Social:Alt-tech

From HandWiki

Alt-tech is a collection of social networking services and Internet service providers popular among the alt-right, far-right, and others who espouse extremism or fringe theories, typically because they employ looser content moderation than mainstream platforms.[1][2][3][4] The term "alt-tech" is a portmanteau of "alt-right" and "Big Tech". Starting around 2015, some prominent conservatives and their supporters began to use alt-tech platforms because they had been banned from other social media platforms.[3][5][6][7] Alt-tech platforms describe themselves as protectors of free speech and individual liberty.[7][8][9][10] Researchers have pointed out the platforms' potential use for recruitment and mobilization by extremist groups.[11][12]

History

Alt-tech websites were first described in the 2010s. They became popular leading up to the early 2020s due to deplatforming, banning (including shadow banning), and other restrictions imposed on extremists by Big Tech companies. Some right-wing groups claim that these companies censor their views.[1][7] After the Unite the Right rally in August 2017, technology companies such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter were criticized for deplatforming white supremacists.[13] Hope not Hate researcher Joe Mulhall identified the deplatforming of Britain First in 2018, and Tommy Robinson in 2019, as two major events that spurred British social media users to join alternative platforms.[5][14][15] Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci further referenced the August 2018 deplatforming of conspiracy theorist Alex Jones as a pivotal moment.[16]

In October 2018, alt-tech platform Gab received extensive public scrutiny following the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, after it was found that the sole suspect of the attack, Robert Gregory Bowers, had posted a message on Gab before the shooting, indicating an immediate intent to cause harm.[17][18] Bowers had a history of making extreme, antisemitic postings on the site.[19] After the shooting, Gab briefly went offline when it was dropped by its hosting provider and denied service by several payment processors.[20][21][22]

The popularity of alt-tech platforms surged in January 2021, when United States president Donald Trump, and many of his prominent followers, were suspended from Twitter and other platforms. Parler, a website with a large proportion of Trump supporters among its userbase, was taken offline when Amazon Web Services suspended its hosting several days after the January 6 storming of the United States Capitol.[23] It was restarted with a new host on February 15, 2021.[24]

In July 2021, an example of alt-tech hardware was announced: the "Freedom Phone" – a smartphone that promoted privacy-oriented features and an "uncensorable" app store. It was found that the device was merely a white-label version of a Chinese smartphone produced by Umidigi, with a modified Android firmware pre-loaded with apps popular among the target audience, and a rebranded version of an open source client for Google Play Store (rather than the independent app store implied in its promotional materials).[25][26]

By 2022, The New York Times and The Guardian described a crowded marketplace of alt-tech platforms.[27][28] The Times noted that alt-tech platforms claiming censorship by Twitter – such as Gettr, Parler, and Rumble – have mostly advertised themselves on Twitter.[27]

In February 2022, Trump launched a Twitter alternative, Truth Social, after establishing a messaging platform outside of Twitter,[27][28] such as a now discontinued Trump blog.[29] During development, Truth Social did not at first acknowledge using Mastodon's open source code, and was given an ultimatum by Mastodon,[30] quietly admitting to the use of Mastodon code later on.[30][31][32] Truth Social's launch was accompanied by substantial technical difficulties.[33][31] The platform's terms of service include an incongruous clause that users may not "disparage, tarnish, or otherwise harm, in our opinion, us and/or the Site."[31][34] According to a report from consumer rights group Public Citizen, alt tech platforms with a supposed focus on free speech include the censorship of some liberal and conservative viewpoints, as well as the routine content moderation on other platforms, creating an "echo chamber". Based on the report, Truth Social was found to shadowban users that disagree with the site's narrative as well as a swathe of other content including some conservative content. "Truth Social" has banned content mentioning liberal views on abortion and the Congressional hearings on the January 6th Capitol attack.[35][36][37]

