Religion:Sevā

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Short description: Selfless service and volunteering in Indian religions


Kar seva at the Golden Temple

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (also transcribed as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.), in Hinduism and Sikhism, is the concept of selfless service that is performed without any expectation of reward for performing it. Such services can be performed to benefit other human beings or society. Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. means "service". A more recent interpretation of the word is "dedication to others".[1] In Hinduism, it is also known as karma yoga, as described in the Bhagavata Gita.[2]

Etymology and religious significance

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. comes from the Sanskrit root Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., "to serve", and is a central concept in both contemporary Hinduism and Sikhism.

In Hinduism, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. means selfless service and is often associated with Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., disciplined action, and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., disciplined devotion. Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is also connected to other Sanskrit concepts such as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (gift giving), Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (compassion), and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (kindness).[3] Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is also performed as a form of ego-transcending spiritual practise known as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., and plays a large role in modern Hinduism.[4]:42 A key concept in Hinduism is liberation (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) from the cycle of births and deaths (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.), and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is the effort one makes to strive for liberation; this highlights the importance of service to others.[4]:43

In Sikhism, the word Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. also means "to worship, to adore, to pay homage through the act of love." In the writings of Sikh gurus, these two meanings of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (service and worship) have been merged. Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is expected to be a labour of love performed without desire and intention, and with humility.[5]

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Gurmukhi: ਕਾਰ ਸੇਵਾ), from the Sanskrit words Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., meaning hands or work, and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist., meaning service,[6][7] another concept of Sikhism, is often translated as "voluntary labour". A volunteer for Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is called a Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (voluntary labourer)—someone who freely offers their services to a religious cause.[8] Sikhs use the term Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. to represent people who engage in ministrations, altruistic philanthropy, and humanitarian endeavours in service to religion and society. Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Punjabi: ਸੇਵਾਦਾਰ; also transcribed as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.), literally "Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.-supporter", is another Punjabi word for a volunteer who performs Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..[9]

The idea of selfless service (Script error: The function "transl" does not exist.) is an important concept in several religions because God is perceived as having an interest in the well-being of others; serving other people is considered an essential devotional practise of indirectly serving God and living a religious life that is a benefit to others. People of every religion are included in this service.[10][verification needed]

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. in Hinduism

In Hinduism, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is the concept of service to God and/or humanity, without the expectation of return. According to Hindu scriptures, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is seen as the highest form of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (righteousness). Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. has been said to provide good Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. which facilitates the Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (soul) to obtain Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (emancipation from the cycle of death and rebirth).[11] Before the early nineteenth century, the meaning of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (serving or honouring) had been virtually synonymous with that of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (worship), which typically also included distribution of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (sacrificial offerings or consecrated food), such as food, fruits, and sweets to all gathered.[12] Thus, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. typically involved offering of food to a deity and its Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (idol), followed by the distribution of said food as Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..[13] The concept of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is explained in the Bhagavad Gita, where Krishna expounds on the subject. In modern times, the concept has been taken to volunteering for the greater good, such as in disaster relief and other major incidents.[14]

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. in Sikhism

|1=Goshen-Gottstein, Alon (2018). Interreligious Reflections, Six Volume Set. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 259. ISBN 9781532671524.  |2=Hett, Geoffrey (2021). Diversity, Culture and Counselling. Brush Education. p. 162. ISBN 9781550598759.  }}</ref> Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. is believed to be a way to control inner vices and is a key process in becoming closer to God.[15]

Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. in Sikhism takes three forms: Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Gurmukhi: ਤਨ), meaning physical service, i.e. manual labour, Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Gurmukhi: ਮਨ), meaning mental service, such as studying to help others, and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Gurmukhi: ਧਨ), meaning material service, including financial support.[16] Sikhism stresses Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Gurmukhi: ਕਿਰਤ ਕਰੋ), "honest work", and Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. (Gurmukhi: ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ), "split up", sharing what you have by giving to the needy for the benefit of the community.[17] It is a duty of every Sikh to engage in Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. wherever possible, such as volunteering at a Gurdwara, community center, senior living centers, care centers, sites of major world disasters, etc.[18] Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. can also be performed by offering service for a religious cause, such as constructing a gurdwara, a place of worship that performs community services such as providing volunteer-run food kitchens.[19]

