Religion:List of people claimed to be Jesus

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This is a partial list of notable people[lower-alpha 1] who have been continuously claimed, either by themselves or by their followers, to be the reincarnation or incarnation of Jesus, or the Second Coming of Christ.

17th century

Portrait of the Welsh prophet, Rhys 'Arise' Evans.
  • Rhys Evans, (1607 – c.1660) who later renamed himself 'Arise Evans' was a Welsh prophet who travelled to London to spread his premonitions. He was arrested and imprisoned around 1650 at Newgate Prison for impersonating Christ.[1][2]

18th century

  • Kondratiy Selivanov (c. 1730s–1832), the founder and leader of the Skoptsy sect in the Russian Empire.[3]
  • Ann Lee (1736–1784), the founder and leader of the Shakers. Lee's followers referred to her as "Mother", believing that she was the female incarnation of Christ on Earth.[4]

19th century

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
  • John Nichols Thom (1799–1838), a Cornish merchant and politician who claimed to be the "saviour of the world" and the reincarnation of Jesus Christ in 1834. He was killed during a confrontation with government soldiers at the Battle of Bossenden Wood on 31 May 1838 near Hernhill, Kent.[5]
  • William Price (1800–1893), a Welsh Neo-Druid, who claimed that two of his sons were Jesus.
  • Arnold Potter (1804–1872), Schismatic Latter Day Saint leader; he claimed the spirit of Jesus Christ entered into his body and he became "Potter Christ" Son of the living God. He died in an attempt to "ascend into heaven" by jumping off a cliff. His body was later retrieved and buried by his followers.[6]
  • Baháʼu'lláh (1817–1892), born Shiite, adopted Bábism later in 1844;[7] he claimed to be the prophesied fulfillment and Promised One of major religions including Hinduism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. He founded the Baháʼí Faith in 1863.[8] The Baháʼís believe that the fulfillment of the prophecies of the Second Coming of Jesus, as well as the prophecies of the 5th Buddha Maitreya and many other religious prophecies, were begun by the Báb in 1844 and then by Bahá'u'lláh. They commonly compare the fulfillment of Christian prophecies to Jesus' fulfillment of Jewish prophecies, where in both cases people were expecting the literal fulfillment of apocalyptic statements.[9]
  • William W. Davies (1833–1906), leader of a Latter Day Saint schismatic group called the Kingdom of Heaven located in Walla Walla, Washington from 1867 to 1881. He taught his followers that he was the archangel Michael, who had previously lived as the biblical Adam, Abraham, and David. When his son Arthur was born on 11 February 1868, Davies declared that the infant was the reincarnated Jesus Christ.[10][11] When Davies's second son, David, was born in 1869, he was declared to be God the Father.[10]
  • Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian, India (1835–1908), claimed to be the awaited Mahdi as well as the Second Coming and likeness of Jesus, the promised Messiah at the end of time. He claimed to be Jesus in the metaphorical sense; in character. He founded the Ahmadiyya Movement in 1889, envisioning it to be the rejuvenation of Islam, and claimed to be commissioned by God for the reformation of humankind.
  • Cyrus Teed (1839–1908), American physician, claimed to be the incarnation of Jesus Christ and to have obtained knowledge regarding the Hollow Earth theory, presenting a cosmological model having the Earth as an inverted sphere and the remaining universe located within it.[12]
  • Carl Browne (1849–1914), American activist and leader of the Coxey's Army protest movement, claimed to be the partial reincarnation of Jesus.[13]

20th century

  • John Hugh Smyth-Pigott (1852–1927). Around 1890 Smyth-Pigott started leading meetings of the Agapemonite community and recruited 50 young female followers to supplement its aging population. He took Ruth Anne Preece as his second wife and she had three children named Glory, Power and Hallelujah.[14] Smyth-Pigott died in 1927 and the sect gradually declined until the last member, sister Ruth, died in 1956.[15] Her funeral in 1956 was the only time when outsiders were admitted to the chapel.[16]
  • Manuel Herrick (1876–1952). American politician who saw himself as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ, thus gaining the nickname "Okie Jesus Congressman."
