Social:Control by deprivation

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Control deprivation describes the act of not giving an individual their desires, wants and needs in a deliberate way to control that individual.[1] This is often achieved through acts such as lack of affection, acts indifferent and detached, failure to respond, emotionally distant, deliberately with holding sex, shifts blame to the individual and other techniques. Control deprivation can lead to a wide range of effects, such as causing depression,[2] leading people to aggression,[3] increased social class effects and the use of social stereotypes in making judgements on people[4] as well as product acquisition.[5] Lack of control over a situation can significantly affect a person, changing the way a person thinks and acts. This is often exploited by individuals, businesses and in other situations, however individuals are also very capable of finding alternative means to regain the control that was previously lost and regaining personal control.[6]

An Individual who is tired from control deprivation
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Definition

Control is the ability to influence and direct behaviour or events,[7] while deprive is to stop and prevent something from happening.[8] Control deprivation is for an individual to use their power and influence to prevent an action that will give another individual joy, whether this action is emotional, physical or any other action.

Effects of control deprivation

Effects on depression

Systematic control deprivation can lead to depressive disorders.[9] A study highlighted how "Parental Affection-less control" was one of the factors that lead to depression later on in life. Using 125 patients that have been classified suffering from depressive symptoms under DSM-III, as well as suffering from one highly controlling parent and one parent low care parent. The results of this study show that people with depression are more likely to have seen themselves as having over-controlling parents. These effects of Psychological abuse from an elder can lead to feelings of guilt, separation, fear and anxiety.[10][11] Further the studies into Learned Helplessness reveal that in both animals and humans when submitted to unavoidable pain eventually became "normalised" to the pain, even when given the opportunity to avoid the pain.[12] Through the lack of control that the subject is submitted to they develop depression like symptoms.[13] The direct lack of control that an individual experiences, can directly links and cause lowered self esteem, anxiety and a lack of motivation to change the situation that they are currently in.[2] All of these symptoms are often characterised and found in people with depressive disorders.

Control deprivation can make the feelings of helplessness worse and exacerbate these feelings. The lack of control will may result in the individuals feeling more depressed and can change the emotional thought process of the individual, resulting in a negative mood.[14] These feelings stem from uncontrollability that control deprivation brings into someones life can trigger the symptoms of depression and that of learned helplessness as a result of the control deprivation.[15][16]

Social effects

Research has demonstrated that individuals that have suffered from Control Deprivation are more likely to use negative social stereotypes and connotations when making judgements on individuals after having been deprived control.[4] When subjects were asked to describe an individual the subject was more likely to use negative social stereotypes when describing certain people and jobs that can be considered of lower socio-economic class jobs. In a set of studies, subjects were asked to describe a comedian and an archivist, one set of people were subject to a scenario where they were control deprived, this treatment group where more likely to describe the archivist in a negative manner relative to the control group. This causes particular issues through racial stereotyping as well as social-class effects. Studies have highlighted how institutionalised stereotypes within social classes may be exaggerated through lack of control[17] as well as further straining the relationships between social classes[18] highlighting that the desire for control may lead worsened social settings.

Ostracism is strongly linked to control deprivation due to humans desire for companionship and friendship.[3] Using ostracism to be able to control for control deprivation a study found that when people have the opportunity to be aggressive to the people that ostracised them they will be. The study allowed the subjects to give hot sauce to the people that ostracised them, these subjects gave 4 times the amount of hot-sauce then the individuals in the control group. A lack of control has been proven to be related to aggression, this is theorised as people may become more aggressive to regain the freedom and control that they had lost or as a method to release frustration.[19] Individuals will use aggression as a method to restore their personal sense of power. By allowing the subjects to give out hot sauce, the amount of hot sauce given out can be seen as acting out in an aggressive and frustrated manner, both with the intention to spite the individual that subjected them to a situation where they lacked control[20] as well as to personally feel as if they are able to regain the control that they had lost.[21] Ostracism may directly cause these affects that will lead to aggression due to the lack of control. This is further similarly linked to Frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Information processing

