Social:Cancel culture

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Short description: Modern form of ostracism


Cancel culture is a phrase contemporary to the late 2010s and early 2020s used to refer to a culture in which those who are deemed to have acted or spoken in an unacceptable manner are ostracized, boycotted or shunned.[1][2][3][4] The term "cancel culture" is predominantly used when these responses are to right-wing actions or speech, but is rare when the responses are to left-wing actions or speech.[5] This shunning may extend to social or professional circles—whether on social media or in person—with most high-profile incidents involving celebrities.[6] Those subject to this ostracism are said to have been "canceled".[7][8][lower-alpha 1]

The expression "cancel culture" came in circulation in the late 2010s and early 2020s and has mostly negative connotations,[8] often used polemically by self-described advocates for free speech and against censorship.[9] The term "call-out culture" is generally understood to be a more positive framing of the same concept.

Some critics argue that cancel culture has a chilling effect on public discourse, is unproductive, does not bring real social change, causes intolerance, and amounts to cyberbullying.[10][11] Others argue that calls for "cancellation" are themselves a form of free speech, and that they promote accountability, and give disenfranchised people a voice. Still others question whether cancel culture is an actual phenomenon,[12] arguing that similar forms of boycotting have long existed.[11][13][14] While the careers of some public figures have been impacted by boycotts that have been widely described as "cancellation", others have complained of cancellation while continuing their careers as before.[15][16]

Origins

"Call-out culture" has been in use as part of the #MeToo movement.[17] The #MeToo movement encouraged women (and men) to call out their abusers on a forum where the accusations would be heard, especially against very powerful individuals.[11] Additionally, the Black Lives Matter Movement, which seeks to highlight inequalities, racism and discrimination in the black community, repeatedly called out black men being killed by police.[18]

In March 2014, activist Suey Park called out "a blatantly racist tweet about Asians" from the official Twitter account of The Colbert Report using the hashtag #cancelColbert, which generated widespread outrage against Stephen Colbert and an even greater amount of backlash against Park, even though the Colbert Report tweet was a satirical tweet.[19][20] By around 2015, the concept of canceling had become widespread on Black Twitter to refer to a personal decision, sometimes seriously and sometimes in jest, to stop supporting a person or work.[21][22][23] According to Jonah Engel Bromwich of The New York Times , this usage of the word "cancellation" indicates the "total disinvestment in something (anything)".[3][24] After numerous cases of online shaming gained wide notoriety, the term cancellation was increasingly used to describe a widespread, outraged, online response to a single provocative statement, against a single target.[25] Over time, as isolated instances of cancellation became more frequent and the mob mentality more apparent, commentators began seeing a "culture" of outrage and cancellation.[26]

The phrase cancel culture gained popularity since late 2019, most often as a recognition that society will exact accountability for offensive conduct.[27][28] Into the 2020s, the phrase has become a shorthand employed by conservatives in the United States to refer to what are perceived to be disproportionate reactions to politically incorrect speech.[9] In 2020, Ligaya Mishan wrote in The New York Times, "The term is shambolically applied to incidents both online and off that range from vigilante justice to hostile debate to stalking, intimidation and harassment. ... Those who embrace the idea (if not the precise language) of canceling seek more than pat apologies and retractions, although it's not always clear whether the goal is to right a specific wrong or redress a larger imbalance of power."[29][30]

The 1981 Chic album Take It Off includes the song "Your Love Is Cancelled", which compares a breakup to the cancellation of TV shows. The song was written by Nile Rodgers following a bad date Rodgers had with a woman who expected him to misuse his celebrity status on her behalf. "Your Love Is Cancelled" inspired screenwriter Barry Michael Cooper to include a reference to a woman being canceled in the 1991 film New Jack City.[21] This usage introduced the term to African-American Vernacular English, where it eventually became more common.[31]

Academic analysis

An article written by Pippa Norris, a professor at Harvard University, states that the controversies surrounding cancel culture are between the ones who argue it gives a voice to those in marginalized communities, while the opposing side argues cancel culture is dangerous because it prevents free speech and/or the opportunity for open debate. Norris emphasizes the role of social media in contributing to the rise of cancel culture.[32] Additionally, online communications studies have demonstrated the intensification of cultural wars through activists that are connected through digital and social networking sites.[33] Norris also mentions that the spiral of silence theory may be a contributing factor as to why people are hesitant to voice their own minority views on social media sites in fear that their views and opinions, specifically political opinions, will be chastised because their views violate the majority group's norms and understanding.[34]