Haile Selassie I
  • Haile Selassie I (1892–1975) did not claim to be Jesus and disapproved of claims that he was Jesus, but the Rastafari movement, which emerged in Jamaica during the 1930s, believes he is the Second Coming. He embodied this when he became Emperor of Ethiopia in 1930, perceived as confirmation of the return of the Messiah in the prophetic Book of Revelation 5:5 in the New Testament, who is also expected to return a second time to initiate the apocalyptic day of judgment. He is also called Jah Ras Tafari, and is often considered to be alive by Rastafari movement members.[17]
  • Hilario Moncado (1898–1956), a Filipino political activist and "mystic".[18] He was the founder and leader of the Filipino Crusaders World Army (formerly the Filipino Federation of America), a religious and patriotic group in the Philippines colloquially known as the "Moncadistas".[19] He claimed to be a reincarnation of Christ through José Rizal (a National Hero of the Philippines).[20]
  • Ernest Norman (1904–1971), an American electrical engineer who co-founded the Unarius Academy of Science in 1954, was allegedly Jesus in a past life and his earthly incarnation was as an archangel named Raphael.[21] He claimed to be the reincarnation of other notable figures including Confucius, Mona Lisa, Benjamin Franklin, Socrates, Queen Elizabeth I, and Tsar Peter I the Great.[22]
Krishna Venta
  • Krishna Venta (1911–1958), born Francis Herman Pencovic in San Francisco, founded the WKFL (Wisdom, Knowledge, Faith and Love) Fountain of the World cult in Simi Valley, California in the late 1940s. In 1948 he stated that he was Christ, the new messiah and claimed to have led a convoy of rocket ships to Earth from the extinct planet Neophrates. He died on 10 December 1958, after being suicide-bombed by two disgruntled former followers who accused Venta of mishandling cult funds and having been intimate with their wives.
  • Jesu Oyingbo (1915–1988), a Nigerian man who proclaimed himself to be Jesus Christ returned.[23][24]
  • Ahn Sahng-hong (1918–1985), a South Korean who founded the World Mission Society Church of God in 1964, who recognize him as the Second Coming of Jesus. The World Mission Society Church of God teach that Zahng Gil-jah is "God the Mother", who they explain is referred to in the Bible as the New Jerusalem Mother (Galatians 4:26), and that Ahn Sahng-Hong is God the Father.[25]
Sun Myung Moon
  • Sun Myung Moon (1920–2012), believed by members of the Unification Church to be the Messiah and the Second Coming of Christ, fulfilling Jesus' unfinished mission. Church members ("Unificationists") consider Sun Myung Moon and his wife, Hak Ja Han, to be the True Parents of humankind as the restored Adam and Eve.[26][27]
  • Anne Hamilton-Byrne (1921–2019) of The Family, born Evelyn Grace Victoria Edwards.
  • Jim Jones (1931–1978), founder of Peoples Temple, which started off as an offshoot of a mainstream Protestant sect before becoming a personality cult as time went on. In the 1970s he claimed to be the reincarnation of Jesus, Akhenaten, the Buddha, Vladimir Lenin and Father Divine.[28] He organized a mass murder suicide at Jonestown, Guyana on 18 November 1978.[29] He shot himself after the murders were done.
  • Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997), an American who posted a Usenet message declaring, "I, Jesus—Son of God—acknowledge on this date of September 25/26, 1995: ..."[30] Applewhite and his Heaven's Gate religious group committed mass suicide on 26 March 1997, to rendezvous with what they thought was a spaceship hiding behind Comet Hale–Bopp.[31]
  • Charles Manson (1934–2017), American criminal, cult leader, and songwriter.[32]
  • Yahweh ben Yahweh (1935–2007), born as Hulon Mitchell Jr., a black nationalist and separatist who created the Nation of Yahweh in 1979 in Liberty City, Florida. His self-proclaimed name means "God, Son of God". He could have only been deeming himself to be "son of God", not God, but many of his followers clearly deem him to be God Incarnate.[33][34] In 1992, he was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and sentenced to 18 years in prison.[35]
  • Laszlo Toth (1938–2012), Hungarian-born Australian who claimed he was Jesus Christ as he vandalized Michelangelo's Pietà with a geologist's hammer in 1972.[36][37]
  • Ji Sanbao (1939–1997), the founder and first leader of the Mentuhui, a Chinese Christian doomsday sect and secret society. In 1985, Ji proclaimed himself the Son of God and the "Three-Redemptive Christ" (referring to the redemption of Noah, the redemption of Lot, and the redemption of Ji Sanbao).[38]
  • Wayne Bent (b. 1941), also known as Michael Travesser of the Lord Our Righteousness Church. He claims: "I am the embodiment of God. I am divinity and humanity combined."[39] He was convicted on 15 December 2008, of one count of criminal sexual contact of a minor and two counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor in 2008.[40]
