Reverse perspective

From HandWiki
Linear perspective of a cube (left) and reverse perspective (right). The viewing plane is shown in blue, with the projection point where the red lines meet.
The throne and footstool in this icon show reverse perspective, with lines converging towards the viewer.

Reverse perspective, also called inverse perspective,[1] inverted perspective,[2] divergent perspective,[3][4] or Byzantine perspective,[5] is a form of perspective drawing in which the objects depicted in a scene are placed between the projective point and the viewing plane. Objects farther away from the viewing plane are drawn as larger, and closer objects are drawn as smaller, in contrast to the more conventional linear perspective for which closer objects appear larger.[3] Lines that are parallel in three-dimensional space are drawn as diverging against the horizon, rather than converging as they do in linear perspective.[1] Technically, the vanishing points are placed outside the painting with the illusion that they are "in front of" the painting.

The name Byzantine perspective comes from the use of this perspective in Byzantine and Russian Orthodox icons; it is also found in the art of many pre-Renaissance cultures, and was sometimes used in Cubism and other movements of modern art, as well as in children's drawings.[3][4] The reasons for the convention are still debated among art historians;[6] since the artists involved in forming the convention did not have access to the more realistic linear perspective convention, it is not clear how deliberate the effects achieved were.[7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hopkins, Robert (1998), Picture, Image and Experience: A Philosophical Inquiry, Cambridge University Press, p. 157, ISBN 9780521582599, https://books.google.com/books?id=KEMvq2oxoZIC&pg=PA157 .
  2. ↑ Rauschenbach, Boris V. (1983), "On my concept of perceptual perspective that accounts for parallel and inverted perspective in pictorial art", Leonardo 16 (1): 28–30, doi:10.2307/1575038 .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kulvicki, John V. (2006), On Images : Their Structure and Content, Oxford University Press, pp. 102–105, ISBN 9780191537455, https://books.google.com/books?id=NIHKHyiwKssC&pg=PA102 .
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Howard, Ian P.; Allison, Robert S. (2011), "Drawing with divergent perspective, ancient and modern", Perception 40 (9): 1017–1033, doi:10.1068/p6876, PMID 22208125, http://percept.eecs.yorku.ca/papers/perspective.pdf .
  5. ↑ Deregowski, Jan B.; Parker, Denis M.; Massironi, Manfredo (1994), "The perception of spatial structure with oblique viewing: an explanation for Byzantine perspective?", Perception 23 (1): 5–13, doi:10.1068/p230005, PMID 7936976 .
  6. ↑ Antonova, Clemena (2010), "On the problem of "reverse perspective": definitions east and west", Leonardo 43 (5): 464–469, doi:10.1162/LEON_a_00039, "The author ... identifies six distinct views on reverse perspective, some of which are mutually exclusive." 
  7. ↑ Antonova, Clemena (2010), Space, Time, and Presence in the Icon: Seeing the World with the Eyes of God, Ashgate studies in the history of philosophical theology, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 54, ISBN 9780754667988, https://books.google.com/books?id=1ksDKW9PiI4C&pg=PA54, "In the case of "reverse perspective", on the other hand, there is no evidence that icon-painters had recourse to mathematically correct systems of measurement to enable them to represent vanishing point systems"" .

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