In the book The Coddling of the American Mind (2018), social psychologist Jonathan Haidt and free-speech activist Greg Lukianoff argue that call-out culture arises on college campuses from what they term "safetyism"—a moral culture in which people are unwilling to make tradeoffs demanded by the practical or moral concerns of others.[35][36][37] Keith Hampton, professor of media studies at Michigan State University, contends that the practice contributes to political polarization in the United States but does not lead to changes in opinion.[38] Cancel culture has been described by media studies scholar Eve Ng as "a collective of typically marginalized voices 'calling out' and emphatically expressing their censure of a powerful figure."[39] Cultural studies scholar Frances E. Lee states that call-out culture leads to self-policing of "wrong, oppressive, or inappropriate" opinions.[40][41] According to Lisa Nakamura, University of Michigan professor of media studies, canceling someone is a form of "cultural boycott" and cancel culture is the "ultimate expression of agency" which is "born of a desire for control [as] people have limited power over what is presented to them on social media" and a need for "accountability which is not centralized".[3][42][43]

Some academics proposed alternatives and improvements to cancel culture. Critical multiculturalism professor Anita Bright proposed "calling in" rather than "calling out" in order to bring forward the former's idea of accountability but in a more "humane, humble, and bridge-building" light.[44] Clinical counsellor Anna Richards, who specializes in conflict mediation, says that "learning to analyze our own motivations when offering criticism" helps call-out culture work productively.[45] Professor Joshua Knobe, of the Philosophy Department at Yale, contends that public denunciation is not effective, and that society is too quick to pass judgement against those they view as public offenders or personae non gratae. Knobe says that these actions have the opposite effect on individuals, and that it is best to bring attention to the positive actions in which most of society participates.[46]

Reactions

The expression cancel culture has mostly negative connotations and is used in debates on free speech and censorship.[9][47]

Former US President Barack Obama warned against social media call-out culture, saying: "People who do really good stuff have flaws. People who you are fighting may love their kids and, you know, share certain things with you."[48] Former US President Donald Trump criticized cancel culture in a speech in July 2020, comparing it to totalitarianism and saying that it is a political weapon used to punish and shame dissenters by driving them from their jobs and demanding submission. He was criticized as being hypocritical for having attempted to cancel a number of people and companies in the past himself.[49] Trump made similar claims during the 2020 Republican National Convention when he stated that the goal of cancel culture is to make decent Americans live in fear of being fired, expelled, shamed, humiliated, and driven from society.[34]

Pope Francis said that cancel culture is "a form of ideological colonization, one that leaves no room for freedom of expression", saying that it "ends up cancelling all sense of identity".[50][51][52] Patrisse Khan-Cullors, the co-founder of the Black Lives Matter movement, states that social activism does not just involve going online or going to a protest to call someone out, but is work entailing strategy sessions, meetings, and getting petitions signed.[11]

Some argue that cancel culture does have its benefits, such as allowing less powerful people to have a voice, helps marginalized people hold others accountable when the justice system doesn't work, and cancelling is a tool to bring about social change.[11] Lisa Nakamura, a professor at the University of Michigan, describes cancel culture as "a cultural boycott" and says it provides a culture of accountability.[3] Meredith Clark, an assistant professor at the University of Virginia, states that cancel culture gives power to disenfranchised voices.[11] Osita Nwanevu, a staff writer for The New Republic, states that people are threatened by cancel culture because it is a new group of young progressives, minorities, and women who have "obtained a seat at the table" and are debating matters of justice and etiquette.[53]

Open letter

Dalvin Brown, writing in USA Today, has described an open letter signed by 153 public figures and published in Harper's Magazine as marking a "high point" in the debate on the topic.[9] The letter set out arguments against "an intolerance of opposing views, a vogue for public shaming and ostracism, and the tendency to dissolve complex policy issues in a blinding moral certainty."[54][55][56]