When deprived of control an individual will process information in a more systematic manner.[22] Through giving subjects unsolvable problems to create a control deprived situation, followed by needing to pair words from sentences after a waiting period. Subjects from the experimental group were able to better recognise previously paired sentences as well as facts and make judgements on texts. The authors explore that these results highlight that failing to control outcomes is a built-in danger signal leading to a greater focus. The discussion moves onto these implications in motivation tools and how to “get the most” out of someone. Through the use of paired sentences the study was able to show that the subject takes in the information when encoding the information during the time that they are control deprived, they are not forming the links between the sentences when recalling the information.[22] However other studies have conflicting measurements, in another study subjects were given zero, one, two, four, six or eight either solvable or unsolvable tasks then told to complete a two letter cancelation test.[23] This study found that the subjects had increased motivation to complete the tasks, however the accuracy of the tasks completed fell. The author discusses how these results may be caused by learned helplessness, which describes how mental disorders such as Major depressive disorder can be caused by control deprivation.[24]

Product acquisition

People more strongly linked to situations where they are able to feel stronger connected and influenced. These feelings are compounded when people are suffering from control deprivation. In line with the compensatory control theory, individuals will resort to a wide range of strategies to regain control. These strategies do not have to be linked to the source of the control deprivation.[25] Individuals will aim to complete different or unrelated tasks that the individual is able to gain control over. A study where subjects were asked to complete simple meaningless tasks of deciphering a stimuli within visual noise allowed the subjects to regain control through completing simple tasks that give a reliable and desired outcome that reaffirms a level of control that was previously missing.[26][25] This is hypothesised to be effective in restoring mental strength as it provides evidence to the individual that they are able to influence the world around them and that they do have an intrinsic level of control and belonging.[25][27] As a direct result individuals are more likely to purchase and consume products that link to their intrinsic need for control.[28] The study, conducted by Charlene Y Chen, Leonard Lee and Andy J Yap focuses on how control deprivation can be used to entice the subjects to purchase products. Through the running of multiple experiments, the study found that individuals after being submitted to a control deprived situation are more likely to purchase a utilitarian products over a hedonic product, this is hypothesised to be a method to be able to regain the control that had been lost through being deprived,[28] with the utilitarian product being picked to represent more control that is missing as well as the long term use and effectiveness of these products[29] However this study fails too make a decision on if the purchase of these problems does actually allow the consumer to fell as if they have gained control.

Individuals with higher self control are less economically drawn to the purchase of these products. Individuals where they both feel to be in more significant and stronger control are less likely to consume goods without a sense of need.[30] Showing that as the amount of personal self control depreciates the desire to consume and will compensatory consume goods.[31] This shows how advertisers and advertising will aim to capture these elements to appeal to there market.[32]

Styles of thinking within cultures

Different cultures in still different ways of thinking about issues, East Asian people through cultural factors and education favour thinking in holistic manners, while people raised in Western Countries are more likely to have an analytical style of thinking.[33] In brief settings of control deprivation East Asian subjects were more likely to shift towards and analytical style of thinking, this is paired with Caucasian subjects also continued to think in an analytic manner studies show.[34] However, after persistent control deprivation the thought process changes. After pro-longed periods of control deprivation the thought process of the individuals from East Asian countries returns to the largely holistic thought processes.[34] The thought process is not dependent on static outcomes of cultural influences but change and are flexible towards the current situations such as submitted to control deprivation[35][34]

Overcoming control deprivation

John Mirowsky proposed that problem solving can significantly improve the feelings of control that an individual feels. This is backed up by the studies conducted by Bukowski, after submitting the subjects to unsolvable tasks followed by solvable tasks, these subjects were able to quickly restore their sense of control.[36] As Mirowsky states that people with perceived higher control of their lives are more likely reflect their life constraints and opportunities, the sense of control increases with education, wealth and status of employment. All these factors show that an increase in activity that relates to problem solving and results in a "sense of achievement" help to overcome the feelings of control deprivation.[37] However, in the same vain, research has shown that small experiences of lacking control can increase the motivation and increase the effort expenditure to get out of those situations.[38] Through this restoring of control individuals will have had there cognitive ability boosted.[39]

Uses in torture

Control deprivation has been used by the CIA, and described in the CIA interrogation manuals, under the detention section the manual says they can deprive the prisoner of sleep, wood, water as well as depriving individuals of sensory stimuli, can be effective in getting the information out of individuals.[40]

