced Maqsood Ahmed, a Muslim man, to death for the double-murder of Rashid and Sajid.[33]
2011 On 4 January, Salman Taseer, govern of Punjab, was shot dead in Islamabad by his bodyguard Mumtaz Qadri for his opposition to Pakistan's blasphemy laws and his support for Asia Bibi.[34] Qadri was sentenced to death on 1 October by an anti-terrorism court and, after several failed appeals, was executed on 29 February 2016.[35]
2011 On 2 March, Shahbaz Bhatti, who was a Catholic member of the National Assembly, was killed by gunmen in Islamabad as he was travelling to work, a few weeks after he had vowed to defy death threats over his efforts to reform Pakistan's blasphemy laws.[36]
2012 In August, a Christian girl named Rimsha Masih was arrested for blasphemy in Islamabad for allegedly burning pages of a Quran or a book containing verses from the Quran.[37][38] Masih, who was described as being between the ages of 11 and 16, could not read or write.[39] The charges against her were dropped following widespread international concern. Masih and her family left Pakistan shortly thereafter to settle in Canada.[40]
2013 On 18 June, Shafqat Emmanuel and Shagufta Kausar, a Christian couple from Gojra, were arrested for allegedly sending a mosque cleric a text message that insulted Muhammad.[41] The couple, who are illiterate, claimed that the offending text had been sent from a lost mobile phone and that the case was motivated by a personal grudge.[42] On 4 April 2014, they were both convicted and sentenced to death.[43][44] On 3 June 2021, the Lahore High Court overturned the convictions due to lack of evidence and the couple were shortly thereafter granted asylum in an unspecified European country.[45][46]
2014 In January, Muhammad Asghar, a 70-year-old British man from Edinburgh, was convicted of blasphemy and sentenced to death by a court in Rawalpindi. Asghar had initially been arrested in 2010 after sending letters in which he declared himself a prophet, and had lived in Pakistan for several years prior to his arrest and trial.[47] Following a stroke in 2010, doctors in Edinburgh diagnosed Asghar with paranoid schizophrenia. He spent a month in a psychiatric hospital before leaving for Pakistan.[48] In September 2014, Asghar was shot in the back by a prison guard for reasons unknown.[49]
2014 On 18 September, Shakil Auj, Dean of Islamic Studies at Karachi University, was assassinated by unknown gunmen while driving in Karachi following accusations of blasphemy.[50]
2016 In first of its kind case, a 30-year-old Shiite Taimoor Raza has been sentenced to death by Anti-Terror Court, for posting blasphemous content on Facebook.[51][52] He was booked in 2016 after he engaged in sectarian debate with a counter-terrorism official on Facebook.[53]
2016 In November, a Facebook campaign was launched by the followers of Khadim Hussain Rizvi, against Malik Shahrukh, a PhD researcher who was previously associated with an Islamabad-based diplomatic news publication. Malik was accused of calling the Quran "an ordinary book, produced by Mohammad for economic and political purposes." A video of the local Imam of Sargodha, in which he incited people during the Friday sermon to kill Malik, went viral. Several applications were made to the authorities against Malik, demanding that he be sentenced to death. Authorities could not arrest Malik because he was not in Pakistan at the time. Sources claim that Malik is being framed for criticizing Tahreek-e-Labbaik and its chief.[54]
2017 In March, Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif supported a crackdown on blasphemous material posted on social media and described blasphemy as an "unpardonable offence".[55][56] Shortly after, Pakistani blogger Ayaz Nizami, founder of realisticapproach.org,[57] an Urdu website about atheism, and Vice President of Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan,[58] was detained under the charges of blasphemy and could face the death penalty.[59][60]
2017 In April, Mashal Khan, a Pakistani student at the Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, was killed by an angry mob following allegations that he posted blasphemous content online.[61][62]
2017 In July, Faisal Mahmood was charged with blasphemy law U/S 295C by the court of magistrate special judicial Gujarat and could be sentenced to death.[63]
2017 In December, a 58-year-old man accused of blasphemy was freed after spending over nine years in jail. Bahawalnagar District court and Lahore High Court sentenced the man to life imprisonment which was overruled by Supreme Court of Pakistan as the evidence used was not in accordance with the Evidence Act.[64]