A response letter organized by lecturer Arionne Nettles, "A More Specific Letter on Justice and Open Debate", was signed by over 160 people in academia and media. It criticized the Harper's letter as a plea to end cancel culture by successful professionals with large platforms who wanted to exclude others who have been "canceled for generations.” The writers ultimately stated that the Harper's letter was intended to further silence already marginalized people. They wrote: "It reads as a caustic reaction to a diversifying industry — one that's starting to challenge diversifying norms that have protected bigotry."[57][58]

American public opinion

A survey conducted in September 2020 on 10,000 Americans by Pew Research Center asked a series of different questions in regard to cancel culture, specifically on who has heard of the term cancel culture and how Americans define cancel culture.[59] At that time, 44% of Americans said that they have at least heard a fair amount about the new phrase, while 22% have heard a great deal and 32% said they have heard nothing at all.[59] 43% Americans aged 18–29 have heard a great deal about cancel culture, compared to only 12% of Americans over the age of 65 who say they have heard a great deal.[59] Additionally, within that same study, the 44% of Americans who had heard a great deal about cancel culture, were then asked how they defined cancel culture. 49% of those Americans state that it describes actions people take to hold others accountable, 14% describe cancel culture as censorship of speech or history, and 12% define it as mean-spirited actions taken to cause others harm.[59] It was found that men were more likely to have heard or know of cancel culture, and that those who identify with the Democratic Party (46%) are more likely to know the term than those in the Republican Party (44%).[59]

A poll of American registered voters conducted by Morning Consult in July 2020 showed that cancel culture, defined as "the practice of withdrawing support for (or canceling) public figures and companies after they have done or said something considered objectionable or offensive", was common: 40% of respondents said they had withdrawn support from public figures and companies, including on social media, because they had done or said something considered objectionable or offensive, with 8% having engaged in this often. Behavior differed according to age, with a majority (55%) of voters 18 to 34 years old saying they have taken part in cancel culture, while only about a third (32%) of voters over 65 said they had joined a social media pile-on.[60] Attitude towards the practice was mixed, with 44% of respondents saying they disapproved of cancel culture, 32% who approved, and 24% who did not know or had no opinion. Furthermore, 46% believed cancel culture had gone too far, with only 10% thinking it had not gone far enough. Additionally, 53% believed that people should expect social consequences for expressing unpopular opinions in public, such as those that may be construed as deeply offensive to other people.[61]

A March 2021 poll by the Harvard Center for American Political Studies and the Harris Poll found that 64% of respondents viewed "a growing cancel culture" as a threat to their freedom, while the other 36% did not. 36% of respondents said that cancel culture is a big problem, 32% called it a moderate problem, 20% called it a small problem, and 13% said it is not a problem. 54% said they were concerned that if they expressed their opinions online, they would be banned or fired, while the other 46% said they were not concerned.[62]

A November 2021 Hill/HarrisX poll found that 71% of registered voters strongly or somewhat felt that cancel culture went too far, with similar numbers of Republicans (76%), Democrats (70%), and independents (68%) saying so.[63] The same poll found that 69% of registered voters felt that cancel culture unfairly punishes people for their past actions or statements, compared to 31% who said it did not. Republicans were more likely to agree with the statement (79%), compared to Democrats (65%) and independents (64%).[64]

Criticism of the concept

A number of professors, politicians, journalists,[65][66][67] and activists question the validity of cancel culture as an actual phenomenon.[16] Connor Garel, writing for Vice, states that cancel culture "rarely has any tangible or meaningful effect on the lives and comfortability of the cancelled."[15] Danielle Kurtzleben, a political reporter for NPR, wrote in 2021 that overuse of the phrase cancel culture in American politics, particularly by Republicans, has made it "arguably background noise". Per Kurtzleben and others, the term has undergone semantic bleaching to lose its original meaning.[68]

Historian C. J. Coventry argues that the term has been incorrectly applied, and that it more accurately reflects the propensity of people to hide historical instances of injustice.[69][lower-alpha 2] Another historian, David Olusoga, made a similar argument, and said it is not limited to the left.[14][lower-alpha 3] Indigenous governance professor and activist Pamela Palmater writes in Maclean's magazine that cancel culture differs from accountability; her article covers the public backlash surrounding Canadian politicians who vacationed during COVID-19, despite pandemic restrictions forbidding such behavior.[13] Former US Secretary of Labor Eugene Scalia says that cancel culture is a form of free speech, and is therefore protected under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. According to Scalia, cancel culture can interfere with the right to counsel, as some lawyers would not be willing to risk their personal and professional reputation on controversial topics.[70]