Research

Deen Freelon and colleagues, publishing in Science in September 2020, wrote that some alt-tech websites are specifically dedicated to serving right-wing communities, naming 4chan (founded in 2003), 8chan (2013), Gab (2016), BitChute (2017) and Parler (2018) as examples. They noted that others were more ideologically neutral, such as Discord and Telegram.[1] Discord and Telegram have been used by QAnon conspiracy theorists to promote terrorism, which contributed to the January 6th attack.[11] Discord later worked to remove right-wing extremists from its userbase, and became a more mainstream platform.[38] Joe Mulhall, a senior researcher for the UK anti-racism organization Hope not Hate, also distinguishes groups of alt-tech platforms: he says that some of them, such as DLive and Telegram, are "co-opted platforms" which have become widely popular among the far-right because of their minimal moderation; others including BitChute, Gab, and Parler are "bespoke platforms" which were created by people who themselves have "far-right leanings".[2] Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci, in contrast, described alt-tech services in explicitly political terms in a 2021 article for the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University:

We use the alt-tech term to refer to platforms that offer a promise of uncensored speech, which exist specifically to give a space for far-right, nationalist, racist, or extremist points of view, and which harbor a broad sense of grievance that speech has been "censored" for failure to be "politically correct." Many, but not all of these alt-tech sites are far-right communities.

— Ethan Zuckerman and Chand Rajendra-Nicolucci[16]

Researchers have also found that alt-tech platforms can also be used by far-right extremists for mobilization and recruitment purposes, which is more dangerous than just spreading their viewpoints.[12]

Austrian researcher Julia Ebner has described alt-tech platforms as "ultra-libertarian".[39]