2019 Junaid Hafeez, formerly a lecturer at Bahauddin Zakariya University in Multan, was sentenced to death for blasphemy after being arrested in 2013 and accused of insulting Muhammad on Facebook. Hafeez's first attorney, Rashid Rehman, was murdered in his office in 2014 after agreeing to represent Hafeez. The verdict prompted an outcry from human rights groups; Amnesty International called it a "'vile and gross miscarriage of justice."[65][66]
2020 On 10 June, Sajid Soomro, an assistant professor at Shah Abdul Latif University, was arrested after allegedly writing criticisms of various religious beliefs as well as of Pakistan.[3] A professor from the University of Sindh, Arfana Mallah, was later pressured by members of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, a Sunni political party, for supporting Soomro and criticizing the blasphemy law.[10][12] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan condemned the attacks against both Soomro and Mallah as "attempts to scuttle academic freedom by targeting intellectuals on flimsy grounds."[14]
2020 In July, Qamar Riaz, a local leader in the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, attempted to file a blasphemy case against former Minister for Foreign Affairs Khawaja Muhammad Asif for allegedly saying "Islam and all religions are equal" in a speech to Pakistan's National Assembly.[67][68][69]
2020 On 29 July, Tahir Naseem, an American citizen from Illinois, was shot dead in a courtroom in Peshawar after allegedly claiming to be the messiah and a prophet.[16] He was lured from the United States in 2018 by Facebook users who challenged him to a religious debate, but Naseem was jailed upon arriving in Pakistan.[18] The United States Department of State quickly condemned the attack, urging Pakistan to reform its blasphemy laws and court system.[20]
2020 In September, Asif Pervaiz, a Christian man, was sentenced to death by a Lahore court for sending a "blasphemous" message to his former work supervisor in 2013. Pervaiz said that his supervisor had tried to convert him to Islam, which he refused to do; however, the court rejected his testimony.[70]
2021 In September, a court in Lahore sentenced Salma Tanveer, a school principal, to death for allegedly distributing photocopies of her writings denying the finality of prophethood and claimed herself as a prophet. She had initially been arrested on 3 September 2013.[71][72][73]
2021 On 25 November, four Muslim men were charged with blasphemy for arguing with a imam while requesting to allow a funeral announcement from the village mosque for a Christian neighbour.[74]
2021 On 28 November, A police station in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was burned down by a mob after the police there refused to hand over a mentally-unstable blasphemy suspect.[75][76]
2021 On 3 December, Priyantha Kumara, a Buddhist Sri Lankan factory manager in Sialkot, was tortured and burnt to death on the street by a mob of Muslims after he was accused of desecrating posters bearing Muhammad's name.[77][78]
2022 On 8 February, a Hindu teacher, Nautan Lal, was sentenced to life imprisonment by a local court in Sindh for blasphemy. Lal was arrested in September 2019 following the posting of a video on social media in which a student claimed that Lal had committed blasphemy against Muhammed.[79][80]
2022 On 12 February, a mentally unstable man was beaten to death by a mob of over 300 in Punjab after a mosque custodian accused him of desecrating the Quran. The police attempted to take custody of the man, but were pelted by stones and forced to retreat.[81][82]
2023 On 4 February, Wikipedia was blocked in Pakistan after failing to remove undisclosed “blasphemous content.”[83] The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) gave the Wikimedia Foundation a 48-hour deadline to remove the offending material, which was reportedly ignored.[84] The ban was lifted on 7 February by order of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif following widespread criticism.[85] Sharif also authorized the creation of a committee to review and offer alternative technical solutions for dealing with objectionable online content.[86]
2023 On 11 February, Muhammad Waris, a Muslim man, was lynched in the city of Nankana Sahib by an angry mob after having been arrested by police on the charge of blasphemy. In footage of the incident posted to social media, hundreds of people surrounded the police station where Waris was being held. He was then dragged through the streets, stripped of his clothes, and beaten to death with metal rods and sticks.[87][88]
