Social:Confederation Liberty and Independence
| <div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid Script error: No such module "Political party".; border-bottom:2px solid Script error: No such module "Political party".; line-height: 1;"> Confederation Liberty and Independence Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Co-chairmen |
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| Party Leaders |
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| Secretary | Marcin Sypniewski |
| Treasurer | Michał Wawer |
| Founders |
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| Founded | 6 December 2018 |
| Headquarters | ul. Wiejska 12a, 00-490 Warsaw |
| Youth wing | All-Polish Youth |
| Ideology |
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| Political position | Far-right |
| Members |
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| Sejm | 18 / 460 <div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 4%; height: 100%;"> |
| Senate | 0 / 100 <div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
| European Parliament | 0 / 51 <div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
| Regional assemblies | 1 / 552 <div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0.2%; height: 100%;"> |
| Website | |
| konfederacja | |
The Confederation Liberty and Independence (Polish: Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość), frequently shortened to just Confederation (Konfederacja), is a far-right political alliance in Poland. It was initially founded in 2018 as a political coalition for the 2019 European Parliament election in Poland, although it was later expanded into a political party in order to circumvent the 8% vote threshold for coalitions to enter the national parliament. It won 11 seats in the Sejm after the 2019 Polish parliamentary election. Its candidate for the 2020 Polish presidential election was Krzysztof Bosak, who placed fourth among eleven candidates.
A coalition mainly led by New Hope, the National Movement, and the Confederation of the Polish Crown, it is right-wing oriented and is considered to be a part of the radical right. It has expressed right-wing populist rhetoric and a more hardline opposition stance towards the European Union and immigration. It is economically liberal and has called for lowering taxes, and has also expressed socially conservative and Polish nationalist stances.
History
Two political parties, KORWiN and National Movement, announced in late 2018 that they had decided to run together in the 2019 European Parliament election in Poland.[3][4] In early 2019, Grzegorz Braun's organization and Piotr Krzysztof Liroy-Marzec's party joined the coalition.[5] Kaja Godek, an ultraconservative activist, announced that she would join the list.[6] The coalition was initially dubbed the Pro-Polish Coalition. By late February 2019, it was changed to Konfederacja Korwin Braun Liroy Narodowcy.[7][8] In March 2019, an application was submitted to register the party under that name,[9] and the Federation for the Republic of Poland soon joined the alliance including some representatives.[10][11][12] Its name was changed again, this time to Confederation.[13] The Party of Drivers joined the coalition in April, and soon after they elected Marek Jakubiak as the chairman.[14][15] The Confederation placed fourth in the 2019 European Parliament election, winning 4.55% of the popular vote, although it did not reach the electoral threshold.[16] After the election, Braun applied for the registration of the Confederation of the Polish Crown.[17]
The coalition was registered on 25 July 2019 under the name Confederation Liberty and Independence.[18] Godek left the coalition soon after.[19] Shortly before the 2019 Polish parliamentary election, a schism occurred in the coalition, with many representatives joining the coalition while some of them also left.[20][21] The coalition ended up winning 6.81% of the popular vote and won 11 seats in the Sejm.[22][23] Most of the support the party received was in southeast and northern parts of Poland.[24] Around 20% of all young voters aged under-30 supported the grouping, about two-thirds of its voters were male, and more than three-fifths lived in smaller towns and rural areas. This has been highlighted as a significant change from previous right-wing alliances involving Korwin-Mikke where the base of support was almost exclusively young males.[25] In November 2019, they presented nine candidates that took part in the 2019–20 Confederation presidential primary.[26] The winner of the presidential primary was Krzysztof Bosak, who became the coalition candidate for the 2020 Polish presidential election.[27] During the first round of the election, Bosak received 1,317,380 votes or 6.78%, coming fourth among eleven candidates.[28]