Platforms

List of alt-tech platforms

Type Company Citations Active
Microblogging Gab [1][3][7][40][41] Yes
Gettr [42][27][41] Yes
Parler [1][5][40][43] Yes
Truth Social [27][41] Yes
Online video platform BitChute [1][40][44] Yes
DLive [23][45] Yes
DTube [44]
Odysee [46][47] Yes
PewTube [3][7] No
Rumble [23][43] Yes
TokenTube [48]
Triller [43] Yes
Crowdfunding GiveSendGo [49][50][51] Yes
Hatreon [7][16] No
SubscribeStar [52][53]
WeSearchr [6] No
GoyFundMe [54][55]
Social networking service MeWe [23][43] Yes
Minds [40][56] Yes
Slug [57]
Telegram [58][23] Yes
Thinkspot [59][60][61][62] Yes
WrongThink [3]
News aggregator Patriots.win [63] Yes
Voat [6][43] No
Wiki encyclopedia Infogalactic [3][6] Yes
Metapedia [64][65][66][67][68][69] Yes
Imageboard 8kun [1][56] Yes
Online dating service WASP Love [3]
Domain name registrar and
web hosting 		Epik [8][70] Yes
Civic engagement platform CloutHub [23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Freelon, Deen; Marwick, Alice; Kreiss, Daniel (September 4, 2020). "False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right" (in en). Science 369 (6508): 1197–1201. doi:10.1126/science.abb2428. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32883863. Bibcode: 2020Sci...369.1197F. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb2428. Retrieved September 5, 2020.  (freely available version)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Andrews, Frank; Pym, Ambrose (February 24, 2021). "The Websites Sustaining Britain's Far-Right Influencers" (in en-GB). https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2021/02/24/the-websites-sustaining-britains-far-right-influencers/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Roose, Kevin (December 11, 2017). "The Alt-Right Created a Parallel Internet. It's an Unholy Mess" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/11/technology/alt-right-internet.html. 
  4. ↑ "'Alt-tech' will diffuse online extremist presence". Expert Briefings. Emerald Expert Briefings. 2020. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB250866. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cogley, Michael (July 6, 2020). "'Alt-tech' attracts growing number of extremists in Britain" (in en-GB). The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/07/06/alt-tech-attracts-growing-number-extremists-britain/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Ellis, Emma Grey (September 27, 2017). "Red Pilled: My Bizarre Week Using the Alt-Right's Vision of the Internet" (in en-us). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/alt-tech-social-media/. Retrieved September 4, 2020. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Malter, Jordan (November 10, 2017). "Alt-Tech platforms: A haven for fringe views online". https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/10/technology/culture/divided-we-code-alt-tech/index.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Squire, Megan (July 23, 2019). "Can Alt-Tech Help the Far Right Build an Alternate Internet?" (in en-US). https://www.fairobserver.com/business/technology/alt-tech-far-right-online-extremism-hate-speech-technology-news-19919/. 
  9. ↑ "Parler: Where the Mainstream Mingles with the Extreme" (in en). November 12, 2020. https://www.adl.org/blog/parler-where-the-mainstream-mingles-with-the-extreme. 
  10. ↑ Katz, Rita (October 29, 2018). "Inside the Online Cesspool of Anti-Semitism That Housed Robert Bowers". Politico Magazine. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/10/29/inside-the-online-cesspool-of-anti-semitism-that-housed-robert-bowers-221949/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ebner; Kavanagh; Whitehouse (December 2022). "The QAnon security threat: a linguistic fusion-based violence risk assessment". Perspectives on Terrorism 16 (6): 62–86. ISSN 2334-3745. https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2022/issue-6/pot-xvi-6-a6-ebner-et-al.pdf. Retrieved August 20, 2023. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Donovan, Joan; Lewis, Becca; Friedberg, Brian (2018). "Parallel Ports: Sociotechnical Change from the Alt-Right to Alt-Tech". in Fielitz, Maik; Thurston, Nick. Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right: Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US. Bielefeld, Germany: Transcript Verlag. pp. 49–66. doi:10.14361/9783839446706-004. ISBN 978-3-8394-4670-6. 
  13. ↑ Fielitz, Maik; Thurston, Nick (2018). Post-digital cultures of the far right : online actions and offline consequences in Europe and the US. Bielefeld [Germany]: Transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-4670-6. OCLC 1082971164. 
  14. ↑ Field, Matthew (March 14, 2018). "Facebook bans pages of Britain First and leaders Paul Golding and Jayda Fransen" (in en-GB). The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/03/14/facebook-bans-pages-britain-first-leaders-paul-golding-jayda/. 