2023 On 17 April,[lower-alpha 1] a Chinese transport supervisor employed at the Dasu Dam in northern Pakistan was accused of disrespecting Islam by the Pakistani transport drivers working under him after allegedly admonishing the drivers for delaying in reporting to work after their prayer time during the month of Ramadan. About 400 residents gathered to protest after the labourers accused the engineer of uttering disrespectful comments. For his safety, the accused Chinese supervisor was transported to a police station in Komila and flown thereafter to Abbottabad. The police arrested the Chinese supervisor after filing a FIR against him in accordance with Section 295-C of the Pakistani Penal Code.The FIR also referenced Section 7 of the Anti-Terrorism Act.[90][91][92][93][94] According to Jibran Ahmad of Reuters , the arrested Chinese national was subsequently released on bail, with police officials stating the case may be a misunderstanding. Such bail is exceptional in Pakistan, where judges usually postpone blasphemy cases for many years, worrying about reprisals.[95]
2023 On 5 August, Abdul Rauf Baloch, an English teacher, was killed by unidentified gunmen in the city of Turbat in southern Balochistan following accusations of blasphemy from some of his students. Rauf, who denied the allegations, was on his way to explain his position to a jirga of over 100 ulema when he was murdered.[96][97] On 8 August, protestors at a rally organized by the Baloch Yakjehti Committee[lower-alpha 2] condemned Rauf's murder and accused the jirga of being involved in some way.[98] On the same night as the demonstration, Sameer Baloch, Rauf's brother, and his wife, Hani Baloch, were abducted by unidentified armed men from their home in the city of Iranshahr in Iran.[99] The bodies of the couple were later found with signs that they had been tortured.[100] The connection, if any, between their deaths and that of Rauf are unknown.[101]
2023 On 16 August, an armed mob of Muslims set fire to at least four churches and several homes in Jaranwala in eastern Punjab following accusations that two Christian men had desecrated the Quran.[102][103] The crowd, which numbered in the thousands, were reportedly led by clerics and included members of the far-right Islamic extremist party Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan.[104] Akmal Bhatti, Chairman of the Minorities Alliance Pakistan, accused the government and local administration of failing to protect Christian residents.[105] In response to the attack, a spokesperson for Amnesty International stated that “the authorities in Pakistan must immediately address the climate of impunity around violence against religious minorities” and that “the vicious mob attacks are just the latest manifestation of the threat of vigilante violence which anyone can face in Pakistan after a blasphemy accusation.”[106] The police, who were accused of inaction during the attacks by some eyewitnesses, later arrested over 120 people for their involvement in the unrest.[107]

See also

  • Apostasy in Islam
  • Court system of Pakistan
  • Pakistan National Commission for Minorities
  • Freedom of religion in Pakistan
  • Islam in Pakistan
  • Islamization in Pakistan
  • Pakistan Penal Code
  • Religion in Pakistan
  • Religious discrimination in Pakistan
  • Sectarian violence in Pakistan
  • Women related laws in Pakistan

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Timeline as per Dawn : Alleged incident happened on April 15, arrested in Upper Kohistan district on April 16, Lodged the FIR on April 17, Date of court hearing and bail ? [89]
  2. ↑ Also known as the Baloch Solidarity Committee (BSC)

References

  1. ↑ Asad, Tahir Naseer | Malik (2021-01-08). "Islamabad ATC sentences 3 to death for sharing blasphemous content on social media" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1600385. 
  2. ↑ Ehrlich, Richard S.. "Pakistan's blasphemy laws to require death sentence for false accusers". http://religionnews.com/2013/09/24/pakistans-blasphemy-laws-require-death-sentence-false-accusers/. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Symington, Annabel (9 May 2014). "Increasing Violence in Pakistan Surrounding Blasphemy Cases Deters Opposition". https://www.wsj.com/articles/increasing-violence-in-pakistan-surrounding-blasphemy-cases-deters-opposition-1399587606. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Petition To: United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention – in the Matter of Ayub Masih, Citizen of Pakistan v. Government of Pakistan". Freedom Now. 8 October 2001. Archived from the original on 28 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090928130956/http://www.freedom-now.org/masih_pet.php. Retrieved 26 June 2009. 
