Social:Business school

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Short description: University-level institution teaching business administration
Harvard Business School in Boston, founded in 1908
ESCP Business School in Paris, founded in 1819
Budapest Business School in Budapest, the first public business school, founded in 1857
Wharton School in Philadelphia, founded in 1881[1]
University of St. Gallen in St. Gallen, Switzerland, founded in 1898
First building of Hanken in Helsinki
Hanken School of Economics in Helsinki, founded in 1909

A business school is a higher education institution or professional school that teaches courses leading to degrees in business administration or management.[2] A business school may also be referred to as school of management, management school, school of business administration, or colloquially b-school or biz school. A business school offers comprehensive education in various disciplines related to the world of business.

Types

There are several forms of business schools, including a school of business, business administration, and management.

  1. Most of the university business schools consist of faculties, colleges, or departments within the university, and predominantly teach business courses.
  2. In North America, a business school is often understood to be a university program that offers a graduate Master of Business Administration degrees and/or undergraduate bachelor's degrees.
  3. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach predominantly business courses.
  4. Privately owned business school which is not affiliated with any university.
  5. Highly specialized business schools focussing on a specific sector or domain.
  6. In France, many business schools are public-private partnerships (École consulaire or EESC) largely financed by the public Chambers of Commerce. These schools offer accredited undergraduate and graduate degrees in business from the elite Conférence des Grandes Écoles and have only loose ties, or no ties at all, to any university.

Andreas Kaplan classifies business schools along four Corners:[2]

  1. Culture (Europe - US): Independent of their actual (physical) location, business schools can be classified according to whether they follow the European or the US model.
  2. Compass (international/global – regional/local): Business schools can be classified along a continuum, with international/ global schools on one end and regional/ local schools on the other.
  3. Capital (public – private): Business schools can either be publicly (state) funded or privately funded, for example through endowments or tuition fees.
  4. Content (teaching – research): Business school can be classified according to whether a school considers teaching or research to be its primary focus.

Notable firsts

The first business schools appeared in Europe in the eighteenth century and multiplied from the beginning of the nineteenth century.