  15. ↑ Hamilton, Isobel Asher (February 26, 2019). "Facebook has banned far-right activist Tommy Robinson for spreading Islamophobia". https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-bans-tommy-robinson-over-islamophobia-2019-2. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Zuckerman, Ethan; Rajendra-Nicolucci, Chand (January 11, 2021). "Deplatforming Our Way to the Alt-Tech Ecosystem" (in en). Columbia University. https://knightcolumbia.org/content/deplatforming-our-way-to-the-alt-tech-ecosystem. 
  17. ↑ Hutchinson, Bill; Levine, Mike; Weinstein, Janet; Seyler, Matt (October 28, 2018). "'Screw the optics, I'm going in': Alleged shooter posts on social media before attack". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/pittsburgh-synagogue-alleged-mass-shooter-told-swat-officers/story?id=58803485. 
  18. ↑ Trautwein, Catherine; Thompson, A.C. (November 16, 2018). "Brothers Whom Authorities Linked to Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Had Flyer Supporting Neo-Nazi Group, Officials Say". ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/brothers-whom-authorities-linked-to-pittsburgh-shooting-suspect-had-flyer-supporting-neo-nazi-group-officials-say. 
  19. ↑ Pagliery, Jose; Toropin, Konstantin (October 30, 2018). "Social network Gab, a home for anti-Semitic speech, produced some of its own". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/30/tech/gab-anti-semitic-speech-invs. 
  20. ↑ Molina, Brett (October 29, 2018). "Gab, the social network used by accused Pittsburgh synagogue shooter, goes offline". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/nation-now/2018/10/29/gab-goes-offline-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/1804582002/. 
  21. ↑ Linton, Caroline (November 3, 2018). "Gab gets new domain host, expects to be back online Sunday". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gab-new-domain-host-epik-robert-bowers-pittsburgh-shooting. 
  22. ↑ Baker, Mike (November 4, 2018). "Seattle-area company helps fringe site Gab return in wake of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/seattle-area-company-helps-fringe-site-gab-return-in-wake-of-pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting/. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Wilson, Jason (January 13, 2021). "Rightwingers flock to 'alt tech' networks as mainstream sites ban Trump" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/13/social-media-trump-ban-alt-tech-far-right. 
  24. ↑ Allyn, Bobby; Treisman, Rachel (February 15, 2021). "After Weeks Of Being Offline, Parler Finds A New Web Host" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2021/02/15/968116346/after-weeks-of-being-off-line-parler-finds-a-new-web-host. 
  25. ↑ Amadeo, Ron (2021-07-20). "The MAGA-targeted "Freedom Phone" has a breathtaking amount of red flags" (in en). https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/07/the-maga-targeted-freedom-phone-has-a-breathtaking-amount-of-red-flags/. 
  26. ↑ Sommer, Will (2021-07-15). "MAGA World's 'Freedom Phone' Actually Budget Chinese Phone" (in en). The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/maga-worlds-freedom-phone-actually-budget-chinese-phone. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Goldstein, Matthew; Mac, Ryan (February 18, 2022). "Trump's Truth Social Is Poised to Join a Crowded Field". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/18/business/trumps-truth-social.html. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Pilkington, Ed (February 20, 2022). "Trump Truth Social app will be fully operational by end of March, Nunes says" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/feb/20/trump-truth-social-app-fully-operational-march-devin-nunes. 
  29. ↑ Breuninger, Kevin (2021-06-02). "Trump blog page shuts down for good" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/02/trump-blog-page-shuts-down-for-good.html. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Coldewey, Devin (29 October 2021). "Mastodon issues 30-day ultimatum to Trump's social network over misuse of its code". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/29/mastodon-issues-30-day-ultimatum-to-trumps-social-network-over-misuse-of-its-code/. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Harwell, Drew (22 February 2022). "Trump's Truth Social's disastrous launch raises doubts about its long-term viability" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/02/22/trump-truth-social-disaster/. 
  32. ↑ Kan, Michael (December 1, 2021). "Trump's Social Media Site Quietly Admits It's Based on Mastodon". https://uk.pcmag.com/social-media/137421/trumps-social-media-site-quietly-admits-its-based-on-mastodon. 