  • Ariffin Mohammed (1943–2016), also known as "Ayah Pin", the founder of the banned Sky Kingdom in Malaysia in 1975. He claimed to have direct contact with the heavens and is believed by his followers to have been the incarnation of Jesus, as well as Shiva, and the Buddha, and Muhammad.[41]
  • Mitsuo Matayoshi (1944–2018) was a conservative Japanese politician, who in 1997 established the World Economic Community Party based on his conviction that he is God and Christ, renaming himself Iesu Matayoshi. According to his program he will do the Last Judgment as Christ but within the current political system.[42]
  • Tony Quinn (b. 1944), owned Yoga communes in 1970s Ireland where an orphan girl responsible for younger siblings endured a 40-day water-fast and ceased menstruation. He later created Educo which promoted the Ten percent of the brain myth and was rubbished by Professors of Psychology and Psychiatry in Ireland. It was found by the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court that his allocation of shares in International Natural Energy was affirmed by a "clumsy forgery". An ex-follower sued Quinn for "assault and battery; allegedly obtaining money by false pretences; alleged fraudulent misrepresentation, intentional or careless infliction of mental suffering and suborning" in 2010.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][excessive citations]
  • Hogen Fukunaga (b. 1945) founded Ho No Hana Sanpogyo, often called the "foot reading cult", in Japan in 1987 after an alleged spiritual event where he claimed to have realized he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha.[52]
  • José Luis de Jesús (1946–2013), Puerto Rican founder, leader and organizer of Growing in Grace based in Miami, Florida, who claimed that the resurrected Christ "integrated himself within me" in 2007.[53]
  • Inri Cristo (b. 1948), a Brazilian who claims to be the second Jesus reincarnated in 1969.[54] Brasília is considered by Inri Cristo and his disciples as the New Jerusalem of the Apocalypse.
  • Thomas Harrison Provenzano (1949–2000), an American convicted murderer who was possibly mentally ill. He compared his execution with Jesus Christ's crucifixion.[55]
  • Hasan Mezarcı (b. 1954) is a former politician and member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (1991–1995) who was expelled from the Welfare Party and imprisoned for his extreme view against secularism. He claimed to be Isa after his imprisonment.[56][57][58]
  • Shoko Asahara (1955–2018) founded the terrorist Japanese religious group Aum Shinrikyo in 1984. He declared himself Christ, Japan's only fully enlightened master and the Lamb of God. His purported mission was to take upon himself the sins of the world. He outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a Third World War, and described a final conflict culminating in a nuclear Armageddon, borrowing the term from the Book of Revelation 16:16.[59] Humanity would end, except for the elite few who joined Aum.[59] The group gained international notoriety on 20 March 1995, when it carried out the sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway. He was sentenced to death, and was executed on 6 July 2018.
  • David Koresh (1959–1993), leader of religious cult Branch Davidians[60]
  • Marina Tsvigun (b. 1960), or Maria Devi Christos, is the leader of the "Great White Brotherhood".[61] In 1990 she met Yuri Krivonogov, the Great White Brotherhood founder, who recognized Marina as a new messiah and later married her, assuming in the sect the role of John the Baptist, subordinate to Tsvigun.
  • Vissarion
    Sergey Torop (b. 1961), a Russian former traffic officer who claims to be "reborn" as Vissarion, Jesus Christ returned, which makes him not "God" but the "Word of God". Also known as "Jesus of Siberia," Torop has an appearance similar to depictions of Jesus. He dresses in all white flowing robes and has long brown hair and a beard. Before claiming to be the Vissarion, Torop worked as a traffic policeman until he was fired in 1990. He founded the Church of the Last Testament and the spiritual community Ecopolis Tiberkul in Southern Siberia in 1990. The Church of the Last Testament has been described as being a mixture of beliefs from the Russian Orthodox Church, Buddhism, apocalypticism, collectivism, and with ecological values. The church currently resides on the largest religious reservation in the world in Siberian Taiga.[62][63][64]
  • Yang Xiangbin (b. 1973), a woman referred to as "Lightning Deng" and "the female Christ" in the literature of Eastern Lightning, a Chinese Christian new religious movement. Eastern Lightning claims that Jesus has returned to earth as a Chinese woman, citing the Gospel of Matthew 24:27: "For as the lightning cometh out of the east, and shineth even unto the west; so shall also the coming of the Son of man be". Eastern Lightning is banned in the People's Republic of China due to several prolific violent crimes committed by its members; Chinese and international news media have in turn described the group as a cult.[65]