Criticism

Kar Sewa appeal for the construction of the clock tower gateway entrance to the Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, c. 1951

Some Script error: The function "transl" does not exist. groups and organizations have been criticized for their lack of care for and apathy towards preserving historical Sikh heritage sites, artwork, and architecture during renovation and construction projects.[20] Large amounts of historical Sikh scriptural manuscripts have been systematically "cremated" (burnt to destruction)[21] over the years at secretive ‘Angitha Sahib’ gurdwaras in Punjab and around India under the guise of Script error: The function "transl" does not exist..[22] This practice is criticized for systematically destroying historical manuscripts rendering them unable to be researched, archived, repaired, or conserved for future generations.

See also

References

  1. Pagani, Frederique (2013). "Empathy, Salvation, and Religious Identity". in Schlecker, Markus. Ethnographies of Social Support. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-137-33096-3. https://archive.org/details/ethnographiesofs0000unse. 
  2. Phillips, Stephen (2009). "Karma Yoga". Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780231144841. "Thus outlined, yoga can be done in the world, in all kinds of action done for the sake of sacrifice. Yoga becomes seva, service." 
  3. Jacobsen, Knut A. (2018-05-29) (in en), Sevā, Brill, https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/seva-COM_2050280?lang=fr, retrieved 2022-04-16 
  4. 4.0 4.1 Jacobs, Stephen (2010) (in English). Hinduism Today: An Introduction. London: Continuum International Publishing. pp. 42. ISBN 9786612874345. 
  5. Virdee, Gurmit Singh (2005). "Labour of love: Kar seva at Darbar Sahib's Amrit Sarover". Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory 1 (1): 13–28. doi:10.1080/17448720500231409. 
  6. Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Press. p. 121. ISBN 8170103010. 
  7. Christiane Brosius, Melissa Butcher (1999). Image journeys: audio-visual media and cultural change in India. Sage Publications. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7619-9325-4. 
  8. Alter, Stephen (2001). Amritsar to Lahore: A Journey Across the India-Pakistan Border. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.. p. 198. ISBN 9780812217438. 
  9. "Sewa, Selfless Service". 12 August 2009. https://www.sikhphilosophy.net/threads/sewa-selfless-service.26236/. 
  10. Gibson, Lynne (2002). Hinduism. Heinemann Educational. p. 56. ISBN 9780435336196. 
    • "Prasada". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/prasada. 
    • "Puja". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 September 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/puja. 
    • Bhangaokar, Rachana (2020). "The Development of Communal and Spiritual Dutifulness in India: Upholding Dharma, Offering Seva". in Jensen, Lene Arnett. The Oxford Handbook of Moral Development: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 341. ISBN 9780190676056. "The communal preparing and sharing of food or prasad (sacred food offered to the deity and then distributed among the followers) is particularly important as an activity binding together a community of followers." 
    • The Life of Hinduism. University of California Press. 2006. p. 13. ISBN 9780520249141. 
  11. Cush, Denise (2012). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. p. 783. ISBN 9781135189792. 
  12. "Engagement Guidelines: Hindu Leaders". https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/fema_faith-communities_hindu-leaders_1.pdf. 
  13. Jhutti-Johal, Jagbir (2011) (in English). Sikhism today. London; New York: Continuum. p. 58. ISBN 9786613089229. 
  14. Wood, Angela (1997). Movement and Change. Cheltenham, England: Nelson Thornes. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-17-437067-3. 
  15. Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (2005). A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy. Abingdon-on-Thames, England: Routledge. pp. 31, 59. ISBN 978-1-135-79760-7. 
  16. Volz, Christian (2014). Six Ethics A Rights-Based Approach to Establishing an Objective Common Morality. Ebookit.com. pp. 278. ISBN 9781456606916. 
    • Ahluwalia, Muninder K.; Locke, Anna Flores; Hylton, Steven (2014). "Sikhism and Positive Psychology". in Kim-Prieto, Chu. Religion and Spirituality Across Cultures. Springer Netherlands. p. 129. ISBN 9789401789509. 
    • Singha, H.S. (2000). "Kar Seva". The Encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 121. ISBN 9788170103011.