  5. ↑ "Blasphemy Prisoner Acquitted After Six Years in Prison". International Christian Concern. 16 August 2002. http://persecution.org/news/Press_Releases/PR_2002/press2002-08-15.html. 
  6. ↑ Ahmed, Akbar S. (19 May 2002). "Pakistan's Blasphemy Law: Words Fail Me". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A36108-2002May17. Retrieved 28 June 2009. 
  7. ↑ "Blasphemy Prisoner Acquitted After Six Years in Prison". International Christian Concern. 15 August 2002. http://persecution.org/news/Press_Releases/PR_2002/press2002-08-15.html. 
  8. ↑ Olsen, Ted (8 August 2002). "Pakistan frees Christian prisoner as country mourns attacks". Christianity Today Magazine. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/augustweb-only/8-12-51.0.html. 
  9. ↑ "Pakistan Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997". 30 January 1998. https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1997_hrp_report/pakistan.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Eleazar, Sarah (7 February 2017). "20 years after Shanti Nagar". Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1313096. 
  11. ↑ "Muslims Destroy Christian Village". Christianity Today. 7 April 1997. https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/1997/april7/7t459a.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Christians of Shanti Nagar remember the massacre of 1997". PIME AsiaNews. 8 February 2010. https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Christians-of-Shanti-Nagar-remember-the-massacre-of-1997-17569.html. 
  13. ↑ "Christmas monument erected on site of religious violence". Union of Catholic Asian News. 6 January 2013. https://www.ucanews.com/news/christmas-monument-erected-on-site-of-religious-violence/67019. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 McCarthy, Rory (20 August 2001). "Blasphemy doctor faces death". The Guardian (UK). https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,539348,00.html. 
  15. ↑ "Mukto-mona special News: Younus Shaikh Free!". Mukto-mona. 23 January 2004. http://www.mukto-mona.com/news/shaikh_free.htm. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Writer in Pakistan given life for "blasphemy"". National Secular Society. 27 July 2007. http://www.secularism.org.uk/writerinpakistangivenlifeforblas.html. 
  17. ↑ "Document – Pakistan: Fear for safety/ Prisoner of Conscience (POC), Mohammed Younus Shaikh". Amnesty International. 19 August 2005. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa33/023/2005/en/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "KARACHI: Writer of sacrilegious book gets life term". Dawn the Internet Edition. 12 August 2005. http://www.dawn.com/2005/08/12/local4.htm. 
  19. ↑ "Is there an end?". Dawn. 6 August 2009. https://www.dawn.com/news/963690/is-there-an-end. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Pakistan bans Da Vinci Code film". BBC News / South Asia. 4 June 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/south_asia/5045672.stm. 
  21. ↑ "'Da Vinci Code' film banned in Pakistan, parts of India". CBC News. 3 June 2006. https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/da-vinci-code-film-banned-in-pakistan-parts-of-india-1.599877. 
  22. ↑ Felix, Qaiser (30 January 2009). "Christian activist's life in danger after arrest on blasphemy charges". PIME AsiaNews. https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Christian-activist%E2%80%99s-life-in-danger-after-arrest-on-blasphemy-charges-14357.html. 
  23. ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2010". 17 November 2010. https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148800.htm. 
  24. ↑ Hussain, Waqar (11 November 2010). "Christian Woman Sentenced to Death in Pakistan". Agence France-Presse. https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101111/wl_sthasia_afp/pakistanunrestreligionchristian. 
  25. ↑ Sayah, Reza; Habib, Nasir (11 November 2010). "Christian woman sentenced to death for blasphemy in Pakistan". CNN. http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/11/11/christian-woman-sentenced-to-death-for-blasphemy-in-pakistan/. 