References

  1. ↑ Stines, Sharie; read, Psy D. Last updated: 2 Oct 2018~ 2 min (2018-10-02). "Control by Deprivation". https://pro.psychcentral.com/recovery-expert/2018/10/control-by-deprivation/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Miller, W.R (1975). "Depression and learned helplessness in man". Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84 (3): 228–238. doi:10.1037/h0076720. PMID 1169264. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Warburton, Wayne A.; Williams, Kipling D.; Cairns, David R. (March 2006). "When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (2): 213–220. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.03.005. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ric, François (June 1997). "Effects of Control Deprivation on Subsequent Use of Stereotypes". The Journal of Social Psychology 137 (3): 333–342. doi:10.1080/00224549709595444. ISSN 0022-4545. 
  5. ↑ Chen, Charlene Y.; Lee, Leonard; Yap, Andy J. (2016-11-09). "Control Deprivation Motivates Acquisition of Utilitarian Products". Journal of Consumer Research: ucw068. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw068. ISSN 0093-5301. 
  6. ↑ Thompson, Suzanne C. (2012-09-18). "The Role of Personal Control in Adaptive Functioning". in Lopez, Shane J.. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–278. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0025. ISBN 9780195187243. 
  7. ↑ "CONTROL | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/control. 
  8. ↑ "DEPRIVE | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/deprive. 
  9. ↑ Parker, Gordon (1983-09-01). "Parental 'Affectionless Control' as an Antecedent to Adult Depression: A Risk Factor Delineated". Archives of General Psychiatry 40 (9): 956–60. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080038005. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 6615158. 
  10. ↑ Rohner, Ronald P.; Rohner, Evelyn C. (January 1980). "Antecedents and consequences of parental rejection: A theory of emotional abuse". Child Abuse & Neglect 4 (3): 189–198. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(80)90007-1. 
  11. ↑ "Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect". https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/long_term_consequences.pdf. 
  12. ↑ "learned helplessness | Description, History, & Applications". https://www.britannica.com/science/learned-helplessness. 
  13. ↑ Seligman, M E P (1972-02-01). "Learned Helplessness". Annual Review of Medicine 23 (1): 407–412. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.23.020172.002203. ISSN 0066-4219. PMID 4566487. 
  14. ↑ Bukowski, Marcin. Red. Guinote, Ana (1963- ). Red. Kofta, Mirosław (1945- ). Red. Fritsche, Immo. Red. (2017). Coping with lack of control in a social world. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781138957923. OCLC 971395444. 
  15. ↑ Sedek, Grzegorz; Kofta, Miroslaw; Tyszka, Tadeusz (1993). "Effects of uncontrollability on subsequent decision making: Testing the cognitive exhaustion hypothesis." (in en). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (6): 1270–1281. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.6.1270. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 8295123. 
  16. ↑ Roth, Susan; Kubal, Larry (1975). "Effects of noncontingent reinforcement on tasks of differing importance: Facilitation and learned helplessness.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (4): 680–691. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.4.680. ISSN 0022-3514. 
  17. ↑ Durante, Federica; Fiske, Susan T. (December 2017). "How social-class stereotypes maintain inequality". Current Opinion in Psychology 18: 43–48. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.033. PMID 29221511. 
  18. ↑ Dépret, Eric; Fiske, Susan T. (1993), Weary, Gifford; Gleicher, Faith; Marsh, Kerry L., eds., "Social Cognition and Power: Some Cognitive Consequences of Social Structure as a Source of Control Deprivation", Control Motivation and Social Cognition (Springer New York): pp. 176–202, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8309-3_7, ISBN 9781461383116 
  19. ↑ Mueller, C.W. (1983). "Environmental stressors and aggressive behavior". Issues in Research, Academic Press, New York 2: 51–76. 
  20. ↑ Williams, Kipling D. (2004). Ostracism is aggression; Ostracism can cause aggression. doi:10.1037/e552522012-142. 
  21. ↑ Crick, Nicki R.; Casas, Juan F.; Mosher, Monique (1997). "Relational and overt aggression in preschool.". Developmental Psychology 33 (4): 579–588. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.4.579. ISSN 1939-0599. PMID 9232373. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Pittman, T (1989). "Motivation and cognition: Control deprivation and the nature of subsequent information processing". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 25 (6): 465–480. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(89)90001-2. 