  33. ↑ Danner, Chas (2022-02-21). "Trump's Social-Network App Launches Without a Social Network" (in en-us). https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/02/trumps-truth-social-app-launches-without-a-social-network.html. 
  34. ↑ Bort, Ryan (2021-10-21). "Trump's New Free Speech App Prohibits Users From Making Fun of It" (in en-US). Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-truth-social-free-speech-app-terms-1245408/. Retrieved 2022-02-23. 
  35. ↑ Leonard, Kimberly (2 August 2022). "Trump's purported free speech social media platform Truth Social is hiding user posts, threatening to create a 'curated echo chamber,' research group finds" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/truth-social-is-shadow-banning-posts-despite-promise-of-free-speech-2022-8. 
  36. ↑ Hunt-Majer, Cheyenne (August 2, 2022). "Truth Can't Handle the Truth" (in en). https://www.citizen.org/article/truth-cant-handle-the-truth/. 
  37. ↑ Spangler, Todd (2022-06-10). "Trump's Truth Social Is Banning Users Who Post About Jan. 6 Hearings, According to Reports" (in en-US). https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/trumps-truth-social-is-banning-users-who-post-about-jan-6-hearings-according-to-reports-1235290726/. 
  38. ↑ Brown, Abram (30 June 2020). "Discord Was Once The Alt-Right's Favorite Chat App. Now It's Gone Mainstream And Scored A New $3.5 Billion Valuation" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2020/06/30/discord-was-once-the-alt-rights-favorite-chat-app-now-its-gone-mainstream-and-scored-a-new-35-billion-valuation/. 
  39. ↑ Ebner, Julia (2019-09-05). "Replatforming Unreality" (in en). Journal of Design and Science (6). doi:10.21428/7808da6b.e585ddcb. https://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/k109mlhg/release/1. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Smith, Adam (June 24, 2020). "What is the right-wing Parler app that MPs and celebrities are joining?" (in en). The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/parler-app-mps-right-wing-twitter-katie-hopkins-a9579241.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Wilson, Jason (November 4, 2022). "Conspiracy Theories About Pelosi Attack Spread Unchecked on 'Alt-tech' Sites, Conservative Media" (in en). https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2022/11/04/conspiracy-theories-about-pelosi-attack-spread-unchecked-alt-tech-sites-conservative-media. 
  42. ↑ Klepper, David; Ortutay, Barbara (2022-02-05). "A year after Trump purge, 'alt-tech' offers far-right refuge" (in en). https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-steve-bannon-technology-business-health-349c44b477cfee34bf3635160bfa74ea. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 Cohen, Jason (January 15, 2021). "How Mainstream Social Media Data Collection Compares With Alt-Tech Rivals" (in en). https://www.pcmag.com/news/how-mainstream-social-media-data-collection-compares-with-alt-tech-rivals. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Bellemare, Andrea; Nicholson, Katie; Ho, Jason (May 21, 2020). "How a debunked COVID-19 video kept spreading after Facebook and YouTube took it down" (in en-US). CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/alt-tech-platforms-resurface-plandemic-1.5577013. 
  45. ↑ Wilson, Jason; Squire, Megan (December 19, 2021). "Revealed: Startup Creates Streaming Platform for Extremists on Big-Tech Infrastructure" (in en). https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/12/19/revealed-startup-creates-streaming-platform-extremists-big-tech-infrastructure. 
  46. ↑ Ha, Anthony (December 7, 2020). "Odysee aims to build a more freewheeling, independent video platform". https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/07/odysee-launch/. 
  47. ↑ Gayte, Aurore (March 19, 2021). "Rumble, MeWe, Minds : bienvenue dans l'alt-tech, les réseaux sociaux de l'extrême droite et la complosphère". https://www.numerama.com/politique/697839-rumble-mewe-minds-bienvenue-dans-lalt-tech-les-reseaux-sociaux-de-lextreme-droite-et-la-complosphere.html. 
  48. ↑ Vehkoo, Johanna (November 2, 2021). "Valheenpaljastaja: Internetiin on kaikessa hiljaisuudessa syntynyt Youtuben kaltainen kotimainen kanava, jossa levitetään salaliittoteorioita – tällainen on Tokentube" (in fi). https://yle.fi/aihe/a/20-10001506. 
  49. ↑ Bergengruen, Vera; Wilson, Chris (March 3, 2022). "Crowdfunding Site For Right-Wing Causes Generates Windfall" (in en). Time. https://time.com/6150317/givesendgo-trucker-convoy-canada-profits/. Retrieved 2022-11-27. 
  50. ↑ Dalton, Ben (May 17, 2022). "The Evolution of the Tech and Fundraising Platforms for Extremists Kicked Off the Regular Internet" (in en). https://slate.com/technology/2022/05/alt-tech-internet-extremists-financial-ecosystem.html. 