  • Alan Birnbaum (b. 1946 or 1947), the founder of the Temple of the True Inner Light, a New York City-based psychedelic church that follows an eclectic Christian revisionist religion and employs the psychedelic drug dipropyltryptamine (DPT) as its eucharist.[66][67][68] The group believes psychedelics to be God[66] and is said to believe that Birnbaum is a reincarnation of Jesus Christ.[66][69][70][71]
  • Daniel Rakowitz (b. 1960), also known as the "Butcher of Tompkins Square", a murderer and cannibal in New York City who in 1989 killed his roommate Monika Beerle, ate parts of her, and then fed her to homeless people in Tompkins Square Park.[72] He variously claimed to be Jesus Christ or God, the Antichrist, and the "God of marijuana" and tried to start his own religion around cannabis called the "Church of 966".[73][74]

21st century

Alan John Miller and Mary Luck (Divine Truth)
  • Alvaro Thais (b. 1948) is a Brazilian esoteric guru who made claims to be the second coming of Jesus in 1979, after allegedly having a revelation in a seclusion during some days in Santiago, Chile. Following the supposed epiphany, he changed his name to "Inri Cristo" (en: Inri Christ) and began to preach his doctrine, having traveled to several countries in Latin America and Europe. He also founded the institution Suprema Ordem Universal da Santíssima Trindade (en: Supreme Universal Order of the Holy Trinity) on February 28, 1982, after invading the Metropolitan Cathedral of Belém, where he attacked the vicar and broke images. When arrested, he claimed that he was practicing the "libertarian act". After spending fifteen days in the São José Liberto Prison, Inri was released and returned to Curitiba.[75]
  • Apollo Quiboloy (b. 1950) is the founder and leader of a Philippines-based Restorationist church, the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, The Name Above Every Name, Inc. He has made claims that he is the "Appointed Son of God".[76] He is currently wanted by the FBI for sex trafficking, among others. * Alan John Miller (b. 1962), more commonly known as A.J. Miller, a former Jehovah's Witness Elder and current leader of the Australia-based Divine Truth movement.[77] Miller claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated with others in the 20th century to spread messages that he calls the "Divine Truth". He delivers these messages in seminars and various forms of media along with his current partner Mary Suzanne Luck, who identifies herself as the returned Mary Magdalene.[78]
  • Delores Kane (b. 1965) is a former MI5 officer and whistleblower who, in the summer of 2007, proclaimed herself to be the Messiah. She has released a series of videos on YouTube claiming to be Jesus, although she has not built up any noticeable following since her claims.[79][80]
  • Maurice Clemmons (1972–2009), an American felon responsible for the 2009 murder of four police officers in Washington state, referred to himself in May 2009 as Jesus.[81]
  • Amy Carlson (1975–2021), leader of the religious group Love Has Won, said she was a deity known as Mother God. She claimed she was Mother Earth, Gaia,[82] Cleopatra, Jesus, Joan of Arc,[83] Harriet Tubman,[84] and Marilyn Monroe; she claimed to have full memory of her lives, including being hanged on the cross as Jesus.[83]
  • Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez (b. 1990). In November 2011, he fired nine shots with a Romanian Cugir SA semi-automatic rifle at the White House in Washington D.C., believing himself to be Jesus Christ sent to kill U.S. President Barack Obama, whom he believed to be the antichrist.[85][86]
  • Todd Kincannon (b. 1981), former head of the South Carolina Republican Party, was arrested in 2018 for killing and mutilating his mother's dog. He claimed to police he was the Second Coming of Jesus Christ and that God had told him to do it, because “every 1,000 years there needs to be a sacrifice and blood must be spilt."[87]
  • Jey Rence Quilario (b. 2000), also known as Senior Agila and the president of the Socorro Bayanihan Services. Ex-members claimed that Quilario allegedly believed himself to be God, the reincarnation of the Santo Niño and the Messiah.[88]
  • Jeff Divine aka Jeff Ayan, co-founder of Twin Flames Universe, has claimed that historical depictions of Jesus actually depict himself as "the second coming".[89]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Notability is established with a Wikipedia article, either as a biographical article about the person who claimed to be Jesus, or an article about their followers

References

  1. ↑ Template:Cite DWB
  2. ↑ "print | British Museum" (in en). https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1851-0308-253. 
  3. ↑ Селиванов, Кондратий in: Большая биографическая энциклопедия. Andrei Sinyavsky, IVAN the FOOL. Russian Folk Belief, A Cultural History (trans. 2007).