In 2022, serious internal splits emerged as a result of Janusz Korwin-Mikke's pro-Russian and Ukrainophobic stances in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, causing several members to renounce their KORWiN memberships, albeit remaining within the coalition.[29] Ahead of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, they were considered possible kingmakers. Bosak, one of Confederation's leaders, said: "Confederation has no intention of prolonging PiS's power or facilitating Tusk's return to power. The majority of our voters do not want this."[30] Korwin-Mikke, a former member of the European Parliament who is running for the party from the Warsaw region in 2023, has a history of sexist statements about women.[30] He said: "I am against voting rights for women. This is biology. A woman at the age of 55, when estrogen stops working, reaches the age when she can finally vote."[31] Ryszard Zajączkowski, a university professor and one of the coalition's candidates, said that Poles were subjected to what he described as genocide "at the hands of Jews working together with communists" after World War II,[32] and said that communism is worse than fascism. He said: "Compared to which the Auschwitz camp could be called a holiday camp."[30] In October 2023, Korwin-Mikke was suspended from the party and was removed as a candidate for the 2023 Polish parliamentary election.[33]
Ideology and position
The Confederation is a right-wing orientated political alliance,[34][35] and it is positioned on the far right on the political spectrum.[36] It is also considered to be a part of the radical right,[37] although some[specify] have disputed that it does not contain all elements of the radical right.[38]
Its ideology includes support for numerous right-wing populist ideas.[2] It has presented a hardline opposition stance to the European Union,[39][40][41] and has criticized its and Law and Justice's policies towards immigration, calling for harder stances against illegal immigration instead.[42][43] It is also socially conservative,[44] and anti-feminist, it also supports total ban on abortion, and supports the traditional family model.[45] It has also expressed xenophobic views,[46] and has openly provided support for antisemitism.[47][48][49] When it first ran in the 2019 European Parliament election, Sławomir Mentzen said: "We don't want Jews, homosexuals, abortion, taxes and the European Union."[30] He has since tried to distance himself from this.[30] During the COVID-19 pandemic, it has also spread misinformation about COVID-19 and opposed laws that were implemented by the government.[50][51]
Unlike the Law and Justice, its economic position is orientated towards economic liberalism, and it is considered strongly pro-free market.[52][53][54] It is Polish nationalist,[55][56] and has also been described as national-liberal.[57] In its program, they have stated their goal "to turn Poland into a ethnocracy and culturally homogenous nation built around traditionalist-Catholic principles".[47] It has also expressed nativist sentiment.[47]
Platform
Confederation's platform includes the following promises, as well as others:
- Taxation[58]
- Eliminate the income tax
- Make social insurance contributions optional
- Reduce gasoline taxes
- Reduce government spending
- Judicial[59]
- Hire more judges' assistants
- Restore capital punishment[60]
- Education[61]
- Create a school voucher program
- Allow parents to opt-out their children from sex-education classes
- Create a cultural voucher that can be used on arts or museums
- National Security[62]
- Allow licensed civilians to own firearms
- Allow the use of nuclear energy
- Oppose the European Union's refugee resettlement program
- Oppose increases in immigration
- Expect immigrants to integrate into Polish culture
- Health[63]
- Ban importation of garbage
- Oppose the European Union's climate change rules
- Protect human life from the moment of conception
- Business[64]
- Abolish penalties for street trade and raise the limits on unlicensed trade.
- Raise the VAT exemption to zl 400,000
- Index the tax exempt amount to be approximately twelve times the minimum wage
- Allow businesses to refuse services on moral grounds
Composition
Current political parties
| Name | Ideology | Position | Leader | MPs | Senators | MEPs | Sejmiks | Entry | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Movement | Ultranationalism National conservatism Social conservatism Militarism |
Far-right | Krzysztof Bosak | 6 / 460
|
0 / 100
|
0 / 51
|
0 / 552
|
6 December 2018 | |
| New Hope | Paleolibertarianism Libertarian conservatism |
Right-wing to far-right | Sławomir Mentzen | 8 / 460
|
0 / 100
|
0 / 51
|
0 / 552
|
6 December 2018 | |
| Confederation of the Polish Crown | Monarchism Traditionalism |
Far-right | Grzegorz Braun | 4 / 460
|
0 / 100
|
0 / 51
|
0 / 552
|
7 January 2019 | |
| Union of Christian Families | Social conservatism Political Catholicism Hard Euroscepticism |
Far-right | Bogusław Rogalski | 0 / 460
|
0 / 100
|
0 / 51
|
0 / 552
|
13 August 2019 | |
| National League | National democracy Polish nationalism |
Far-right | Zbigniew Lipiński | 0 / 460
|
0 / 100
|
0 / 51
|
0 / 552
|
5 September 2019 | |
Current organisations and movements
| Name | Ideology | Position | Leader | Type | Entry | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agrarian-Consumer Confederation | Agrarianism, free-market economy | Krzysztof Tołwiński | Informal organisation | 29 November 2019 | ||