Sarah Manavis wrote for the New Statesman magazine that while free speech advocates are more likely to make accusations of cancel culture, criticism is part of free speech and rarely results in consequences for those in power who are criticized. She argues that social media is an extension and reincarnation of a longer tradition of expression in a liberal society, "a new space for historical power structures to be solidified" and that online criticism by people who do not hold actual power in society tends to not affect existing power structures. She adds that most prominent people who criticized public opinion as canceling still have highly profitable businesses.[12]

Consequence culture

Some media commentators including LeVar Burton and Sunny Hostin have stated that cancel culture should be renamed consequence culture.[71] The terms have different connotations: cancel culture focusing on the effect whereby discussion is limited by a desire to maintain one certain viewpoint, whereas consequence culture focuses on the idea that those who write or publish opinions or make statements should bear some responsibility for the effects of these on people.[72]

In popular culture

  • The American animated television series South Park mocked cancel culture with its own "#CancelSouthPark" campaign;[73][74][75] in promotion of the show's twenty-second season (2018).[76] In the season's third episode, "The Problem with a Poo", there are references to the 2017 documentary The Problem with Apu, the cancellation of Roseanne after a controversial tweet by Roseanne Barr, and the Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination.[77][78]
  • In 2019, cancel culture was a primary theme in the stand-up comedy show Sticks & Stones by Dave Chappelle.[79]
  • The 2022 film Texas Chainsaw Massacre satirizes cancel culture, with Leatherface killing an individual who threatens to cancel him.[80][81][82]
  • The 2022 film Tár was interpreted by several critics as possessing an anti-cancel culture message.[83][84]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Merriam-Webster notes that to "cancel", in this context, means "to stop giving support to that person".[7] Dictionary.com, in its pop-culture dictionary, defines cancel culture as "withdrawing support for (canceling) public figures and companies after they have done or said something considered objectionable or offensive."[8]
  2. ↑ "While I agree that the line between debate and suppression is one that occasionally gets crossed by the so-called left wing, it is almost invariably true that the real cancel culture is perpetrated by those who have embraced the term. If you look through Australian history, as well as European and American history, you will find countless examples of people speaking out against injustice and being persecuted in return. I can think of a number of people in our own time who are being persecuted by supposedly democratic governments for revealing uncomfortable information."[69]
  3. ↑ "Unlike some on the left, I have never doubted that 'cancel culture' exists ... The great myth about cancel culture, however, is that it exists only on the left. For the past 40 years, rightwing newspapers have ceaselessly fought to delegitimize and ultimately cancel our national broadcaster [the BBC], motivated by financial as well as political ambitions."[14]