  • 1759 – The Aula do Comércio in Lisbon was the first institution to specialise in the teaching of accounting in the world.[3] It provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844.[3] Therefore, the Aula do Comércio paved the way for business schools to start.[4]
  • 1819 – The oldest business school still in existence today, ESCP Business School, established as Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, is in Paris, France . Initially, ESCP was a private school that became a family firm from 1830 to 1869.[5][6]
  • 1852 – The Belgian Higher Institute of Commerce founded in Antwerp as the first state-funded business school and the first business school in Belgium.[7]
  • 1857 – Budapest Business School was founded in Budapest in Austria-Hungary as the first business school in Central Europe.[8]
  • 1868 – The Ca' Foscari University was founded in Venice as the first business school in Italy.[7]
  • 1881 – The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania is founded as the United States' first business school.[9][10]
  • 1898 – The Haas School of Business is established as the College of Commerce of the University of California, becoming the first public business school in the US.[11][12]
  • 1898 – Handelshochschule Leipzig, today Leipzig Graduate School of Management, founded as the first business school in Germany , and the oldest in German speaking regions.[13][7]
  • 1898 – The University of St. Gallen established as the first university in Switzerland teaching business and economics.[14]
  • 1900 – The first graduate school of business in the United States, the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, was founded.[15] The school conferred the first advanced degree in business, specifically, a Master of Science in Commercial Sciences, a predecessor of the MBA.[10]
  • 1902 – The University of Birmingham opens its School of Commerce, the first school dedicated to business in the UK, and establishes the first Bachelor of Commerce degrees.[16]
  • 1906 – The Warsaw School of Economics (SGH) was established as the first university in Poland dedicated to teaching commerce and economics.[17]
  • 1907 – HEC Montréal is founded in Montreal , being the first School of Management of its kind[clarification needed] in Canada.[citation needed]
  • 1908 – Harvard Business School founded at Harvard University and becomes the first program in the world to offer the Master of Business Administration degree.[18]
  • 1909 – Stockholm School of Economics was founded on the initiative of the Swedish business sector and is the oldest business school in Sweden.[7]
  • 1919 – Babson College was the first business school founded to focus solely on entrepreneurship. Every graduate receives a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.[citation needed]
  • 1921 – Shanghai University of Commerce established as the first business school in China.[18]
  • 1926 – First postgraduate business courses in the UK offered at the Manchester College of Technology.[19]
  • 1936 – The Norwegian School of Economics (also known as NHH) founded as the first business school in Norway.[20]
  • 1943 – first executive MBA programme launched at the Booth School of Business, University of Chicago.[10]
  • 1946 – The Thunderbird School of Global Management, then called the American Institute for Foreign Trade, founded as the first graduate management school focused exclusively on global business.[21][22][10]
  • 1948 – The first MBA programme outside of the US is established in Canada at the Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario.[10]
  • 1949 – The University of Pretoria in South Africa founded the oldest business school in Africa (now the Gordon Institute of Business Science),[23][24] and launches the first MBA course outside of North America.[10]
  • 1949 – XLRI – India's oldest business management school is founded.[25]
  • 1953 – IISWBM is the first institute in India to offer an MBA degree.[26]
  • 1955 – The Institute of Business Administers at the University of Karachi launches the first MBA in Asia.[10]
  • 1957 – INSEAD in France starts the first MBA in Europe and pioneers the one-year MBA.[18]
  • 1963 – ESAN University Graduate School of Business in Lima, Peru was the first Graduate Business School founded in Latin America. It was established under an agreement between the Government of the United States of America , Stanford Graduate School of Business and the Government of Peru.
  • 1963 – First MBA in Australia established by Melbourne Business School.[10]
  • 1965 – Following the 1963 Franks Report, the first business schools are established in UK universities,[27] including Manchester[28] and Durham.[29][30]
  • 1966 – London Business School and the University of Strathclyde open the first MBA programs in the UK. Strathclyde is the first British university to offer the 1-year MBAs that will become standard in the UK.[19][31]
  • 1991 – The IEDC-Bled School of Management was the first business school to offer an MBA program in Eastern Europe.[32]
  • 2015 – Asia School of Business established in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is the first to offer the Master in Central Banking (MCB) degree. It is a collaboration between MIT Sloan School of Management and Bank Negara Malaysia.[citation needed]

Degrees

United States

In the United States, common degrees in business are:

Graduates in business may also have generically titled degrees such as Bachelor of Science (BS), Master of Science (MS) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).

Europe

In Europe, higher education degrees are organized into three cycles under the Bologna Process in order to facilitate international mobility: bachelor's, master's and doctorates. The details of how degrees are organized vary between countries and institutions, but in terms of ECTS credits, where 60 credits represents a full academic year's work, a bachelor's degree typically requires 180–240 credits and a master's degree 90–120 credits.[37]

France

In France, those levels of study include various "parcours" or paths based on UE (unités d'enseignement or modules), each worth a defined number of ECTS credits. Grande école business schools are elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process, and the PGE (grande école program) ends with the degree of Master in Management (MiM).[38][39][40]

Case studies

Some business schools structure their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in Graduate and Undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors influencing the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

  1. Preparing case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for Undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
  2. Problem-solving analysis is the second method initiated by the Harvard Business School which is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
  3. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six – and up to a dozen cases – during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyze cases studies and real situations.[41] This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently, most professors are capable of supervising the application of this method.

History of business cases

When Harvard Business School started operating in 1908, the faculty realized that there were no textbooks suitable for a graduate program in business.[42] Their first solution to this problem involved interviewing leading practitioners of business and writing detailed accounts of what these managers were doing, based partly on the case method already in use at Harvard Law School. Of course, the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated, because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So the professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. The basic outlines of this method still operate in business-school curricula (As of 2016 ).