  4. ↑ "Her followers began to call her "Mother" Ann because they believed her to be the female component of Christ's spirit and that she represented the second appearance of Christ on earth." [1][Usurped!]
  5. ↑ J. Lowerson, ed. Charlesworth, An Atlas of Rural protests in Britain, 1548–1900 (1983), pp. 139–141: "The 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act was designed specifically to cope with the severe problems of rural England and to prevent... a repetition of the 1830s incidents in the epicentres of Kent... There, complex soil patterns, small-scale farming and low investment rates combined with a rapid population surge to produce... dependence on permanent relief of 25% of population... groups of labourers (1835) ...besieged local magistrates in the workhouse... 37 labourers were imprisoned for... up to two years."
  6. ↑ James Barnes: Unveiling of the Middleman: The Truth About Prophecy, AuthorHouse, 2011, pp. 63–64
  7. ↑ Balyuzi, H.M. (2000). Baháʼu'lláh: King of Glory. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 35–37. ISBN 0-85398-328-3. 
  8. ↑ Buck, Christopher (2004). "The eschatology of Globalization: The multiple-messiahship of Bahā'u'llāh revisited". in Sharon, Moshe. Studies in Modern Religions, Religious Movements and the Bābī-Bahā'ī Faiths. Boston: Brill. pp. 143–178. ISBN 90-04-13904-4. http://bahai-library.com/buck_eschatology_globalization. 
  9. ↑ Lambden, Stephen (1999). "Catastrophe, Armageddon and Millennium: some aspects of the Bábí-Baháʼí exegesis of apocalyptic symbolism". Baháʼí Studies Review (9). http://bahai-library.com/bsr/bsr09/9B3_lambden_armageddon.htm. Retrieved November 21, 2009. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Robert S. Fogarty (2003). All Things New: American Communes and Utopian Movements, 1860–1914 (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books) ISBN 0-7391-0520-5 pp. 50–51.
  11. ↑ J. Gordon Melton (1996, 5th ed.). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Detroit, Mich.: Gale) ISBN 0-8103-7714-4 p. 565.
  12. ↑ Simon, Matt (Jul 2, 2014). "Fantastically Wrong: The Legendary Scientist Who Swore Our Planet Is Hollow". WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2014/07/fantastically-wrong-hollow-earth/. 
  13. ↑ McMurry, Donald L. (1929). Coxey's Army: A Study in Industrial Unrest, 1893–1898. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.. p. 37. 
  14. ↑ Evans, Roger (2006). Blame it on the vicar. Halsgrove. p. 29. ISBN 9781841145686. 
  15. ↑ Evans 2006, p. 31.
  16. ↑ Byford, Enid (1987). Somerset Curiosities. Dovecote Press. p. 22. ISBN 0946159483. https://archive.org/details/somersetcuriosit0000byfo/page/22. 
  17. ↑ "Rastafari Movement". Religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu. September 7, 2006. http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/rast.html. 
  18. ↑ "Cult, Colony or Commune: The Strange Case of the Moncadistas of Cebu". https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/moncado-hotel-cebu-a2056-20220324-lfrm2. 
  19. ↑ "The Story of Moncado". 2015. https://2015.samalcity.gov.ph/index.php/transparency/bids-and-awards/notice-of-award/12-trivia/17-the-story-of-moncado. 
  20. ↑ Alcantara, Ruben R. (1988). Filipino History in Hawaii before 1946: The Sakada Years of Filipinos in Hawaii. University of Hawaii. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/17651. 
  21. ↑ Tumminia, Diana G. When Prophecy Never Fails: Myth and Reality in a Flying-Saucer Group. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, 240 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-517675-9
  22. ↑ Bishop, Greg, et al. (2006). Weird California. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4027-3384-0
  23. ↑ Oyibode, Austin (2017-05-25). "How a self-acclaimed Jesus acquired wives, raised his empire and died in Lagos in 1988" (in en). Legit.ng. https://www.legit.ng/1106645-how-jesu-oyingbo-a-acclaimed-jesus-1970s-raised-empire-died-1988-lagos.html. 
  24. ↑ "Meet Five Nigerians Who Have Claimed To Be God" (in en-US). 2017-04-14. https://thenativemag.com/communities/meet-five-nigerians-claimed-god/. 
  25. ↑ Norris, Jimmy (January 25, 2009). "Feeling the love". Stars and Stripes. http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=60227. 
