Social:Arman language
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| Arman | |
|---|---|
| Armanskij | |
| ääwnä[1] | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Arman river |
| Ethnicity | Evens |
| Extinct | 1970s[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | arma1243[3] |
| Linguasphere | 44-CAA-aad |
 Arman is classified as Extinct by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Arman (also known as Armanskij[4]) is an extinct language or dialect of Even that was around the Arman river in Magadan Oblast, Russia.[1] Arman is known as a transitory variety of Evenki and Even.[5] Arman went extinct in the 1970s.[2]
Classification
Arman has been classified as a Ewenic language in the Tungusic language family.[6]
The classification of Arman as a language or dialect of Even is more controversial.[1] Initially, L. D. Rišes and V. I. Cincius[7][8] stated Arman as a dialect of Evenki. E. A. Kreĭnovich agreed with them, stating that Arman is a linguistic autonomous system of Even. Japanese scholars such as Jiro Ikegami have so far ignored the topic.[9]
Gerhard Doerfer was the first person to argue for Arman being a separate language from Even, which Klavdiya Novikova[8] and José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente has also echoed among other scholars.[5] Glottolog has also classified Arman as a separate language from Even under their Ewenic languages.[10] Natalia Aralova stated that the question if Arman was a language or dialect cannot be answered.[8]
Features
Arman has archaic features also found in Evenki such as the word-initial consonants of s-, l-, n- and j-.[11]
Glossary
The separation between Arman and Even can be shown with the Arman word boro-n’či(horsehair), which in Even is mura-nra.[7] Malchukov also presents different words such as ewne (Ewen) and ŋees (nose).[11]
The following is a list of Arman compared to Even dialects and other Tungusic languages from José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente.[12]
| English | Arman | Literary Ewen | East Ewenki | West Ewenki | Literary Ewenki | Proto-Tungusic | Northern Tungusic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sun | ɥoolteŋ | yultän ~ ñultän ~ dilacaa | ñööltin ~ ñuëltin | ñööltən | dilacaa ~ siguun | ||
| small; little, less | abla | *abul.ĭ | *abŏl | ||||
| net | adla | adӛl | adal | adol | *adŏl/*adul.ĭ | ||
| little; less | abaltï/ablajï | abӛlӛc | abalac/*abŏl | abolot | |||
| tumor | aval | **avla | |||||
| evening | sisäätnä | hiisäcin | |||||
| sea | nam | lam | |||||
| Arman | ääwnä | äwən | |||||
| swan | üüsï | xüüsï | |||||
| shaman | samaan | hamaan | |||||
| fish | ol’cï | olrӛ | |||||
| all | kupsä | kubəc | |||||
| to kill | waa- | maa- | *waa- |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 413.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Atlas of the world's languages in danger". 2010. p. 52. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026. "Languages that have become extinct ... Arman (an archaic variety of Even, in the 1970s"
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Arman". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/arma1243.
- ↑ "UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA". 2000. http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 414.
- ↑ Hölzl, Andreas (2018). The Tungusic languages family through the ages:Interdisciplinary perspectives. Tallinn: University of Zurich. p. 6. https://www.academia.edu/37310323/The_Tungusic_language_family_through_the_ages_Interdisciplinary_perspectives_Introduction. Retrieved 2 September 2026.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cincius, V. I. (December 1965). "Manchu-Tunguz Data on the Word "Horse"". Central Asiatic Journal 10 (3/4): 152-153. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926729?seq=3. Retrieved 9 September 2026.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Natalia Aralova (2015). Vowel harmony in two Even dialects: Production and perception. University of Amsterdam. pp. 5-6. https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2518116/163625_NataliaAralovaPhD23.07.2015_complete.pdf. Retrieved 11 September 2026.
- ↑ Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 413-414.
- ↑ Template:Glotto
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Malchukov, Andrej (31 August 2023). Vovin, Alexander; Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés; Janhunen, Juha. eds. "Ewen". The Tungusic Languages (Routledge): 261, 288. doi:10.4324/9781315728391-9. ISBN 9781317542797.
- ↑ Alonso de la Fuente 2014, p. 414-415.
Bibliography
- Alonso de la Fuente, José Andrés (2014). "Review of Armanisches Wörterbuch, by Gerhard Doerfer & Michael Knüppel". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (Academia.edu) 104: 412–417. https://www.academia.edu/11997851/DOERFER_Gerhard_and_Michael_KN%C3%9CPPEL_2013_Armanisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch. Retrieved 2026-09-02.
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