  26. ↑ "Asia Bibi: Pakistan acquits Christian woman on death row". BBC. 31 October 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46040515. 
  27. ↑ Safi, Michael; Baloch, Shah Meer (8 May 2019). "Asia Bibi arrives in Canada after leaving Pakistan". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/08/asia-bibi-arrives-in-canada-after-leaving-pakistan. 
  28. ↑ Associated Press (1 August 2009). "6 Pakistani Christians die in riots with Muslims". Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/675167. 
  29. ↑ Maqbool, Aleem (12 August 2009). "Sectarian violence hits Pakistani town". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8196013.stm. 
  30. ↑ "Pakistan Christians die in unrest". BBC. 2 August 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8179823.stm. 
  31. ↑ "Pakistan city tense after 'blaspheming' Christians shot". BBC. 20 July 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10696762. 
  32. ↑ Mohiuddin, Ghulam (20 July 2010). "Clashes in Faisalabad as 'blasphemers' shot dead". The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/29024/clashes-in-faisalabad-as-blasphemers-shot-dead. 
  33. ↑ "Faisalabad: man who killed two Christian brothers charged with blasphemy is sentenced to death". PIME AsiaNews. 21 April 2011. https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Faisalabad:-man-who-killed-two-Christian-brothers-charged-with-blasphemy-is-sentenced-to-death-21367.html. 
  34. ↑ "Punjab Governor Salman Taseer assassinated in Islamabad". BBC. 4 January 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12111831. 
  35. ↑ "Taseer's killer Mumtaz Qadri hanged". Dawn. 29 February 2016. https://www.dawn.com/news/1242637. 
  36. ↑ "Pakistan minorities minister 'shot dead in Islamabad'". BBC. 2 March 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12617562. 
  37. ↑ Hunt, Katie; Habib, Nasir (22 August 2012). "Girl held in Pakistan, accused of burning Quran pages". http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/20/world/asia/pakistan-girl-blasphemy/index.html. 
  38. ↑ "Pakistani girl accused of Qur'an burning could face death penalty". The Guardian. 22 August 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/19/pakistan-christian-tensions-quran-burning-allegations. 
  39. ↑ AFP (26 August 2012). "Blasphemy suspect: Vatican prelate says Rimsha can't read". The Express Tribune. http://tribune.com.pk/story/426396/blasphemy-suspect-vatican-prelate-says-rimsha-cant-read/. 
  40. ↑ "Pakistani girl falsely accused of blasphemy 'in Canada'". BBC. 29 June 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23112180. 
  41. ↑ "Pakistani Couple Cleared of Blasphemy Charges Escapes Death Sentence". https://adfinternational.org/shagufta-and-shafqat-pakistan/. 
  42. ↑ Fiaz, Faizan (7 April 2014). "Christians in Pakistan sentenced to death over a text". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/10751110/Christians-in-Pakistan-sentenced-to-death-over-a-text.html. 
  43. ↑ "Shafqat Emmanuel". https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/forb-victims-database/shafqat-emmanuel. 
  44. ↑ "Shagufta Kausar". https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/forb-victims-database/shagufta-kausar. 
  45. ↑ "Pakistan overturns Christian couple's blasphemy death sentences". BBC. 3 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57347604. 
  46. ↑ "Pakistan: "I spent eight years on death row after being falsely accused of blasphemy"". 6 May 2022. https://acninternational.org/pakistan-i-spent-eight-years-on-death-row-after-being-falsely-accused-of-blasphemy/. 
  47. ↑ "Blasphemy Case: Briton in Pakistan Sentenced to Death". BBC News / Asia. 24 January 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25874580. 
  48. ↑ "British grandfather Mohammad Asghar awaits execution for blasphemy in Pakistan". 31 March 2015. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/mohammad-asghar-pakistan-blasphemy-death-row. 
  49. ↑ Braiden, Gerry (6 March 2016). "Family of Scot on Pakistan death row claim he would be free if he was white". The Herald. https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14324647.family-scot-pakistan-death-row-claim-free-white/. 