  51. ↑ Yang, Yunkang (October 14, 2022). "Alex Jones' lawsuit losses are not enough". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/alex-jones-getting-sued-lawsuits-are-not-enough-rcna52179. 
  52. ↑ Coulter, Martin (15 December 2018). "PayPal shuts Russian crowdfunder's account after alt-right influx". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/7c4285b2-fe2f-11e8-ac00-57a2a826423e. 
  53. ↑ Sommer, Will (December 18, 2018). "Stars of 'Intellectual Dark Web' Scramble to Save Their Cash Cows". The Daily Beast. https://www.thedailybeast.com/stars-of-intellectual-dark-web-scramble-to-save-their-cash-cows. 
  54. ↑ Sommer, Allison Kaplan (December 1, 2017). "What Is GoyFundMe? The Alt-right's New Fundraising Tool, Explained". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-1.826113. 
  55. ↑ Sales, Ben (1 December 2017). "With 'GoyFundMe,' white supremacists raise money for NY Times neo-Nazi". Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/with-goyfundme-white-supremacists-raise-money-for-ny-times-nazi/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Ebner, Julia (February 10, 2020). "Swiping right into the alt-right online dating world". https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/swiping-right-into-the-alt-right-online-dating-world-20191223-p53mgs.html. 
  57. ↑ Baele, Stephane J.; Brace, Lewys; Coan, Travis G. (2021). "Variations on a Theme? Comparing 4chan, 8kun, and Other chans' Far-Right "/pol" Boards". Perspectives on Terrorism 15 (1): 65–80. ISSN 2334-3745. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984798. 
  58. ↑ Rogers, Richard (June 2020). "Deplatforming: Following extreme Internet celebrities to Telegram and alternative social media" (in en). European Journal of Communication 35 (3): 213–229. doi:10.1177/0267323120922066. ISSN 0267-3231. 
  59. ↑ Martinez, Ignacio (13 June 2019). "Jordan Peterson is releasing a 'free speech' alternative to Patreon called Thinkspot". https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/jordan-peterson-thinkspot/. Retrieved 17 April 2020. 
  60. ↑ Kassel, Matthew (24 July 2019). "Jordan Peterson's Starting A 'Free Speech Hub' – And Extremists Are Intrigued". The Forward. https://forward.com/news/national/428250/white-supremacist-jordan-peterson-parler-laura-loomer/. Retrieved 17 April 2020. 
  61. ↑ Semley, John (4 December 2019). "What is Jordan Peterson's new anti-censorship website like?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/dec/04/jordan-peterson-anti-censorship-website-thinkspot. Retrieved 19 April 2020. 
  62. ↑ Goggin, Benjamin (17 December 2018). "Top Patreon creators, of the 'Intellectual Dark Web,' say they're launching an alternate crowdfunding platform not 'susceptible to arbitrary censorship'". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/jordan-peterson-says-hell-launch-patreon-alternative-before-christmas-2018-12. Retrieved 2 June 2020. 
  63. ↑ Cuthbertson, Anthony (2021-01-13). "Where do Trump and his fans go after being banned from most of the internet?" (in en). The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/trump-twitter-ban-parler-gab-b1785515.html. 
  64. ↑ Adam G. Klein (2010). A Space for Hate: The White Power Movement's Adaptation Into Cyberspace. Litwin Books. pp. 93, 104–105. ISBN 978-1-936117-07-9. 
  65. ↑ "Infogalactic, Metapedia, Conservapedia: l'extrême droite aussi a ses "Wikipédia"" (in fr). 27 June 2017. https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/high-tech/infogalactic-metapedia-conservapedia-l-extreme-droite-aussi-a-ses-wikipedia_1922139.html. 
  66. ↑ Haines, Lester (2007-07-23). "Conservapedia too pinko? Try Metapedia – Aryans battle 'Cultural Marxism'". Theregister.co.uk. Situation Publishing. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/07/23/metapedia/print.html. 
  67. ↑ Schweyer, Cléo (2009-07-15). "L'extrême droite s'offre une seconde jeunesse sur le web" (in fr). cafebabel.fr. Babel International. http://www.cafebabel.fr/article/30692/extreme-droit-fn-politique-europe-parti.html. 
  68. ↑ "'Metapedia' als nationales Pendant zu 'Wikipedia'". Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution; North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Ministry of Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia): 59f. 2008. http://www.mik.nrw.de/uploads/media/Verfassungsschutzbericht_2008.pdf. 
  69. ↑ Sobel Fitts, Alexis (2017-06-21). "Welcome to the Wikipedia of the Alt-Right" (in en-us). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/welcome-to-the-wikipedia-of-the-alt-right/. Retrieved 2021-04-08. 
  70. ↑ Makuch, Ben (May 8, 2019). "The Far Right Has Found a Web Host Savior" (in en-US). https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-far-right-has-found-a-web-host-savior/. 



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