Other approaches

In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The leading institution in this method is the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

Another important approach used in business school is the use of business games that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc. Some colleges are blending many of these approaches throughout their degree programs, and even blending the method of delivery for each of these approaches. A study from by Inside Higher Ed and the Babson Survey Research Group[43] shows that there is still disagreement as to the effectiveness of the approaches but the reach and accessibility is proving to be more and more appealing. Liberal arts colleges in the United States like New England College,[44] Wesleyan University,[45] and Bryn Mawr College are now offering complete online degrees in many business curricula despite the controversy that surrounds the learning method.

There are also several business schools which still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required. Lecture as a method of teaching in business schools has been criticized by experts for reducing the incentive and individualism in the learning experience.[46]

Executive education

In addition to teaching students, many business schools run Executive Education programs. These may be either open programs or company-specific programs. Executives may also acquire an MBA title in an Executive MBA program within university of business or from top ranked business schools. Many business schools seek close co-operation with business.[47]

Accreditation

There are three main accreditation agencies for business schools in the United States: ACBSP, AACSB, and the IACBE. In Europe, the EQUIS business school accreditation system is run by the EFMD, which sometimes applies the more narrow EPAS label to specific courses. The AMBA accredits MBA programmes and other post-graduate business programmes in 75 countries; its sister organisation the Business Graduates Association (BGA), accredits business schools, based on the impact they make on students, employers and the wider community and society, in terms of ethics and responsible management practices. Triple accreditation is used to indicate that a school has been accredited by these three bodies: AACSB, AMBA, and EQUIS.[48] About 1% of business schools are triple-accredited.[49]

Global business school and MBA rankings

Each year, organizations and publications such as Bloomberg Businessweek (US),Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag In the German education system, most universities do not charge tuition, except for some executive MBA programs. French tuition fees are capped based on the level of education pursued, from €183 (US $216) per year for undergraduate and up to €388 (US$458) for doctorates. Tuition fees in the United Kingdom were introduced in 1998 and are £9,250 annually for undergraduate courses for home students in England, with higher fees for students who are not domiciled in the UK.[50] Postgraduate courses in the UK often have higher fees, and many universities charge a premium rate for MBAs. All private and autonomous institutions in Europe charge tuition.

In the United States, most public college and universities charge tuition. According to the CollegeBoard, the average cost for an out-of-state, or international student, to attend a public four year university in 2020 was $38,330 (€Template:From USD), while the average in-state cost was $21,950 (€Template:From USD).[51] Two year public universities, such as a community colleges, charge $3,730 (€Template:From USD) on average for in-state students, but these institutions usually do not offer Bachelors or MBA degrees.[52] Private institutions in the United States all charge tuition, often considerably more than their public counterparts.

Lists

  • List of Ivy League business schools
  • List of Big Ten business schools
  • List of business schools in Africa
  • List of business schools in Australia
  • List of business schools in Asia
  • List of business schools in Canada
  • List of business schools in Chile
  • List of business schools in Europe
  • List of business schools in India
  • List of business schools in South Africa
  • List of business schools in Switzerland
  • List of business schools in Taiwan
  • List of business schools in New Zealand
  • List of business schools in the United States
  • List of United States graduate business school rankings