References

  1. ↑ Munro, Ealasaid (August 23, 2013). "Feminism: A Fourth Wave?". Political Insight 4 (2): 22–25. doi:10.1111/2041-9066.12021. https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/feminism-fourth-wave. Retrieved April 29, 2020. 
  2. ↑ Sills, Sophie; Pickens, Chelsea; Beach, Karishma; Jones, Lloyd; Calder-Dawe, Octavia; Benton-Greig, Paulette; Gavey, Nicola (March 23, 2016). "Rape culture and social media: young critics and a feminist counterpublic". Feminist Media Studies 16 (6): 935–951. doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1137962. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bromwich, Jonah Engel (June 28, 2018). "Everyone Is Canceled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/28/style/is-it-canceled.html. 
  4. ↑ Yar, Sanam; Bromwich, Jonah Engel (October 31, 2019). "Tales From the Teenage Cancel Culture". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/style/cancel-culture.html. 
  5. ↑ Shapiro, Ari; Marquez Janse, Alejandra; Venkat, Mia; Caldwell, Noah; Jarenwattananon, Patrick (July 26, 2021). "How Cancel Culture Became Politicized — Just Like Political Correctness". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/07/09/1014744289/cancel-culture-debate-has-early-90s-roots-political-correctness. 
  6. ↑ McDermott, John (November 2, 2019). "Those People We Tried to Cancel? They're All Hanging Out Together". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/style/what-is-cancel-culture.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "What It Means to Get 'Canceled'". July 12, 2019. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/cancel-culture-words-were-watching. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "What Does Cancel Culture Mean?". July 31, 2020. https://www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/cancel-culture/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Brown, Dalvin (July 17, 2020). "Twitter's cancel culture: A force for good or a digital witchhunt? The answer is complicated.". https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/07/17/has-twitters-cancel-culture-gone-too-far/5445804002/. 
  10. ↑ McWhorter, John (September 2020). "Academics Are Really, Really Worried About Their Freedom". https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/09/academics-are-really-really-worried-about-their-freedom/615724/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 "Cancel Culture Top 3 Pros and Cons". September 27, 2020. https://www.procon.org/headlines/is-cancel-culture-or-callout-culture-good-for-society/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Manavis, Sarah (July 16, 2020). "'Cancel culture' does not exist". New Statesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/2020/07/cancel-culture-does-not-exist. Retrieved December 20, 2022. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The entitlement of Canadian politicians - Macleans.ca". https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/the-entitlement-of-canadian-politicians/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Olusoga, David (January 3, 2021). "'Cancel culture' is not the preserve of the left. Just ask our historians". The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/03/cancel-culture-is-not-the-preserve-of-the-left-just-ask-our-historians. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Garel, Connor (July 9, 2018). "Logan Paul Is Proof That Problematic People Are Never Truly Cancelled". https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/8xb9x5/logan-paul-and-the-myth-of-cancel-culture. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Hagi, Sarah (November 21, 2019). "Cancel Culture Is Not Real—At Least Not in the Way People Think". Time. https://time.com/5735403/cancel-culture-is-not-real/. Retrieved March 12, 2021. 
  17. ↑ Mendes, Kaitlynn; Ringrose, Jessica; Keller, Jessalynn (May 1, 2018). "#MeToo and the promise and pitfalls of challenging rape culture through digital feminist activism" (in en). European Journal of Women's Studies 25 (2): 236–246. doi:10.1177/1350506818765318. ISSN 1350-5068. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506818765318. 
  18. ↑ Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (2020-07-03). "Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html. 
  19. ↑ Park, Suey & Eunsong Kim (March 28, 2014). "We Want To #CancelColbert". Time (magazine). https://time.com/42174/we-want-to-cancelcolbert/. Retrieved July 29, 2021. 
  20. ↑ "Here's What Happened to the Woman Who Started #CancelColbert". Wired. February 22, 2016. https://www.wired.com/2016/02/cancelcolbert-what-happened/. Retrieved July 29, 2021. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 McGrady, Clyde (April 2, 2021). "The strange journey of 'cancel,' from a Black-culture punchline to a White-grievance watchword". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/cancel-culture-background-black-culture-white-grievance/2021/04/01/2e42e4fe-8b24-11eb-aff6-4f720ca2d479_story.html. 