  50. ↑ Khattak, Sohail; Ahmed, Noman (2014-09-18). "Targeted: KU Islamic Studies dean shot dead" (in en). http://tribune.com.pk/story/763946/ku-professor-shot-dead-in-karachi. 
  51. ↑ Rasmussen, Sune Engel (2017-06-11). "Pakistan: man sentenced to death for blasphemy on Facebook" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/11/pakistan-man-sentenced-to-death-for-blasphemy-on-facebook. 
  52. ↑ "Pakistani gets death sentence". arabtimesonline.com. 12 June 2017. http://www.arabtimesonline.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/2017/jun/12/16.pdf. 
  53. ↑ "Pakistan: Man sentenced to death for blasphemous Facebook post | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis" (in en-US). dna. 2017-06-12. http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-pakistan-man-sentenced-to-death-for-blasphemous-facebook-post-2469554. 
  54. ↑ "Another Pakistani faces life threats after being framed for blasphemy". The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/326096/another-Pakistani-faces-threats-after-being-framed-for-blasphemy. 
  55. ↑ "Pakistan asks Facebook to help fight blasphemy". BBC. 17 March 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39300270. 
  56. ↑ "Pakistani student accused of blasphemy beaten to death on campus". Reuters. 13 April 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-blasphemy-idUSKBN17F1ZL. 
  57. ↑ "جراتِ تحقیق - ہمتِ کفر ملے جراتِ تحقیق ملے". https://realisticapproach.org. 
  58. ↑ "Atheist & Agnostic Alliance Pakistan". http://www.aaapakistan.org/. 
  59. ↑ "Blasphemy crackdown: FIA arrests 2 suspects from Karachi". http://nation.com.pk/national/24-Mar-2017/blasphemy-crackdown-fia-arrests-2-suspects-from-karachi. 
  60. ↑ "42 Christians told 'to convert to Islam or face death penalty'". 31 March 2017. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/pakistani-christians-islam-lynching-trial-muslims-convert-youhanabad-lahore-church-bombings-a7659721.html. 
  61. ↑ "Pakistan 'blasphemy killing': murdered student 'devoted to Islam'". euronews. 14 April 2017. http://www.euronews.com/2017/04/14/pakistan-blasphemy-killing-murdered-student-devoted-to-islam. Retrieved 15 April 2017. 
  62. ↑ (http://www.dw.com),+Deutsche Welle. "Pakistan journalism student latest victim of blasphemy vigilantes" (in en). DW.COM. http://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-journalism-student-latest-victim-of-blasphemy-vigilantes/a-38433834. Retrieved 15 April 2017. 
  63. ↑ "Punjab Police". 2017-09-24. https://www.punjabpolice.gov.pk/crimestatistics. 
  64. ↑ Asad, Malik (2017-12-30). "Man absolved of blasphemy charges after nine years in prison" (in en-US). DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1379692/man-absolved-of-blasphemy-charges-after-nine-years-in-prison. 
  65. ↑ Junaid Hafeez: Academic sentenced to death for blasphemy in Pakistan, BBC News (21 December 2019).
  66. ↑ Shah Meer Baloch & Hannah Ellis-Petersen, Death sentence for Pakistani lecturer in blasphemy case prompts outcry, The Guardian (21 December 2019).
  67. ↑ "Pakistani politician accused of blasphemy for backing religious equality - UCA News" (in en). https://www.ucanews.com/news/pakistani-politician-accused-of-blasphemy-for-backing-religious-equality/88789. 
  68. ↑ "PTI Narowal leader wants blasphemy case registered against Khawaja Asif | SAMAA" (in en-US). 12 July 2020. https://www.samaa.tv/news/pakistan/2020/07/pti-narowal-leader-wants-blasphemy-case-registered-against-khawaja-asif/. 
  69. ↑ "A serious matter" (in en). https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/687201-a-serious-matter. 