  26. ↑ Moon At Twilight: Amid scandal, the Unification Church has a strange new mission, Peter Maass New Yorker Magazine, September 14, 1998. "Moon sees the essence of his own mission as completing the one given to Jesus—establishing a "true family" untouched by Satan while teaching all people to lead a God-centered life under his spiritual leadership."..."Although Moon often predicts in his sermons that a breakthrough is near, Moffitt realizes that Moon may not come to be seen as the messiah in his lifetime."
  27. ↑ Unifying or Dividing? Sun Myung Moon and the Origins of the Unification Church, by George D. Chryssides, University of Wolverhampton, UK. A paper presented at the CESNUR 2003 Conference, Vilnius, Lithuania.
  28. ↑ Galanter, Marc (1999). Cults: Faith, Healing, and Coercion. Oxford University Press; 2nd edition. ISBN 978-0-19-512370-8.  (meta-citation)
  29. ↑ Reiterman, Tim, and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 978-0-525-24136-2. pp. 476–524.
  30. ↑ I, Jesus—Son of God—acknowledge on this date of September 25/26, 1995: 1. I am about to return to my Father's Kingdom. 1A. This "return" requires that I prepare to lay down my borrowed human body in order to take up, or reenter, my body (biological) belonging to the Kingdom of God (as I did appx. 2000 years ago when I laid down the body that was about 33 years old in order to reenter my body belonging to the Kingdom of Heaven). Marshall Applewhite (1995). UNDERCOVER JESUS SURFACES. alt.consciousness.mysticism. Retrieved August 15, 2005.
  31. ↑ "One year later Heaven's Gate suicides leave a faint trail". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/US/9803/25/heavens.gate/. 
  32. ↑ "Charles Manson: His Death and the Biblical Christian Response" (in en-US). Cross Encounters Ministries. 2017-11-21. http://crossencountersmin.com/featured-article/charles-manson-christian-response/. 
  33. ↑ "He identified himself as the 'grand master of the celestial lodge, the architect of the universe'"Crimelibrary
  34. ↑ Miami Herald (October 15, 2001). "the old message of self-esteem has been crowded out by one that elevates their leader to Grand Master of All, the God of the Universe, the Grand Potentate, the Everlasting Father and the persecuted Messiah."
  35. ↑ Douglas Martin (May 9, 2007). "Yahweh ben Yahweh, Leader of Separatist Sect, Dies at 71". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/09/us/09yahweh.html. 
  36. ↑ "Notes and Queries: Whatever happened to Laszlo Toth, the man who smashed Michelangelo's Pieta in 1972?". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-2565,00.html. 
  37. ↑ Evers, Chia (2006). "Laszlo Toth, 'Jesus Christ,' Attacks the Pieta (May 21, 1972)". Today in Odd History. News of the Odd. http://www.newsoftheodd.com/article1024.html. 
  38. ↑ "说说"门徒会"的"救赎"" (in zh). Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210909141105/http://www.sichuanpeace.gov.cn/sfzxdt/20210305/2395523.html. Retrieved 11 December 2023. 
  39. ↑ Inside a Cult documentary info published by the National Geographic Channel.
  40. ↑ "Sect Leader Who Allegedly Sought Virgins Found Guilty on Sex Charge". AP (Taos, NM: Fox News). December 15, 2008. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,467174,00.html. 
  41. ↑ "Escape from Islam" , Weekend Standard, April 23–24, 2005
  42. ↑ "After the Upper House Election, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi should hand the seat of the Prime Minister to Jesus Matayoshi, the one true God."::: cgunson.com ::: MATAYOSHI
  43. ↑ Levine, June (1974). "The Amazing Irish Guru". Irish Independent. 
  44. ↑ Kim Bielenberg (July 7, 2012). "Tony Quinn: his young lover Eve, his massive fortune and the prayers for cash". Independent.ie. https://www.independent.ie/woman/celeb-news/tony-quinn-his-young-lover-eve-his-massive-fortune-and-the-prayers-for-cash-26873464.html. 
  45. ↑ 20/20. 2 March 2001. TV3 (Ireland).
  46. ↑ Cullen, Paul (July 18, 2012). "Quinn payout of $23m on oil firm shares in doubt". Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/quinn-payout-of-23m-on-oil-firm-shares-in-doubt-1.538128. 
  47. ↑ SM LIFE VENTURES LLC v Susan Morrice, Tony Quinn, International Natural Energy LLC & Belize Natural Energy LLC (Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court 18 July 2012) ("I will grant a declaration that the 2007 Operating Agreement is invalid and that Mr Quinn was never validly appointed to the board of INE. I will also declare that Ms McCaffrey has never been validly suspended from the INE board."). Text
  48. ↑ Eugene Masterson (11 January 2010). "Tony Is Sued for 'Sex Assault'". sundayworld.com. http://www.sundayworld.com/style/showbiz/tony-is-sued-for-sex-assault. 