| All-Polish Youth | Catholic nationalism, ultra-nationalism, anti-LGBT | Far-right | Marcin Kowalski | Political youth movement | 6 December 2018 | |
| Conservative-Monarchist Club | Traditionalist conservatism, monarchism, Catholic nationalism, counter-revolutionary, integralist conservatism, anti-democracy | Far-right | Adam Wielomski | Philosophical and journalistic organisation | 7 January 2019 | |
| Polish Peasant Bloc | Agrarianism, conservatism | Wojciech Mojzesowicz | Informal organisation | 6 December 2018 | ||
Former political parties
| Name | Ideology | Position | Leader | Entry | Exit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federation for the Republic of Poland (pl) |
Social conservatism, Political Catholicism, Economic liberalism | Far-right | Marek Jakubiak | 6 March 2019[65] | 28 June 2019[66] | |
| Effective (pl) |
Direct-democracy[67] Hard Euroscepticism[67] |
Piotr "Liroy" Marzec | 1 September 2018 | 28 June 2019[66] | ||
| Wolnościowcy | Libertarianism | Right-wing | Artur Dziambor | 17 March 2022 | 13 February 2023[68] | |
| Party of Drivers | Right-wing populism Anti-bureaucratism Anti-environmentalism |
Right-wing | Lech Kędzierski | 19 December 2022[69] | 10 April 2019 | |
Political parties who had members with individual agreements
| Name | Ideology | Position | Leader* | Election | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free and Solidary[70] | Solidarism Anti-communism |
Right-wing to far-right | Kornel Morawiecki | 2019 Polish parliamentary election | 4 party members were candidates for Piotr Liroy-Marzec's Efficient political party electoral committee in Constituency № 35 (Olsztyn) whilst the rest of the party, including its entire parliamentary club, were on Law and Justice's electoral lists. | |
| Congress of the New Right[70] | Right-libertarianism Economic liberalism Hard Euroscepticism |
Right-wing | Stanisław Żółtek | 2019 Polish parliamentary election | Used Federation for the Republic of Poland's electoral lists, which in turn were in agreement with the Right Wing of the Republic, and fielded candidates in the Kraków constituencies. | |
| League of Polish Families[70] | Political Catholicism | Right-wing to far-right | Witold Bałażak | 2019 Polish parliamentary election | Despite being loosely affiliated with the Polish Coalition, they fielded only 1 candidate in Kraków from their electoral lists, whereas 2 other candidates used Confederation's electoral lists. | |
| National Unity (pl) |
Political Catholicism Paleoconservatism |
Far-right | Gabriel Janowski | 2019 Polish parliamentary election | Vice-chair of the party Paweł Połanecki was a candidate for Piotr Liroy-Marzec's Efficient political party electoral committee in the Kielce constituency, as no.2 on the list behind Piotr Liroy-Marzec himself. | |
| *At the time in question | ||||||
Former parties, organisations and movements
| Name | Ideology | Position | Leader | Type | Entry | Exit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Life and Family Foundation | Anti-abortion movement[71][72] Anti-LGBT |
Far-right | Kaja Godek | Lobbyist foundation, social activist group | 28 January 2019[73] | 9 August 2019[74] | |
Results
European Parliament
| Election Year | Votes | % | Rank | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 621,188 | 4.6 | 4th | 0 / 52
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
Sejm
| Election year | Votes | % | Rank | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 1,256,953 | 6.8 | 5th | 11 / 460
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 2%; height: 100%;"> |
| 2023 | 1,547,364 | 7.16 | 5th | 18 / 460
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 4%; height: 100%;"> |
Senate
| Election year | Votes | % | Rank | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 144,124 | 0.8 | 6th | 0 / 100
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
| 2023 | 1,443,836 | 6.75 | 6th | 0 / 100
<div style="background-color: Script error: No such module "Political party".; width: 0%; height: 100%;"> |
Presidential
| Election year | Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of overall votes | % of overall vote | No. of overall votes | % of overall vote | ||
| 2020 | Krzysztof Bosak | 1,317,380 | 6.8 (4th) | ||
Internal
| Year | Election type | Affiliation | Final Candidate | Number of initial candidates | Number of rounds | Final round | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electoral vote | Percentage | |||||||
| 2019–20 | American-style presidential primary | RN | Bosak | 9 | 1x 16 regional preliminaries 7x convention elimination |
163 | 51.9% | |
| KKP | Braun | 146 | 46.5% | |||||
See also
- Kukiz'15
- United Right
References
- ↑ Network, European Data Journalism. "Why young Poles voted for "national-liberals"" (in en-GB). https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/News/Data-news/Why-young-Poles-voted-for-national-liberals.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1
- Mrozowska, Sylwia; Wendt, Jan A.; Tomaszewski, Krzysztof (6 December 2021). "The Challenges of Poland's Energy Transition" (in en). Energies 14 (23): 8165. doi:10.3390/en14238165. ISSN 1996-1073.