  70. ↑ "Pakistani Christian sentenced to death for 'blasphemous texts'". 8 September 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/09/pakistan-christian-man-sentenced-death-blasphemous-texts-200908105308005.html. 
  71. ↑ "Pakistani Woman arrested for declaring herself a Prophet". http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/pakistani-woman-arrested-for-declaring-herself-a-prophet/. Retrieved 4 September 2013. 
  72. ↑ Sheikh, Wajih Ahmad (2021-09-28). "Woman gets death, fine for blasphemy in Lahore" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1648827. 
  73. ↑ "Lahore woman sentenced to death for claiming to be prophet" (in en). 2021-09-27. http://tribune.com.pk/story/2322194/lahore-woman-sentenced-to-death-for-claiming-to-be-prophet. 
  74. ↑ "Pakistani police arrest four for 'blasphemy' over mosque argument" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/pakistan-arrest-blasphemy-mosque-argument-christian. 
  75. ↑ Sirajuddin (2021-11-28). "Mob sets Charsadda police station on fire after officials refuse to hand over alleged blasphemy suspect" (in en). https://www.dawn.com/news/1660770. 
  76. ↑ "Mob attacks Pakistan police, fails to grab blasphemy suspect" (in en). 2021-11-29. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pakistan-muslim-peshawar-islam-islamabad-b1965969.html. 
  77. ↑ "Pakistan police: mob kills Sri Lankan over alleged blasphemy". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistan-police-mob-kills-sri-lankan-over-alleged-blasphemy/2021/12/03/1d18201e-5427-11ec-83d2-d9dab0e23b7e_story.html. 
  78. ↑ "Pakistan: Mob lynches Sri Lankan over alleged blasphemy | DW | 03.12.2021". https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-mob-lynches-sri-lankan-over-alleged-blasphemy/a-60008642. 
  79. ↑ "Hindu teacher sentenced to life imprisonment over blasphemy charges in Pakistan". Hindustan Times. 9 February 2022. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/hindu-teacher-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-over-blasphemy-charges-in-pakistan-101644398966816.html. 
  80. ↑ "Pakistani Court Sentences Hindu Teacher To Life For 'Blasphemy'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 February 2022. https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-sindh-teacher-blasphemy/31696921.html. 
  81. ↑ "Pakistan: Man accused of blasphemy killed by mob in Khanewal". BBC. 13 February 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60368498. 
  82. ↑ Gul, Ayaz (13 February 2022). "Mob Kills Alleged Blasphemer in Pakistan". Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/mob-kills-alleged-blasphemer-in-pakistan/6439871.html. 
  83. ↑ Zaccaro, Maria (4 February 2023). "Pakistan blocks Wikipedia for 'blasphemous content'". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64523501. 
  84. ↑ Ahmed, Munir (7 February 2023). "Pakistan blocks Wikipedia, says it hurt Muslim sentiments". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/technology-politics-pakistan-government-islam-c5973958fcac11a3d58821e68c82bc2a#:~:text=ISLAMABAD%20(AP)%20%E2%80%94%20Pakistan's%20media,a%20blow%20to%20digital%20rights.. 
  85. ↑ Ahmed, Munir (7 February 2023). "Wikipedia again up and running as Pakistan lifts ban on site". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/technology-politics-shahbaz-sharif-pakistan-religion-f8e3eaa58973e23ca67678ea73c7ec03. 
  86. ↑ Hussain, Abid (7 February 2023). "Wikipedia ban in Pakistan over alleged blasphemous content lifted". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/7/wikipedia-ban-in-pakistan-over-alleged-blasphemous-content-lifted. 
  87. ↑ Janjua, Haroon (2023-02-12). "Mob storms Pakistan police station and lynches man accused of blasphemy" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/12/mob-storms-pakistan-police-station-and-lynches-man-accused-of-blasphemy. 
  88. ↑ Bukhari, Mubasher (2023-02-11). "Mob storms Pakistani police station, lynches man accused of blasphemy" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/mob-storms-pakistani-police-station-lynches-man-accused-blasphemy-2023-02-11/. 
