Slug (unit)
| slug | |
|---|---|
| Unit system | British Gravitational system |
| Unit of | Mass |
| Symbol | slug |
| Conversions | |
| 1 slug in ... | ... is equal to ... |
| BGS base units | 1 ft−1⋅lbf⋅s2 |
| SI units | 14.59390 kg |
| US customary units | 32.17404 lb |
The slug is a derived unit of mass in a weight-based system of measures, most notably within the British Imperial measurement system and the United States customary measures system. Systems of measure either define mass and derive a force unit or define a base force and derive a mass unit[1] (cf. poundal, a derived unit of force in a force-based system). A slug is defined as a mass that is accelerated by 1 ft/s2 when a net force of one pound (lbf) is exerted on it.[2]
- [math]\displaystyle{ 1~\text{slug}= 1~\text{lbf}{\cdot}\frac{\text{s}^2}{\text{ft}} \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad 1~\text{lbf}= 1~\text{slug}{\cdot}\frac{\text{ft}}{\text{s}^2} }[/math]
One slug is a mass equal to 32.17405 lb (14.59390 kg) based on standard gravity, the international foot, and the avoirdupois pound.[3] In other words, at the Earth's surface (in standard gravity), an object with a mass of 1 slug weighs approximately 32.17405 lbf or 143.1173 N.[4][5]
History
The slug is part of a subset of units known as the gravitational FPS system, one of several such specialized systems of mechanical units developed in the late 19th and the early 20th century. Geepound was another name for this unit in early literature.[6]
The name "slug" was coined before 1900 by British physicist Arthur Mason Worthington,[7] but it did not see any significant use until decades later.[8] It is derived from the meaning "solid block of metal" (cf. "slug" fake coin or "slug" projectile), not from the slug mollusc.[9] A 1928 textbook says:
No name has yet been given to the unit of mass and, in fact, as we have developed the theory of dynamics no name is necessary. Whenever the mass, m, appears in our formulae, we substitute the ratio of the convenient force-acceleration pair (w/g), and measure the mass in lbs. per ft./sec.2 or in grams per cm./sec.2.
|
Base |
Force | Weight | Mass | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2nd law of motion | m = F/a | F = W ⋅ a/g | F = m ⋅ a | |||||||||||
| System | BG | GM | EE | M | AE | CGS | MTS | SI | ||||||
| Acceleration (a) | ft/s2 | m/s2 | ft/s2 | m/s2 | ft/s2 | [[Physics:Gal (unit) | Gal}}]] | m/s2 | m/s2 | |||||
| Mass (m) | slug | hyl | pound-mass | kilogram | [[Pound (mass) | pound}}]] | [[Gram | gram}}]] | [[Tonne | tonne}}]] | [[Kilogram | kilogram}}]] | ||
| Force (F), weight (W) |
[[Pound (force) | pound}}]] | kilopond | pound-force | kilopond | [[Poundal | poundal}}]] | [[Physics:Dyne | dyne}}]] | [[Sthène | sthène}}]] | [[Newton (unit) | newton}}]] | |
| Pressure (p) | [[Pounds per square inch | pounds per square inch}}]] | [[Technical atmosphere | technical atmosphere}}]] | [[Pounds per square inch | pounds-force per square inch}}]] | [[Physics:Atmosphere (unit) | atmosphere}}]] | poundals per square foot | [[Physics:Barye | barye}}]] | pieze | [[Pascal (unit) | pascal}}]] |
The slug is listed in the Regulations under the Weights and Measures (National Standards) Act, 1960. This regulation defines the units of weights and measures, both regular and metric, in Australia.
Related units
The inch version of the slug (equal to 1 lbf⋅s2/in, or 12 slugs) has no official name,[3] but is commonly referred to as a blob,[12] slinch (a portmanteau of the words slug and inch),[13][14] slugette,[15] or snail.[16] It is equivalent to 386.0886 pounds (175.1268 kg) based on standard gravity.[3]
Similar (but long-obsolete) metric units included the glug (980.665 g) in a gravitational system related to the centimetre–gram–second system,[17][18] and the mug, hyl, par, or TME (German: technische Masseneinheit, lit. 'technical mass unit', 9.80665 kg) in a gravitational system related to the metre–kilogram–second system.[19]
See also
References
- ↑ See Elementary High School physics and chemistry text books/fundamentals.
- ↑ Collins, Danielle (May 2019). "How to convert between mass and force — in metric and English units". https://www.linearmotiontips.com/how-to-convert-between-mass-and-force-in-metric-and-english-units/.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shigley, Joseph E. and Mischke, Charles R. Mechanical Engineering Design, Sixth ed, pp. 31–33. McGraw Hill, 2001. ISBN:0-07-365939-8.
- ↑ Beckwith, Thomas G., Roy D. Marangoni, et al. Mechanical Measurements, Fifth ed, pp. 34-36. Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1993. ISBN:0-201-56947-7.
- ↑ Shevell, R.S. Fundamentals of Flight, Second ed, p. xix. Prentice-Hall, 1989.
- ↑ gee . unit2unit.eu
- ↑ Worthington, Arthur Mason (1900). Dynamics of Rotation: An Elementary Introduction to Rigid Dynamics (3rd ed.). Longmans, Green, and Co.. p. 9. https://archive.org/stream/dynamicsofrotati00wortuoft#page/8/mode/2up.
- ↑ Gyllenbok, Jan (April 11, 2018). Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures: Volume 1. Birkhäuser. ISBN 9783319575988. https://books.google.com/books?id=XnRVDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Arthur+Mason+Worthington%22+slug&pg=PA207.
- ↑ Society, Digital Equipment Computer Users (September 4, 1965). "Papers and Presentations". https://books.google.com/books?id=9E4gAQAAIAAJ&q=%22solid+block+of+metal.%22+slug.
- ↑ Comings, E. W. (1940). "English Engineering Units and Their Dimensions". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 32 (7): 984–987. doi:10.1021/ie50367a028.
- ↑ Klinkenberg, Adrian (1969). "The American Engineering System of Units and Its Dimensional Constant gc". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 61 (4): 53–59. doi:10.1021/ie50712a010.
- ↑ Norton, Robert L. Cam Design and Manufacturing Handbook, p. 13. Industrial Press Inc., 2009. ISBN:0831133678.
- ↑ Slug . DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia
- ↑ "1 blob". Wolfram Alpha Computational Knowledge Engine. http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1+blob&lk=1.
- ↑ Celmer, Robert. Notes to Accompany Vibrations II. Version 2.2. 2009.
- ↑ Rowlett, Russ. "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement". unc.edu, September 1, 2004. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
- ↑ Cardarelli, François (1999). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Springer. pp. 358, 377. ISBN 1-85233-682-X. https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card.
- ↑ David, A. (1958). "Beware of the "Glug," a New Unit of Mass!". American Journal of Physics 26 (1): 41. doi:10.1119/1.1934599.
- ↑ Cardarelli, François (1999). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. Springer. pp. 470, 497. ISBN 1-85233-682-X. https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card.
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