  22. ↑ Mishan, Ligaya (December 3, 2020). "The Long and Tortured History of Cancel Culture". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/03/t-magazine/cancel-culture-history.html. 
  23. ↑ Romano, Aja (August 25, 2020). "Why we can't stop fighting about cancel culture". Vox. https://www.vox.com/culture/2019/12/30/20879720/what-is-cancel-culture-explained-history-debate. 
  24. ↑ D. Clark, Meredith (2020). "Drag Them: A brief etymology of so-called "cancel culture"". Communication and the Public 5 (3–4): 88–92. doi:10.1177/2057047320961562. 
  25. ↑ McDermott, John (November 2, 2019). "Those People We Tried to Cancel? They're All Hanging Out Together". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/style/what-is-cancel-culture.html. 
  26. ↑ Douthat, Ross (July 14, 2020). "10 Theses About Cancel Culture". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/cancel-culture-.html. 
  27. ↑ Romano, Aja (May 5, 2021). "The second wave of "cancel culture"". Vox. https://www.vox.com/22384308/cancel-culture-free-speech-accountability-debate. 
  28. ↑ Reddy, Vasu; Andrews, Donna (2021). "Cancel Culture: Shrinking or Remaking Narratives? (2022)". Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa 106 (1): 130–132. doi:10.1353/trn.2021.0026. ISSN 1726-1368. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/835503. 
  29. ↑ Mishan, Ligaya (December 3, 2020). "The Long and Tortured History of Cancel Culture". T. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/03/t-magazine/cancel-culture-history.html. 
  30. ↑ "Cancel culture: Have any two words become more weaponised?". BBC News. February 18, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55959135. 
  31. ↑ Webster, Elizabeth N. (2021-12-24). "Cancel Culture Will Not Be Canceled". https://medium.com/afrosapiophile/cancel-culture-will-not-be-canceled-22d46f0829c6. 
  32. ↑ Ng, Eve (2020-07-26). "No Grand Pronouncements Here...: Reflections on Cancel Culture and Digital Media Participation". Television & New Media 21 (6): 621–627. doi:10.1177/1527476420918828. ISSN 1527-4764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476420918828. 
  33. ↑ Bouvier, Gwen; Machin, David (2021-04-15). "What gets lost in Twitter 'cancel culture' hashtags? Calling out racists reveals some limitations of social justice campaigns". Discourse & Society 32 (3): 307–327. doi:10.1177/0957926520977215. ISSN 0957-9265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926520977215. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Norris, Pippa (2021-08-11). "Cancel Culture: Myth or Reality?". Political Studies 71: 145–174. doi:10.1177/00323217211037023. ISSN 0032-3217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00323217211037023. 
  35. ↑ Haidt, Jonathan; Lukianoff, Greg (2018). The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure. New York City: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-7352-2489-6. OCLC 1007552624.  For safetyism, see Lukianoff, Greg; Haidt, Jonathan (September 4, 2018). The Coddling of the American Mind. pp. 30, 158, 235, 268, 329. ISBN 978-0-7352-2490-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=9-o6DwAAQBAJ&q=safetyism+call-out+culture. 
  36. ↑ Campbell, Bradley; Paresky, Pamela (June 1, 2020). "Safetyism Isn't the Problem". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/01/opinion/safetyism-coronavirus-reopening.html. 
  37. ↑ "Safetyism Isn't the Problem". Association for Psychological Science. June 15, 2020. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/safetyism-isnt-the-problem.html. 
  38. ↑ Agence France Presse (July 22, 2020). "La "cancel culture", nouvelle arme des anonymes et facteur de polarisation" (in fr). Le Journal de Montréal. https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2020/07/22/la-cancel-culture-nouvelle-arme-des-anonymes-et-facteur-de-polarisation. 
  39. ↑ Ng, Eve (July 26, 2020). "No Grand Pronouncements Here ...: Reflections on Cancel Culture and Digital Media Participation". Television and New Media 21 (16): 621–627. doi:10.1177/1527476420918828. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1527476420918828. Retrieved February 12, 2021. 
  40. ↑ Lee, Frances E. (September 17, 2017). "'Excommunicate me from the church of social justice': an activist's plea for change". The Sunday Magazine (CBC Radio). https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thesundayedition/the-sunday-edition-september-17-2017-1.4291332/excommunicate-me-from-the-church-of-social-justice-an-activist-s-plea-for-change-1.4291383. 
  41. ↑ "Why I've Started to Fear My Fellow Social Justice Activists". https://www.yesmagazine.org/democracy/2017/10/13/why-ive-started-to-fear-my-fellow-social-justice-activists. 
  42. ↑ Velasco, Joseph (October 2020). "You are Cancelled: Virtual Collective Consciousness and the Emergence of Cancel Culture as Ideological Purging". Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities (Conference: 1st Rupkatha International Open Conference on Recent Advances in Interdisciplinary Humanities) 12 (5). doi:10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s21n2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344772779. 