  89. ↑ https://www.dawn.com/news/1749688
  90. ↑ Ahmad, Jibran (April 17, 2023). "Chinese man charged with blasphemy in Pakistan after angry crowds gather - police". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/chinese-man-charged-with-blasphemy-pakistan-after-angry-crowds-gather-police-2023-04-17/. 
  91. ↑ "Chinese engineer in police protection after blasphemy accusation". April 17, 2023. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2412364/chinese-engineer-in-police-protection-after-blasphemy-accusation. 
  92. ↑ Bacha, Umar (April 17, 2023). "Chinese accused of blasphemy shifted to Abbottabad in army helicopter over safety fears: Komila SHO". https://www.dawn.com/news/1748144. 
  93. ↑ "Chinese engineer charged with blasphemy in Pakistan". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/17/chinese-engineer-charged-with-blasphemy-in-pakistan. 
  94. ↑ "Explained: China's 'muted' responses to attacks on nationals in Pakistan". April 19, 2023. https://www.aajenglish.tv/news/30318400/explained-chinas-muted-responses-to-attacks-on-nationals-in-pakistan. 
  95. ↑ Ahmad, Jibran (2023-04-28). "Chinese man accused of blasphemy in Pakistan unusually released on bail" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/chinese-man-accused-blasphemy-pakistan-unusually-released-bail-2023-04-28/. ".. A Chinese national arrested in Pakistan on blasphemy charges was released on bail on Friday, police said, a rare move in the South Asian nation where judges often postpone such cases for years fearing retribution. .." 
  96. ↑ Baloch, Behram (7 August 2023). "Teacher killed on blasphemy allegation in Turbat". https://www.dawn.com/news/1768725. 
  97. ↑ "Pakistan: Teacher shot dead on blasphemy allegation in southern Balochistan". 7 August 2023. https://theprint.in/world/pakistan-teacher-shot-dead-on-blasphemy-allegation-in-southern-balochistan/1704579/?utm_source=ground.news&utm_medium=referral. 
  98. ↑ "Turbat Rally Demands Justice for Abdul Rauf Baloch". 8 August 2023. https://thebalochistanpost.net/2023/08/turbat-rally-demands-justice-for-abdul-rauf-baloch/. 
  99. ↑ "Brother of Turbat Victim Abducted with Wife in Western Balochistan". 10 August 2023. https://thebalochistanpost.net/2023/08/brother-of-turbat-victim-abducted-with-wife-in-western-balochistan/. 
  100. ↑ "'Missing' Pakistani couple found dead in Iran". Hum News. 23 August 2023. https://humnews.pk/latest/missing-pakistani-couple-found-dead-in-iran/. 
  101. ↑ "Abducted Couple Found Dead in Western Balochistan". The Balochistan Post. 23 August 2023. https://thebalochistanpost.net/2023/08/abducted-couple-found-dead-in-western-balochistan/. 
  102. ↑ Wright, George (17 August 2023). "Pakistan: Mob burns churches over blasphemy claims". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66525150. 
  103. ↑ Hussain, Abid (16 August 2023). "Mobs burn Christian churches, homes in Pakistan after blasphemy allegations". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/16/angry-mobs-burn-christian-churches-in-pakistan-after-blasphemy-allegations. 
  104. ↑ Bukhari, Mubasher; Shahzad, Asif (17 August 2023). "Pakistan crowd vandalises churches, torches homes after blasphemy accusation". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistani-christian-community-attacked-after-blasphemy-accusation-police-2023-08-16/. 
  105. ↑ Ali, Kalbe (17 August 2023). "At 'mob's mercy', Christians cry out for justice". Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1770581/at-mobs-mercy-christians-cry-out-for-justice. 
  106. ↑ "Pakistan: Authorities must ensure protection of minority Christian community". 16 August 2023. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/08/pakistan-authorities-must-ensure-protection-of-minority-christian-community/. 
  107. ↑ Davies, Caroline (18 August 2023). "Pakistan: More than 100 arrested after churches burned". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66517901. 



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