  49. ↑ Nicola Tallant (20 September 2009). "Minder Bender, 'Messiah' Quinn's ring of steel as he tries to save crumbing reputation at stormy meeting". Sunday World: pp. 10, 11. 
  50. ↑ Ray Managh; Dearbhail McDonald (9 January 2010). "Lifestyle guru Quinn sued for alleged sex assault and battery". Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/courts/lifestyle-guru-quinn-sued-for-alleged-sex-assault-and-battery-26621390.html. 
  51. ↑ Ray Managh (9 January 2010). "Fitness expert Quinn accused of sex assault - Herald.ie". herald.ie. https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/fitness-expert-quinn-accused-of-sex-assault/27938273.html. 
  52. ↑ "Foot-reader fined for fraud", BBC 25 December 2000
  53. ↑ "The Man Who Claims To Be Jesus". CBS 4. September 12, 2006. http://cbs4.com/topstories/local_story_254163721.html. 
  54. ↑ "Summary of INRI CRISTO's life". http://www.inricristo.org.br/EnglishSite/SummaryINRICRISTOslife.html. 
  55. ↑ "Killer Who Said He Was Jesus Is Executed". CBS News. June 21, 2000. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/killer-who-said-he-was-jesus-is-executed/. 
  56. ↑ "Kiliselerde bulunan resmim düzeltilmeli". November 25, 2000. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/kiliselerde-bulunan-resmim-duzeltilmeli-39200897. 
  57. ↑ "S A B A H O N L I N E 23.11.2000". http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2000/11/23/g01.html. 
  58. ↑ "dedim dedim inanmadınız". June 18, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eX2-qhdvYdA. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Lifton, Robert Jay, Destroying the World to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the New Global Terrorism. New York: Macmillan (2000).
  60. ↑ Arnold, J. Phillip (2023-02-01). "Did David Koresh Plagiarize Cyrus R. Teed?" (in en). Nova Religio 26 (3): 101–115. doi:10.1525/nr.2023.26.3.101. ISSN 1092-6690. https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article/26/3/101/195193/Did-David-Koresh-Plagiarize-Cyrus-R-Teed. 
  61. ↑ Anastasia Daugule, "White Brotherhood – 15 years later". "Glavnoe" Kharkiv Net Review, a1404
  62. ↑ "Tiberkul Religious Settlement – Home of Vissarion, the "Jesus of Siberia."". Atlas Obscura. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/tiberkul-religious-settlement. 
  63. ↑ Rocco Castoro (Dec 19, 2011). "The Mysteries of the Teacher". Vice. https://www.vice.com/read/the-mysteries-of-the-teacher-0000099-v18n12?Contentpage=-1. 
  64. ↑ In an article from The Guardian he states: "It's all very complicated", he starts quietly. "But to keep things simple, yes, I am Jesus Christ. That which was promised must come to pass. And it was promised in Israel 2,000 years ago that I would return, that I would come back to finish what was started. I am not God (My emphasis). And it is a mistake to see Jesus as God. But I am the living word of God the Father. Everything that God wants to say, he says through me".
  65. ↑ McCoy, Terrence (October 13, 2014). "The murderous Chinese cult that thinks Jesus has returned — as a Chinese woman". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/10/13/the-murderous-chinese-cult-that-thinks-jesus-has-returned-and-shes-chinese/. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Marinacci, Mike (4 July 2023). "Temple of the True Inner Light: A DPT Eucharist on the Lower East Side". Psychedelic Cults and Outlaw Churches: LSD, Cannabis, and Spiritual Sacraments in Underground America. Simon and Schuster. pp. 219–231. ISBN 9781644117088. https://archive.org/details/marinacci-2023-temple-of-the-true-inner-light. 
  67. ↑ Lyttle, Thomas (1988). "Drug Based Religions and Contemporary Drug Taking". Journal of Drug Issues 18 (2): 271–284. doi:10.1177/002204268801800212. ISSN 0022-0426. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002204268801800212. Retrieved 21 June 2026. 
  68. ↑ Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (September 1997). TiHKAL: The Continuation. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-9-9. OCLC 38503252. http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal.shtml.  https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal09.shtml
  69. ↑ Stuart, R. (2002). "Entheogenic Sects and Psychedelic Religions". MAPS Bulletin 12 (1): 17–24. https://maps.org/news-letters/v12n1/12117stu.pdf. 