- Żuk, Piotr; Żuk, Paweł; Pluciński, Przemysław (June 2021). "Coal basin in Upper Silesia and energy transition in Poland in the context of pandemic: The socio-political diversity of preferences in energy and environmental policy" (in en). Resources Policy 71: 101987. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.101987. Bibcode: 2021RePol..7101987Z.
- Gwiazda, Anna (16 December 2021). "Gender Ideologies and Polish Political Parties" (in en). Government and Opposition 58 (4): 641–660. doi:10.1017/gov.2021.57. ISSN 0017-257X. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/165302184/gender_ideologies_and_polish_political_parties.pdf.
- Lipiński, Artur (2021), Bobba, Giuliano; Hubé, Nicolas, eds., "Poland: 'If We Don't Elect the President, the Country Will Plunge into Chaos'" (in en), Populism and the Politicization of the COVID-19 Crisis in Europe (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 115–129, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66011-6_9, ISBN 978-3030660116, https://openarchive.tk.mta.hu/455/1/9_Chapter_9_Lipinski.pdf, retrieved 13 January 2022
- ↑ "Łączy nas Polexit, Narodowcy i Korwin-Mikke łączą siły przed wyborami do PE" (in pl). 6 December 2018. https://dorzeczy.pl/kraj/86059/laczy-nas-polexit-narodowcy-i-korwin-mikke-lacza-sily.html.
- ↑ "Konfederacja zarejestrowana jako partia. Dlaczego to ważna decyzja?" (in pl). Wprost.pl. 26 July 2019. https://www.wprost.pl/wybory-parlamentarne-2019/10237205/konfederacja-zostala-zarejestrowana-jako-partia-korwin-mikke-to-daje-nam-duze-plusy.html.
- ↑ "Grzegorz Braun & Pobudka dołączają do koalicji Ruch Narodowy + Wolność – Grzegorz Braun" (in pl-PL). 8 January 2019. https://www.grzegorzbraun.pl/2019/01/08/grzegorz-braun-pobudka-dolaczaja-do-koalicji-ruch-narodowywolnosc/.
- ↑ Czuma, Beata (28 January 2019). "Kaja Godek startuje do Parlamentu Europejskiego razem z narodowcami" (in pl). https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kaja-godek-startuje-do-parlamentu-europejskiego-razem-z-narodowcami-6343349374052481a.
- ↑ Rogacin, Kacper (27 February 2019). "Konfederacja Korwin, Liroy, Braun, Narodowcy. Zaprezentowano nazwę i logo. Znamy szczegóły" (in pl-PL). Portal I.pl. https://polskatimes.pl/konfederacja-korwin-liroy-braun-narodowcy-zaprezentowano-nazwe-i-logo-znamy-szczegoly/ar/13923215.
- ↑ Rogacin, Kacper (27 February 2019). "Konfederacja Korwin, Liroy, Braun, Narodowcy. Zaprezentowano nazwę i logo. Znamy szczegóły". Portal I.pl. https://polskatimes.pl/konfederacja-korwin-liroy-braun-narodowcy-zaprezentowano-nazwe-i-logo-znamy-szczegoly/ar/13923215.