  43. ↑ Wei, M. L.; Bunjun, Benita (October 21, 2020). "'We are not the shoes of white supremacists': a critical race perspective of consumer responses to brand attempts at countering racist associations". Journal of Marketing Management 36 (13–14): 1252–1279. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2020.1806907. ISSN 0267-257X. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2020.1806907. 
  44. ↑ Bright, Anita; Gambrell, James (2017) (in en). Calling In, Not Calling Out: A Critical Race Framework for Nurturing Cross-Cultural Alliances in Teacher Candidates. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0897-7.ch011. ISBN 9781522508977. http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/calling-in-not-calling-out/163988. Retrieved August 28, 2020. 
  45. ↑ Matei, Adrienne (November 1, 2019). "Call-out culture: how to get it right (and wrong)". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/nov/01/call-out-culture-obama-social-media. 
  46. ↑ Stein, J. (August 13, 2015). "I'm making the case for public shaming-unless you publicly shame me for doing so". Time. https://time.com/3995794/im-making-the-case-for-public-shaming-unless-you-publicly-shame-me-for-doing-so/. Retrieved March 8, 2021. 
  47. ↑ "Where Did Cancel Culture Come From?". July 21, 2020. https://www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/cancel-culture/. 
  48. ↑ Bostock, Bill (October 30, 2019). "Obama laid into young people being 'politically woke' and 'as judgmental as possible' in a speech about call-out culture". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/barack-obama-slams-call-out-culture-young-not-activism-2019-10. 
  49. ↑ Daniel Dale (July 7, 2020). "A list of people and things Donald Trump tried to get canceled before he railed against 'cancel culture'". https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/07/politics/fact-check-trump-cancel-culture-boycotts-firings/index.html. 
  50. ↑ Pope Francis (January 10, 2022). Address of His Holiness Pope Francis to the Members of the Diplomatic Corps Accredited to the Holy See (Speech). Vatican.va.
  51. ↑ Kington, Tom (January 11, 2022). "Cancel culture is rewriting the past, warns Pope Francis". The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/2c0ace6a-7271-11ec-89e9-22d3d9c31ba2?shareToken=9103cfde5abc3f5760e744db598ece7b. 
  52. ↑ Rocca, Francis X. (January 10, 2022). "Pope Francis Denounces 'Cancel Culture' and Antivaccine 'Ideology'". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/pope-francis-denounces-cancel-culture-and-antivaccine-ideology-11641814583. 
  53. ↑ Nwanevu, Osita (2019-09-23). "The 'Cancel Culture' Con". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. https://newrepublic.com/article/155141/cancel-culture-con-dave-chappelle-shane-gillis. Retrieved 2022-03-04. 
  54. ↑ "A Letter on Justice and Open Debate". July 7, 2020. https://harpers.org/a-letter-on-justice-and-open-debate/. 
  55. ↑ "JK Rowling joins 150 public figures warning over free speech". BBC. July 8, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-53330105. 
  56. ↑ Chiu, Allyson (July 8, 2020). "Letter signed by J.K. Rowling, Noam Chomsky warning of stifled free speech draws mixed reviews". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/07/08/letter-harpers-free-speech/. 
  57. ↑ Schuessler, Jennifer (July 10, 2020). "An Open Letter on Free Expression Draws a Counterblast". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/arts/open-letter-debate.html. 
  58. ↑ Roberts, Mikenzie (July 13, 2020). "Harper's letter and response signed by Northwestern academics". https://dailynorthwestern.com/2020/07/12/campus/northwestern-academics-clash-with-opposing-letters-on-free-speech-cancel-culture/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 Vogels, Emily A.; Monica; Erson; Porteus, Margaret; Baronavski, Chris; Atske, Sara; McClain, Colleen; Auxier, Brooke et al. (May 19, 2021). "Americans and 'Cancel Culture': Where Some See Calls for Accountability, Others See Censorship, Punishment". Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/05/19/americans-and-cancel-culture-where-some-see-calls-for-accountability-others-see-censorship-punishment/. 
  60. ↑ Lizza, Ryan (July 22, 2020). "Americans tune in to 'cancel culture' — and don't like what they see". https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/22/americans-cancel-culture-377412. 
  61. ↑ Morning Consult; Politico (July 2020). "National tracking poll, July 17-19, 2020". https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000173-7326-d36e-abff-7ffe72dc0000. 
  62. ↑ Manchester, Julia (March 29, 2021). "64 percent view 'cancel culture' as threat to freedom: poll". The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/545387-64-percent-say-they-view-cancel-culture-as-a-threat-to-their-freedom-poll. 