  70. ↑ Hayes, C. (2000). Tripping: An Anthology of True-Life Psychedelic Adventures. Compass. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-101-15719-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=e8-gir_SNw4C&pg=PT272. Retrieved 27 August 2026. 
  71. ↑ Gorman, Peter (January 1990). "Divine Smoke and God's Flesh: Psychedelics and Religion". High Times (173): 41–44, 75. https://hightimes.com/culture/flashback-friday-psychedelics-and-religion/. 
  72. ↑ Moynihan, Colin (15 June 2004) (in en-US), Hearing Revisits East Village Killing and Dismemberment, ISSN 0362-4331, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/15/nyregion/hearing-revisits-east-village-killing-and-dismemberment.html, retrieved 24 September 2026 
  73. ↑ "Psycho made human soup, dumped bones in a bucket after slay of Swiss beauty in 1989". New York Daily News. 21 August 2011. https://www.nydailynews.com/2011/08/21/psycho-made-human-soup-dumped-bones-in-a-bucket-after-slay-of-swiss-beauty-in-1989/. 
  74. ↑ McKinley, James C. (20 September 1989) (in en-US), Accused Slayer of Girlfriend Began a Religion, Police Say, ISSN 0362-4331, https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/20/nyregion/accused-slayer-of-girlfriend-began-a-religion-police-say.html, retrieved 24 September 2026 
  75. ↑ "Kingdom of Jesus Christ FAQ". https://revistatrip.uol.com.br/trip/so-inri-salva-entrevista-com-inri-cristo-que-fala-sobre-lula-padre-quevedo-buda-e-marcelo-rossi. 
  76. ↑ "Kingdom of Jesus Christ FAQ". http://www.kingdomofjesuschrist.org/faq/101questions.html. 
  77. ↑ "Divine Truth". https://www.divinetruth.com/. 
  78. ↑ "Australia's chilling cult transcript - Sunday Night - Channel 7 - Yahoo!7 TV - Yahoo!7 TV". http://au.news.yahoo.com/sunday-night/transcripts/article/-/10309969/australia-s-chilling-cult-transcript/.  Sunday Night, 'Inside Australia's chilling new cult'. Sunday Night, Channel Seven. September 18, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
  79. ↑ "David Shayler Mystic on C4 News 10 Aug 2007". YouTube. August 10, 2007. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nuL2m7H2B0. 
  80. ↑ "Meet Delores, the former now living as a woman in a Surrey commune | News". Thisislondon.co.uk. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23720880-details/Meet+Delores%2C+the+former+now+living+as+a+woman+in+a+Surrey+commune/article.do. 
  81. ↑ Perry, Nick; O'Hagan, Maureen; Armstrong, Ken (December 1, 2009). "Four days in May set stage for Sunday's tragedy". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010392869_shootingjustice01m.html. 
  82. ↑ Elliott, Josh K. (2021-05-05). "Cult leader's mummified body found wrapped in Xmas lights at Colorado home" (in en-US). Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7835607/cult-leader-mummified-love-has-won/. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Peiser, Jaclyn (2021-05-05). "She told followers she was 'Mother God.' Her mummified body was found wrapped in Christmas lights." (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/05/05/cult-love-has-won-carlson/. 
  84. ↑ Travers, Ben; Thompson, Anne (2023-12-12). "The Best Documentaries and Docuseries of 2023" (in en-US). https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-documentaries-2023/. 
  85. ↑ "White House shooting suspect Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez says he's Jesus". CBS/KBOI/AP. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2011-11-17/obama-assassination-attempt/51271096/1. 
  86. ↑ "Oscar Ramiro Ortega-Hernandez Thought He Was Jesus, Obama Was Antichrist". Huffington Post. November 18, 2011. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/18/oscar-ortega-hernandez-jesus_n_1101222.html. 
  87. ↑ "Ex-leader of state's GOP says he killed dog on God's command". August 3, 2018. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/ex-leader-state-s-gop-says-he-killed-dog-god-n897281. 
  88. ↑ "Surigao Del Norte NGO accused of being a religious cult forcing minors into marriage and raping them, taking members' pension". Philstar Life. 21 September 2023. https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/587192-surigao-del-norte-ngo-accused-of-being-religious-cult. 
  89. ↑ "How 'Twin Flames Universe' YouTubers Monetized Heartbreak and Trauma". November 9, 2023. https://www.vice.com/en/article/jg5ayg/twin-flames-universe-youtubers-monetized-heartbreak-and-trauma-netflix-amazon-prime. 



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