- ↑ "Konfederacja zarejestrowana jako partia. "Subwencja nie jest dla nas najważniejsza" – Polsat News" (in pl). 27 July 2019. https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2019-07-27/konfederacja-zarejestrowana-jako-partia-subwencja-nie-jest-dla-nas-najwazniejsza/.
- ↑ "Jakubiak potwierdza dołączenie do Konfederacji. "Mali muszą się łączyć, żeby być dużymi"" (in pl). 6 March 2019. https://www.tvp.info/41617963/jakubiak-potwierdza-dolaczenie-do-konfederacji-mali-musza-sie-laczyc-zeby-byc-duzymi.
- ↑ "Środowiska kresowe dołączają do Konfederacji. Znamy nazwiska" (in pl). 14 March 2019. https://dorzeczy.pl/kraj/96719/osadczy-zapalowski-i-kulinska-dolaczaja-do-konfederacji.html.
- ↑ "Konfederacja Korwin Braun Liroy Narodowcy powiększa się o środowiska kresowe | Narodowcy.net". 28 April 2019. http://narodowcy.net/konfederacja-korwin-braun-liroy-narodowcy-powieksza-sie-o-srodowiska-kresowe/.
- ↑ "Koło Poselskie Konfederacja". https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm8.nsf/klubposlowie.xsp?klub=Konfederacja.
- ↑ S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (10 April 2019). "Partia Kierowców łączy się z Konfederacją, będzie wspólna lista do PE" (in pl). https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/partia-kierowcow-laczy-sie-z-konfederacja-bedzie-wspolna-lista-do-pe-6368866162169473a.
- ↑ "Marek Jakubiak nowym szefem koła Konfederacja" (in pl). 25 April 2019. https://dorzeczy.pl/kraj/100820/marek-jakubiak-nowym-szefem-kola-konfederacja.html.
- ↑ "Wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego 2019" (in pl). https://pe2019.pkw.gov.pl/pe2019/pl/wyniki/pl.
- ↑ Rogacin, Kacper (28 June 2019). "Grzegorz Braun założył własną partię o nazwie Konfederacja Korony Polskiej" (in pl-PL). Portal I.pl. https://polskatimes.pl/grzegorz-braun-zalozyl-wlasna-partie-o-nazwie-konfederacja-korony-polskiej/ar/c1-14242651.
- ↑ "Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość – Pozycja 66485 – Numer 247/2019 (5886) z 23 grudnia 2019 r. – Internetowy Monitor Sądowy i Gospodarczy". https://www.imsig.pl/pozycja/2019/247/66485,%22Konfederacja_Wolno%C5%9B%C4%87_i_Niepodleg%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87%22.
- ↑ "Kaja Godek opuszcza Konfederację. Mówi o "marginalizowaniu pro-liferów"". 9 August 2019. https://m.pch24.pl/kaja-godek-opuszcza-konfederacje-mowi-o-marginalizowaniu-pro-liferow/.
- ↑ "Konfederacja oddała "szóstkę" rolnikom – Ekonomika rolnictwa" (in pl). 5 September 2019. https://www.farmer.pl/finanse/podatki-rachunkowosc/konfederacja-oddala-szostke-rolnikom,88295.html.
- ↑ DC (29 November 2019). "Konfederacja w obronie rolników i konsumentów! Korwin-Mikke i Braun ogłaszają powstanie organizacji. "Nie chcemy równych dopłat, tylko równej konkurencji" [video"] (in pl-PL). https://nczas.com/2019/11/29/konfederacja-w-obronie-rolnikow-i-konsumentow-korwin-mikke-i-braun-oglaszaja-powstanie-organizacji-nie-chcemy-rownych-doplat-tylko-rownej-konkurencji-video/.
- ↑ "Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2019 r." (in pl). https://sejmsenat2019.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/pl/wyniki/sejm/pl.
- ↑ "Wybory Parlamentarne 2019". http://ewybory.eu/wybory-parlamentarne-2019/.
- ↑ "Wyniki wyborów do Sejmu 2019 na mapach". 14 October 2019. https://wbdata.pl/wyniki-wyborow-do-sejmu-2019-na-mapach/.