  63. ↑ Schulte, Gabriela (November 8, 2021). "Poll: Overwhelming majority say cancel culture has gone too far". https://thehill.com/hilltv/what-americas-thinking/580569-poll-overwhelming-majority-say-cancel-culture-has-gone-too-far. 
  64. ↑ Schulte, Gabriela (November 9, 2021). "Poll: 69 percent say cancel culture unfairly punishes people for past actions, statements". https://thehill.com/hilltv/what-americas-thinking/580747-poll-69-percent-say-cancel-culture-unfairly-punishes-people-for. 
  65. ↑ "Letters to the Editor: It's not 'cancel culture.' It's finally holding privileged people accountable". Los Angeles Times. July 15, 2020. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-07-15/not-cancel-culture-its-finally-holding-privileged-people-accountable. 
  66. ↑ Mishra, Pankaj (July 15, 2020). "No, cancel culture isn't a threat to civilization". ThePrint (India). https://theprint.in/opinion/no-cancel-culture-isnt-a-threat-to-civilization/461331. 
  67. ↑ Fine, Duncan (March 4, 2021). "Dr Seuss not cancelled. Old stereotypes are being made redundant". https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/dr-seuss-not-cancelled-old-stereotypes-are-being-made-redundant-20210304-p577q1.html. 
  68. ↑ Kurtzleben, Danielle (February 10, 2021). "When Republicans Attack 'Cancel Culture,' What Does It Mean?". https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/965815679/is-cancel-culture-the-future-of-the-gop. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Coventry, C. J. (21 November 2020). "A New Birth of Freedom: South Australia, slavery and exceptionalism". https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:33351/. 
  70. ↑ Scalia, Eugene (2021). "John Adams, Legal Representation, and the 'Cancel Culture'". Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 44 (1): 333–338. 
  71. ↑ Fung, Katherine (26 April 2021). "LeVar Burton defends cancel culture, says it should be called 'consequence culture'". https://www.newsweek.com/levar-burton-defends-cancel-culture-says-it-should-called-consequence-culture-1586506. 
  72. ↑ Schwartz, Molly (5 March 2021). "Roxane Gay says cancel culture does not exist". https://www.motherjones.com/media/2021/03/roxane-gay-says-cancel-culture-does-not-exist/. 
  73. ↑ Mathews, Liam (October 11, 2018). "South Park Just Trolled The Simpsons Really Hard, but Why?". https://www.tvguide.com/news/south-park-cancel-the-simpsons/. 
  74. ↑ Andrews, Travis M. (October 17, 2018). "How 'South Park' became the ultimate #bothsides show". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2018/10/17/how-south-park-became-ultimate-bothsides-show/. 
  75. ↑ Edwards, Chris (November 20, 2018). "Post-outrage TV: how South Park is surviving the era of controversy". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/nov/20/post-outrage-tv-how-south-park-is-surviving-the-era-of-controversy. 
  76. ↑ Joho, Jess (October 12, 2018). "Why the latest season of 'South Park' feels like a total game-changer". https://mashable.com/article/south-park-season-22-problem-with-poo-explained/. 
  77. ↑ Parker, Ryan (October 10, 2018). "'South Park' Goes After Roseanne Barr, 'Simpsons' Apu Character" (in en). The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/south-park-goes-roseanne-barr-simpsons-apu-character-1151462. 
  78. ↑ Barsanti, Sam (October 9, 2018). "South Park will somehow tackle both Brett Kavanaugh and The Problem With Apu simultaneously". https://news.avclub.com/south-park-will-somehow-tackle-both-brett-kavanaugh-and-1829634344. 
  79. ↑ "Concerning Consent, Chappelle, and Canceling Cancel Culture". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/canceling-cancel-culture/. Retrieved October 19, 2020. 
  80. ↑ Eubanks, Alex (25 February 2022). "Netflix's 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' is laughably bad… but that's why it's good". The Miami Hurricane. https://www.themiamihurricane.com/2022/02/25/netflixs-texas-chainsaw-massacre-is-laughably-bad-but-thats-why-its-good/. 
  81. ↑ Graham, Adam (18 February 2022). "'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' review: You cannot cancel Leatherface". The Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/02/18/texas-chainsaw-massacre-review-you-cannot-cancel-leatherface/6812056001/. 
  82. ↑ O'Neal, Sean (18 February 2022). "The New 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre': They Came, They Sawed, They Didn't Cut It". Texas Monthly. https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/new-texas-chainsaw-massacre/. 
  83. ↑ Goldberg, Michelle (October 21, 2022). "Finally, a Great Movie About Cancel Culture". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/21/opinion/tar-movie-cancel-culture.html. 
  84. ↑ Chang, Justin (25 January 2023). "All the 2023 best picture Oscar nominees ranked, from worst to best". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-01-24/all-the-best-picture-nominees-ranked-oscars-nominations-2023. 

Further reading




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