  23. ↑ Ric, Francois; Scharnitzky, Patrick (January 2003). "Effects of control deprivation on effort expenditure and accuracy performance". European Journal of Social Psychology 33 (1): 103–118. doi:10.1002/ejsp.134. ISSN 0046-2772. 
  24. ↑ Seligman, Martin E. P. (1992). Helplessness : on depression, development, and death. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 071672328X. OCLC 26107503. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Landau, Mark J.; Kay, Aaron C.; Whitson, Jennifer A. (May 2015). "Compensatory control and the appeal of a structured world.". Psychological Bulletin 141 (3): 694–722. doi:10.1037/a0038703. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 25688696. 
  26. ↑ Kay, Aaron C.; Gaucher, Danielle; Napier, Jamie L.; Callan, Mitchell J.; Laurin, Kristin (2008). "God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95 (1): 18–35. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.18. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 18605849. 
  27. ↑ Langer, Ellen J. (1975). "The illusion of control.". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (2): 311–328. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311. ISSN 0022-3514. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Chen, Charlene Y.; Lee, Leonard; Yap, Andy J. (2016-11-09). "Control Deprivation Motivates Acquisition of Utilitarian Products" (in en). Journal of Consumer Research: ucw068. doi:10.1093/jcr/ucw068. ISSN 0093-5301. 
  29. ↑ Khan, Uzma (August 2004). "A Behavioral Decision Theoretic Perspective on Hedonic and Utilitarian Choice". Inside Consumption: Frontiers of Research on Consumer Motives, Goals, and Desires (Ed.): 1–36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255663016. 
  30. ↑ Gul, Faruk; Pesendorfer, Wolfgang (2004). "Self-Control and the Theory of Consumption". Econometrica 72 (1): 119–158. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00480.x. ISSN 0012-9682. 
  31. ↑ Chen, Charlene; Lee, Leonard; Yap, Andy (2010). Control Deprivation and Compensatory Shopping. doi:10.1037/e621072012-079. 
  32. ↑ "Advertising Techniques - 13 Most Common Techniques Used by the Advertisers". https://www.managementstudyguide.com/advertising-techniques.htm. 
  33. ↑ Nisbett, Richard E.; Peng, Kaiping; Choi, Incheol; Norenzayan, Ara (2001). "Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition." (in en). Psychological Review 108 (2): 291–310. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.291. ISSN 1939-1471. PMID 11381831. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Zhou, Xinyue; He, Lingnan; Yang, Qing; Lao, Junpeng; Baumeister, Roy F. (2012). "Control deprivation and styles of thinking." (in en). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102 (3): 460–478. doi:10.1037/a0026316. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 22082059. 
  35. ↑ Oyserman, Daphna; Lee, Spike W. S. (2008). "Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism." (in en). Psychological Bulletin 134 (2): 311–342. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.311. ISSN 1939-1455. PMID 18298274. 
  36. ↑ Bukowski, Marcin; Asanowicz, Dariusz; Marzecová, Anna; Lupiáñez, Juan (2015-01-01). "Limits of control: The effects of uncontrollability experiences on the efficiency of attentional control". Acta Psychologica 154: 43–53. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.11.005. ISSN 0001-6918. PMID 25482404. http://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/handle/item/4539. 
  37. ↑ Mirowsky, John (1995). "Age and the Sense of Control". Social Psychology Quarterly 58 (1): 31–43. doi:10.2307/2787141. 
  38. ↑ Wortman, Camille B.; Brehm, Jack W. (1975-01-01), Berkowitz, Leonard, ed., "Responses to Uncontrollable Outcomes: An Integration of Reactance Theory and the Learned Helplessness Model11Work on this chapter was supported in part by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH26087-01) to the first author and a grant from the National Science Foundation (GS 3205) to the second author. The authors are very grateful to David C. Glass, Martin E. P. Seligman, Sharon Gurwitz, Paul M. Wortman, Richard Bootzin, C. Peter Herman, Jacobo A. Varela, Janet Polivy, Susan Roth, Ronnie Bulman, Sharon S. Brehm, and Alan Levy for their valuable comments on a preliminary draft of this paper.", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Academic Press) 8: 277–336, doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60253-1 
  39. ↑ Bukowski, Marcin 1902-1987 HerausgeberIn. Fritsche, Immo 1972- HerausgeberIn. Guinote, Ana 1963- HerausgeberIn. Kofta, Mirosław 1945- HerausgeberIn. (2017). Coping with lack of control in a social world. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781138957930. OCLC 963816142. 
  40. ↑ "InTERRORgation: KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation Document". 2006-06-02. http://www.parascope.com/articles/0397/kub_ix.htm. 



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