- ↑ "What are the prospects for Poland's radical right Confederation?". 23 December 2019. https://polishpoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2019/12/23/what-are-the-prospects-for-polands-radical-right-confederation/.
- ↑ oprac. Arkadiusz Jastrzębski (30 October 2019). "Wybory prezydenckie 2020. Konfederacja: będą prawybory w stylu amerykańskim – WP Wiadomości". Wiadomosci.wp.pl. https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wybory-prezydenckie-2020-konfederacja-beda-prawybory-w-stylu-amerykanskim-6440688762546305a.
- ↑ Białczyk, oprac Piotr (18 January 2020). "Wybory prezydenckie 2020. Konfederacja wyłoniła kandydata na prezydenta" (in pl). https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wybory-prezydenckie-2020-konfederacja-wylonila-kandydata-na-prezydenta-6469013660882561a.
- ↑ JA (28 June 2020). "Rada Liderów Konfederacji gratuluje Krzysztofowi Bosakowi i zachęca, by w II turze głosować "zgodnie z własnym sumieniem i rozumem"" (in pl-PL). https://nczas.com/2020/06/28/rada-liderow-konfederacji-gratuluje-krzysztofowi-bosakowi-i-zacheca-by-w-ii-turze-glosowac-zgodnie-z-wlasnym-sumieniem-i-rozumem/.
- ↑ Agnieszka Burzyńska; Andrzej Stankiewicz (25 April 2022) (in pl), "Stan po Burzy". Konfederacja się dzieli. To ostatnie polityczne podrygi Janusza Korwin-Mikkego, onet.pl, https://www.onet.pl/informacje/onetwiadomosci/stan-po-burzy-konfederacja-sie-dzieli-polityczny-koniec-korwin-mikkego/lhxzltb,79cfc278
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Cienski, Jan, Kości, Wojciech (2023-09-05). "Meet the far-right potential kingmakers in Poland's election". https://www.politico.eu/article/meet-far-right-potential-kingmaker-poland-election/.
- ↑ "Burza w sieci po występie Korwin-Mikkego. 'Wesołe opowieści pana Janusza'" (in pl). 2022-02-18. https://wydarzenia.interia.pl/kraj/news-korwin-mikke-kobiety-przed-55-rokiem-zycia-nie-powinny-gloso,nId,5840444.
- ↑ "Żydzi dokonali ludobójstwa na Polakach – głosi profesor KUL, który jest trójką na liście Konfederacji". 2023-07-14. https://www.otwarta.org/zydzi-dokonali-ludobojstwa-na-polakach-glosi-profesor-kul-ktory-jest-trojka-na-liscie-konfederacji/.
- ↑ "Jest decyzja w sprawie Janusza Korwin-Mikkego. "Nie chciałem tego"". 29 October 2023. https://tvn24.pl/polska/konfederacja-slawomir-mentzen-o-januszu-korwin-mikke-nie-bedzie-kandydowal-z-list-konfederacji-w-kolejnych-wyborach-7413781.
- ↑ Krzysztoszek, Aleksandra (14 May 2021). "Polish right-wing opposition party opposes 'vaccine passports'" (in en-GB). https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/polish-right-wing-opposition-party-opposes-vaccine-passports/.
- ↑ Adamczyk, Grzegorz (6 January 2022). "Facebook bans page of Polish right-wing Confederation party with nearly 700,000 followers" (in en-US). https://rmx.news/poland/facebook-bans-page-of-polish-right-wing-confederation-party-with-nearly-700000-followers/.
- ↑
- Boros, Tamas; Freitas, Maria; Skrzypek, Ania (2020). State of Populism in Europe: 2020. Brussels, Belgium: Foundation for European Progressive Studies. pp. 133. ISBN 978-2930769394.
- "Opposition will block wage rises for Polish officials" (in en). Emerald Expert Briefings. 4 August 2021. doi:10.1108/oxan-es263263.
- Bill, Stanley; Stanley, Ben (2 July 2020). "Whose Poland is it to be? PiS and the struggle between monism and pluralism" (in en). East European Politics 36 (3): 378–394. doi:10.1080/21599165.2020.1787161. ISSN 2159-9165. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/303522.
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- ↑
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- ↑ Munteanu, Adriana (June 2020). Facebook – An Instrument for RightWing Populist Propaganda?. Amsterdam, Netherlands, the: University of Amsterdam. pp. 31.