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Best Business Schools". U.S. News & World Report. March 13, 2017. https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kaplan, Andreas (2018). "Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school". Business Horizons 61: 599–608. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rodrigues, Lúcia Lima. "Aula do Comércio (1759-1844): Primeiro Estabelecimento Governamental de Ensino de Contabilidade" (in pt). Ordem dos Técnicos Oficiais de Contas. http://www.otoc.pt/fotos/editor2/Aula_do_Comercio%20-%20L%C3%BAcia%20Lima%20Rodrigues.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "Business Schools and business programs - Graduate International". http://www.internationalgraduate.net/articles/business-schools-business-programs.htm. 
  5. ↑ "Who invented the Business School?" (in en). 2010-06-01. https://www.businessbecause.com/news/mba-degree/352/who-invented-the-business-school. 
  6. ↑ "Jean-Baptiste Say Institute | ESCP" (in en). https://www.escp.eu/jean-baptiste-say-institute. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Kaplan, Andreas M (2014). "European Management and European Business Schools: Insights from the History of Business Schools". European Management Journal 32 (4): 529–534. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2014.03.006. 
  8. ↑ "BBS History". http://en.bgf.hu/About-Us/history. 
  9. ↑ "Wharton History". The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/wharton-history.cfm. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Tim Dhoul (11 February 2016). "An International MBA History I: From US Origins to Journeys Overseas". QS Quacquarelli Symonds. https://www.topmba.com/why-mba/international-mba-history-i-us-origins-journeys-overseas. 
  11. ↑ "Haas School of Business". Haas School of Business. http://haas.berkeley.edu/haas/about.html. 
  12. ↑ "History of Haas". Haas School of Business. http://www.haas.berkeley.edu/haas/about/centennial.html. 
  13. ↑ "HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management". http://www.hhl.de/en/home/. 
  14. ↑ "Definition: Betriebswirtschaftlehre (BWL)" (in de). Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Definition/betriebswirtschaftslehre-bwl.html?tab=erklaerung. 
  15. ↑ Tuck School of Business | History . Tuck.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-26.
  16. ↑ "Birmingham Business School". The Independent (London). 2010-12-12. https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/business-schools/birmingham-business-school-1206244.html. 
  17. ↑ "History of the School". SGH. http://www.sgh.waw.pl/en/ogolne-en/history/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "History of the MBA MBA Friday Facts". 22 August 2013. http://www.topmba.com/why-mba/history-mba-mba-friday-facts. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lock, Andrew R. (March 1996). "The Future of the MBA in the UK". Higher Education 31 (2): 165–185. doi:10.1007/BF02390443. 
  20. ↑ "The growth and development of NHH". www.nhh.no. http://www.nhh.no/en/about-nhh/nhh-history/development-of-nhh.aspx. 
  21. ↑ Gonzales, Angela (2007-02-05). "Thunderbird school changes name as it seizes new opportunities – Phoenix Business Journal". Phoenix.bizjournals.com. http://phoenix.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2007/02/05/daily6.html. 
  22. ↑ "Thunderbird history showcased through Arizona Memory Project – Thunderbird School of Global Management". Thunderbird.edu. http://www.thunderbird.edu/about_thunderbird/news/media_relations/news_releases/2008/_06_17_thunderbird_history.htm. 
  23. ↑ "Wits Business School". MBA.co.za. http://www.mba.co.za/school.aspx?rootid=7&schoolid=25&pageid=additional. 
  24. ↑ "Gordon Institute of Business Science". https://www.gibs.co.za/. 
  25. ↑ XLRI- Xavier School of Management
  26. ↑ Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management
  27. ↑ Chris Ivory; Peter Miskell; Helen Shipton; Andrew White; Kathrin Moeslein; Andy Neely (2006). UK Business Schools: Historical Contexts and Future Scenarios (Report). Advanced Institute of Management Research. p. 6. https://www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/bl/global/business-and-management/pdfs/non-secure/u/k/b/uk-business-schools-historical-contexts-and-future-scenarios.pdf. Retrieved 2023-09-23. 
  28. ↑ "Manchester Business School Archive". Jisc. https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/6cdd767a-d7a2-35ed-8c00-912140a883ef. 
