Systems science
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| Topics |
Systems science, also referred to as systems research,[1] or, simply, systems,[2] is a transdisciplinary[3] field concerned with understanding systems—from simple to complex—in nature, society, cognition, engineering, technology and science itself. The field is diverse, spanning the formal, natural, social, and applied sciences.
To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems.[4] The field aims to develop transdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine, communication, business management, technology, computer science, engineering, and social sciences.[5]
Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.
Associated fields
The systems sciences are a broad array of fields. One way of conceiving of these is in three groups: fields that have developed systems ideas primarily through theory; those that have done so primarily through practical engagements with problem situations; and those that have applied systems ideas in the context of other disciplines.[6]
Theoretical fields
Chaos and dynamical systems
Complexity
Control theory
- Affect control theory
- Control engineering
- Control systems
Cybernetics
- Autopoiesis
- Conversation theory
- Engineering cybernetics
- Perceptual control theory
- Management cybernetics
- Second-order cybernetics
Information theory
General systems theory
- Systems theory in anthropology
- Biochemical systems theory
- Ecological systems theory
- Developmental systems theory
- General systems theory
- Living systems theory
- LTI system theory
- Social systems
- Sociotechnical systems theory
- Mathematical system theory
- World-systems theory
Hierarchy Theory
Practical fields
Critical systems thinking
Operations research and management science
Soft systems methodology
The soft systems methodology was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year action research programme. The main contributor is Peter Checkland (born 18 December 1930, in Birmingham, UK), a British management scientist and emeritus professor of systems at Lancaster University.
Systems analysis
Systems analysis branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, or interaction with its environment,[7] often prior to their automation as computer models. Systems analysis is closely associated with the RAND corporation.
Systemic design
Systemic design integrates methodologies from systems thinking with advanced design practices to address complex, multi-stakeholder situations.
Systems dynamics
- System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems",[8] which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows.
Systems engineering
- Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of engineering, that focuses on the development and organization of complex systems. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems",[9] for example: signal processing systems, control systems and communication system, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering.
- Aerospace systems
- Biological systems engineering
- Earth systems engineering and management
- Electronic systems
- Enterprise systems engineering
- Software systems
- Systems analysis
Applications in other disciplines
Earth system science
- Climate systems
- Systems geology
Systems biology
- Computational systems biology
- Synthetic biology
- Systems immunology
- Systems neuroscience
Systems chemistry
Systems ecology
Systems psychology
- Ergonomics
- Family systems theory
- Systemic therapy
See also
- Antireductionism
- Evolutionary prototyping
- Holism
- Cybernetics
- System engineering
- System Dynamics
- Systemics
- System equivalence
- Systems theory
- Tektology
- World-systems theory
- Complex Systems
References
- ↑ "IFSR". https://ifsr.org.
- ↑ Ison, Ray. Systems Practice: How to Act: In situations of uncertainty and complexity in a climate-change world, 2nd ed, 2017. Springer, p. 33
- ↑ Hammond, Ross A.; Dubé, Laurette (2012). "A systems science perspective and transdisciplinary models for food and nutrition security". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (31): 12356–12363. doi:10.1073/pnas.0913003109. PMID 22826247. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..10912356H.
- ↑ G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, Principles of Systems Science, 2015, New York:Springer.
- ↑ Philip M'Pherson (1974, p. 229); as cited by: Hieronymi, Andreas (2013). "Understanding Systems Science: A Visual and Integrative Approach". Systems Research and Behavioral Science 30 (5): 580–595. doi:10.1002/sres.2215. http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/231986/1/Hieronymi%202013%20Understanding%20Systems%20Science%20srbs2215.pdf.. He defined systems science as "the ordered arrangement of knowledge acquired from the study of systems in the observable world, together with the application of this knowledge to the design of man-made systems".
- ↑ Peter Checkland. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester: Wiley.
- ↑ Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: Advances in computers, Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362
- ↑ Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation. Oxford University Press. p. 55
- ↑ Derek K. Hitchins (2008) Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology. p. 100
Further reading
- B. A. Bayraktar, Education in Systems Science, 1979, 369 pp.
- Kenneth D. Bailey, "Fifty Years of Systems Science:Further Reflections", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 22, 2005, pp. 355–361. doi:10.1002/sres.711
- Robert L. Flood, Ewart R Carson, Dealing with Complexity: An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science (2nd Edition), 1993.
- George J. Klir, Facets of Systems Science (2nd Edition), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
- Ervin László, Systems Science and World Order: Selected Studies, 1983.
- G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, Principles of Systems Science, 2015, New York:Springer.
- Anatol Rapoport (ed.), General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory, Society for General Systems Research, Vol 1., 1956.
- Li D. Xu, "The contributions of Systems Science to Information Systems Research", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17, 2000, pp. 105–116.
- Graeme Donald Snooks, "A general theory of complex living systems: Exploring the demand side of dynamics", Complexity, vol. 13, no. 6, July/August 2008.
- John N. Warfield, "A proposal for Systems Science", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 20, 2003, pp. 507–520. doi:10.1002/sres.528
- Michael C. Jackson, Critical Systems Thinking and the Management of Complexity, 2019 , Wiley.
External links
- Principia Cybernetica Web
- Institute of System Science Knowledge (ISSK.org)
- International Society for the System Sciences
- American Society for Cybernetics
- UK Systems Society
- Cybernetics Society
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