- ↑ "Anti-EU Block forms on the Polish right". PolandIn (Telewizja Polska). 1 March 2019. https://polandin.com/41550243/antieu-block-forms-on-the-polish-right.
- ↑ "Poland in 2022: Can the Opposition Make Inroads into PiS's Popularity?" (in en-US). 10 January 2022. https://balkaninsight.com/2022/01/10/poland-in-2022-can-the-opposition-make-inroads-into-piss-popularity/.
- ↑ "Politico Poland Playbook, presented by the European Gaming and Betting Association (EGBA): Giants battle — Biedroń interview — Who will waste their votes?" (in en-US). 2 May 2019. https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/2019-european-election/politico-poland-playbook-presented-by-the-european-gaming-and-betting-association-egba-giants-battle-biedron-interview-who-will-waste-their-votes/.
- ↑ Tilles, Daniel (27 November 2019). "Far-right MPs condemn Polish government's "mass immigration" policy and call for "ethnic cohesion"" (in en-US). https://notesfrompoland.com/2019/11/27/far-right-mps-condemn-polish-governments-mass-immigration-policy-and-call-for-ethnic-cohesion/.
- ↑ Rae, Gavin (11 December 2019). "The neoliberal far right in Poland" (in en-GB). https://socialeurope.eu/the-neoliberal-far-right-in-poland.
- ↑ Tilles, Daniel (28 October 2019). "Polish far-right party to propose anti-LGBT law plus limits on Jewish property restitution and abortion" (in en-US). https://notesfrompoland.com/2019/10/28/new-far-right-party-to-seek-legislation-opposing-lgbt-jewish-property-restitution-and-abortion/.
- ↑ Gwiazda, Anna (16 December 2021). "Gender Ideologies and Polish Political Parties" (in en). Government and Opposition 58 (4): 641–660. doi:10.1017/gov.2021.57. ISSN 0017-257X. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/165302184/gender_ideologies_and_polish_political_parties.pdf.
- ↑ "Polish PM calls Facebook ban on far-right party undemocratic" (in en). 6 January 2022. https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-technology-health-europe-poland-ffc07f410963475fc0adaff2261ce6c9.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "The Polish Presidential Election 2020: which role does far-right politics (not) play?" (in en). 2 July 2020. https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/news-and-events/right-now/2020/the-polish-presidential-election-2020.html.
- ↑ Harper, Jo (2021). Our man in Warszawa : how the West misread Poland. Budapest. ISBN 978-9633863961. OCLC 1227789629. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1227789629.
- ↑ "Bosak dla Gazeta.pl: Prezydent Duda nadskakuje środowiskom żydowskim" (in pl). 13 February 2020. https://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/wiadomosci/7,114884,25688207,bosak-prezydent-duda-nadskakuje-srodowiskom-zydowskim-wywiad.html.
- ↑ Populism and the politicization of the COVID-19 vrisis in Europe. Giuliano Bobba, Nicolas Hubé. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 2021. ISBN 978-3030660116. OCLC 1241452459. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1241452459.
- ↑ Wilczek, Maria (30 March 2021). "Far right seeks charges against ministers over "illegal" lockdown that has "damaged Polish nation"" (in en-US). https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/03/30/far-right-seeks-charges-against-ministers-over-illegal-lockdown-that-has-damaged-polish-nation/.
- ↑ Vachudova, Milada Anna (11 May 2021). "Populism, Democracy, and Party System Change in Europe" (in en). Annual Review of Political Science 24 (1): 471–498. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102711. ISSN 1094-2939.
- ↑ "What are the prospects for Poland's radical right Confederation?". 6 January 2020. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2020/01/06/what-are-the-prospects-for-polands-radical-right-confederation/.
- ↑ Lipinski, Artur (2020). "9". Democratic Efficacy and the Varieties of Populism in Europe. Poznań: University of Poznań.
- ↑ "Nacjonalizm w Europie. BBC prezentuje ranking | DW | 15 November 2019" (in pl-PL). https://www.dw.com/pl/nacjonalizm-w-europie-bbc-prezentuje-ranking/a-51271134.