  29. ↑ "Education". New University 3–4: 14. 1969. https://books.google.com/books?id=qApDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22easter+1965%22. Retrieved 25 September 2023. 
  30. ↑ "Durham". The Manager 33: 61,69,87. 1965. https://books.google.com/books?id=r4seAQAAMAAJ&q=%22business+school%22+durham. Retrieved 25 September 2023. 
  31. ↑ "About the MBA & General Management Unit". https://www.strath.ac.uk/business/mbaandgeneralmanagement/aboutmbageneralmanagement/. 
  32. ↑ "IEDC – Bled School of Management". The Independent (London). 2010-12-21. https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/business-schools/iedc-ndash-bled-school-of-management-1206315.html. 
  33. ↑ "Associate degrees". United States Department of Education. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/associate.doc. 
  34. ↑ "Bachelor's degrees". United States Department of Education. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/bachelor.doc. 
  35. ↑ "Master's degrees". United States Department of Education. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/master.doc. 
  36. ↑ "Research doctorate degrees". United States Department of Education. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/doctorate.doc. 
  37. ↑ "European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS)". https://education.ec.europa.eu/education-levels/higher-education/inclusive-and-connected-higher-education/european-credit-transfer-and-accumulation-system. 
  38. ↑ "France's educational elite". Daily Telegraph. 17 November 2003. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4190728/Frances-educational-elite.html. 
  39. ↑ Pierre Bourdieu (1998). The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power. Stanford UP. pp. 133–35. ISBN 9780804733465. https://books.google.com/books?id=do9o-jIrzXgC&pg=PA133. 
  40. ↑ "Top Grandes Écoles in France: Ranking, costs, job placements and more". April 19, 2019. https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/2019/04/19/grand-ecoles-france/. 
  41. ↑ "Chapter 1.2. A Model for Strategic Planning, Analyzing Cases and Decision Making". Mbatoolbox.org. 2006-02-22. http://www.mbatoolbox.org/stories/storyReader$19. 
  42. ↑ Yumlembam, Dayananda (25 July 2011). "MICA innovation to help Harvard business school sharpen teaching tools". TNN. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/MICA-innovation-to-help-Harvard-business-school-sharpen-teaching-tools/articleshow/9351342.cms. "When Harvard Business School was started, its faculty members realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. That was when they decided to use case studies which are detailed accounts of innovative methods and practices that managers follow." 
  43. ↑ Kolowich, Steve (29 June 2012). "Online Learning and Liberal Arts Colleges". https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/06/29/liberal-arts-college-explore-uses-blended-online-learning. 
  44. ↑ "Bisk Education". bisk.com. http://www.bisk.com/pr/new-england-college-launches-online-degrees. 
  45. ↑ "Liberal arts college explore uses of 'blended' online learning - InsideHigherEd.com". insidehighered.com. http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/06/29/liberal-arts-college-explore-uses-blended-online-learning. 
  46. ↑ J. Scott Armstrong (2012). "Natural Learning in Higher Education". Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. https://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/files/?whdmsaction=public:main.file&fileID=8113. 
  47. ↑ Jean-Pierre Jeannet; Hein Schreuder (15 April 2015). From Coal to Biotech The Transformation of DSM with Business School Support. Springer. ISBN 9783662462997. https://books.google.com/books?id=0gdJCAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 25 September 2023. 
  48. ↑ "Business Schools Post-COVID-19: A Blueprint for Survival". Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Business-Schools-post-Covid-19-A-Blueprint-for-Survival/Kaplan/p/book/9781032381046. 
  49. ↑ "Triple accredited business schools (AACSB, AMBA, EQUIS)". MBA Today. http://www.mba.today/guide/triple-accreditation-business-schools. 
  50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EDJNet
  51. ↑ "Trends in College Pricing and Student Aid 2021". CollegeBoard. https://research.collegeboard.org/pdf/trends-college-pricing-student-aid-2021.pdf. 
  52. ↑ "Trends in College Pricing 2019". November 2019. https://research.collegeboard.org/pdf/trends-college-pricing-2019-full-report.pdf. 



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