- ↑ Bodalska, Barbara (7 October 2019). "Sondaże: Niedzielne wybory parlamentarne wygrywa Zjednoczona Prawica" (in pl-PL). https://www.euractiv.pl/section/demokracja/news/sondaze-niedzielne-wybory-parlamentarne-wygrywa-zjednoczona-prawica/.
- ↑ Network, European Data Journalism. "Why young Poles voted for "national-liberals"" (in en-GB). https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/News/Data-news/Why-young-Poles-voted-for-national-liberals.
- ↑ ""1000+" Powszechna ulga podatkowa" (in pl-PL). https://konfederacja.net/1000-powszechna-ulga-podatkowa/.
- ↑ "Szybkie i sprawiedliwe sądy" (in pl-PL). https://konfederacja.net/szybkie-i-sprawiedliwe-sady/.
- ↑ "Partia Wolność znowu nawołuje do przywrócenia kary śmierci – społeczeństwo" (in pl). https://www.wnp.pl/parlamentarny/spoleczenstwo/partia-wolnosc-znowu-nawoluje-do-przywrocenia-kary-smierci,36658.html.
- ↑ "Bon oświatowy i kulturalny" (in pl-PL). https://konfederacja.net/bon-oswiatowy-i-kulturalny/.
- ↑ "Bezpieczeństwo narodowe" (in pl-PL). https://konfederacja.net/bezpieczenstwo-narodowe/.
- ↑ "Zdrowe życie" (in pl-PL). https://konfederacja.net/zdrowe-zycie/.
- ↑ "Pakiet Polskiego Przedsiębiorcy" (in pl-PL). https://konfederacja.net/pakiet-polskiego-przedsiebiorcy/.
- ↑ "Jakubiak potwierdza dołączenie do Konfederacji. "Mali muszą się łączyć, żeby być dużymi"". 6 March 2019. https://www.tvp.info/41617963/.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Rozpad Konfederacji. Liroy i Jakubiak tworzą własną partię". Do Rzeczy. 24 June 2019. https://www.dorzeczy.pl/kraj/106440/Rozpad-Konfederacji-Liroy-i-Jakubiak-tworza-wlasna-partie.html.
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Piotr "Liroy" Marzec: Poglądy, program wyborczy i polityczny [2020] – Radio ZET". 24 January 2020. https://www.radiozet.pl/Co-gdzie-kiedy-jak/piotr-liroy-marzec-poglady-program-wyborczy-wybory-2020-wiek-wzrost-kontakt.
- ↑ "Wolnościowcy zakładają nowe koło. "To koniec Konfederacji"". 13 February 2023. https://wydarzenia.interia.pl/kraj/news-wolnosciowcy-zakladaja-nowe-kolo-to-koniec-konfederacji,nId,6594901.
- ↑ "Wielka rzeź małych partii. Wysyp decyzji o delegalizacji małych, choć zasłużonych ugrupowań" (in pl). https://www.rp.pl/polityka/art38008171-wielka-rzez-malych-partii-wysyp-decyzji-o-delegalizacji-malych-choc-zasluzonych-ugrupowan.
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 "Serwis PKW – Wybory 2019". https://sejmsenat2019.pkw.gov.pl/sejmsenat2019/pl/komitety/26073.
- ↑ Davies, Christian (11 January 2018). "Polish MPs back even tougher restrictions on abortion". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/11/polish-mps-reject-liberalised-abortion-laws-but-back-new-restrictions.
- ↑ Shukla, Sebastian; Klosok, Alex (16 April 2020). "Poland debates abortion bill amid coronavirus lockdown". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/15/world/poland-abortion-law-intl/index.html.
- ↑ Beata Czuma (28 January 2019). "Kaja Godek startuje do Parlamentu Europejskiego razem z narodowcami". Wirtualna Polska. https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kaja-godek-startuje-do-parlamentu-europejskiego-razem-z-narodowcami-6343349374052481a.
- ↑ "Kaja Godek opuszcza Konfederację. Mówi o "marginalizowaniu pro-liferów"". pch24.pl. 9 August 2019. http://www.pch24.pl/kaja-godek-opuszcza-konfederacje--mowi-o-marginalizowaniu-pro-liferow,70060,i.html#ixzz5w8QtmCk3.
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