Social:Pink tax

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Short description: Higher pricing of products marketed to women
Gender-based price difference between Byly deodorants for women (50 mL) vs men (75 mL). Both are sold for 5,99$ CAD at Uniprix in Quebec, Canada.

The pink tax refers to the tendency for products marketed specifically toward women to be more expensive than those marketed toward men. This phenomenon is often attributed to gender-based price discrimination, however research shows that the primary cause is women sorting into goods with higher marginal costs.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The name stems from the observation that many of the affected products are pink.

Background

A 2015 study by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs on the cost of being a female consumer concluded that women's products are typically more expensive than men's without reasonable cause.[3] It concluded that products marketed specifically toward women cost on average 7% more than products marketed toward men. This discrepancy applies to apparel, toys, and healthcare products, among other things. In the toy sector, girls' toys cost on average 7% more than boys' toys. The study showed a side-by-side comparison of a Radio Flyer scooter where the red scooter costs $24.99 and a pink scooter, identical in all ways but color, costs $49. In children's apparel, girls' clothes were 4% more expensive than boys'. Women's clothing was 8% more expensive than men's clothing. The largest discrepancy came to personal care/hygiene products, where women's products cost 13% more than men's.[3]

International prevalence

Other countries where the pink tax has been investigated include Argentina,[8] France, Germany, the UK,[9] Australia, and Italy.[10][11] In the UK, women and girls were being charged on average 37 per cent more for toys, cosmetics and clothes than their male counterparts.[12] The UK also faces the Pink Tax in school uniforms. Girls' school uniforms are 12 percent more expensive than boys' uniforms. This goes for both primary and secondary school-age children that must face this problem.[13] In Singapore, a check by The Sunday Times on ten companies found that women pay more for some products and services, like dry cleaning and razors, offered by about half of these companies.[14] Additionally, women in Singapore have to pay more premiums for Careshield Life, a national long-term care insurance scheme introduced by the government.[14] In recent times Argentina women pay 12 percent more than men for the same products. In 2021 the gap was at 11 percent and went up the following year in 2022.[citation needed]

Pink tax causes

There are many reasons why the pink tax exists, including tariffs, product discrimination, and product differentiation. There are many suggested causes of this discrepancy, including price elasticity and the belief that women are more prepared than men to pay higher prices for their purchases.[3][6][15][16] Other reports suggest that marketing targets women to pay higher prices as ethical consumers.[17] Certain types of clothing, footwear, and gloves made for women and men are taxed at different levels when first entering the United States.[15] While some tariffs are higher for men's clothing, others are higher for women's.

According to The Washington Post article[18] women are more likely to spend more money on improving their appearance, because not doing so is associated with the risk of losing revenue. Some studies showed that attractive people tend to earn higher salaries,[19][20] receive higher grades in school,[21] receive shorter prison sentences,[22] and are more likely to be hired and promoted in the workplace.[23]

Some people argue that product differentiation can account for a portion of the difference between the prices of men's goods and women's goods. Products like the Radio Flyer scooter[24] may cost more due to the cost of slightly changing the product. For example, a pink scooter may cost more than a red scooter because it is more expensive to paint a scooter pink than red, assuming such a large difference for this reason of production would be because the red scooters are the larger production, and pink scooters are in the minority. However, there has never been any evidence presented, for example, that pink paint costs more than red paint or blue paint, thereby creating cost differentials in color-coded items geared toward different genders. The Pink Tax also arises in services like haircuts or dry cleaning. Likewise, in dry cleaning, some people argue that men's clothing tends to be more uniform while women's clothing tends to have a lot of variabilities which can make it harder to clean. They also argue that pressing machines, normally made for men's clothing, are more difficult to use on women's clothes, which results in the dry-cleaners resorting to hand-pressing the clothing.[25]

The reason those who campaign against the pink tax claim it to be so problematic is that higher prices for goods and services arise from gender alone, with no underlying economic justification such as higher costs of production in goods. Women's and men's razors are essentially the same, and distinguishing between them is simply a marketing strategy.[25][26] People who have a greater need to buy a product are often willing to pay much more, leading to price discrimination.[27] Women are often subjected to this in the tampon and sanitary napkin market creating a marginalized group among women who are "period poor".[27][28]

Criticism

Criticism of the pink tax includes the principle that the idea robs women of agency and choice by suggesting that women are so easily brainwashed by marketing that they are prevented from choosing the lesser-priced but otherwise "identical" male-marketed alternative. Instead, critics have attributed the pricing disparity to market forces,[29] and stated that if women continue to buy a more expensive pink razor, it is because they see some utility or additional aesthetic that they are willing to pay for.[30] Substantive differences in price may indicate differences in the marketability of different products. Critics argue that although seemingly identical products and services may be differently priced, the emotional experiences and perceived value are different.[31]

A more recent study pointed out methodological flaws in the influential 2015 study from the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs: "First, the products considered in the report account for less than 6% of category sales and were not selected at random. Second, while the sample was constructed by subjectively pairing men’s and women’s products, we find that most pairs in the sample differ in their ingredients."[32] They argue that a systematic analysis of the evidence reveals when comparing products made by the same company with the same leading ingredients, men's products were more expensive in 3 out of 5 categories. "These findings do not support the existence of a systematic price premium for women’s products."[32]

Economic impact

Activists and politicians argue that the economic impact of the pink tax is that women have less purchasing power, especially paired with the gender-based pay gap.[26] Wage gaps and pension gaps already put women at a disadvantage when it comes to purchasing power. Women currently make a statistical average 89 cents for every $1 a man earns in the United States, meaning women statistically, on average, have less income to spend on goods and services.[33] This alone gives men more money and, ultimately, more buying power. The pink tax further contributes to the economic inequality between men and women. It is also argued that paying more for goods and services marketed to women while women earn less than men means men hold the majority of the purchasing power in the economy.[33] Taxes on feminine hygiene products that men do not need further contribute to this discrepancy.[34]

US legislation

Congresswoman Jackie Speier

Representative Jackie Speier was a member of the California State Senate from 1998 to 2006. In 2008, she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, representing California's 14th Electoral District, and is still the incumbent. Speier, a Democrat, is a member of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.[35] She also speaks out for equal rights and LGBTQ rights, and involves herself in many related organizations.[36]

Pink Tax Repeal Act

On July 8, 2016, Speier introduced H.R. 5686, Pink Tax Repeal Act, to the House floor. The overall intention of the Pink Tax Repeal Act is to end gender-based price discrimination. She was the bill's primary sponsor. This was widely considered an early version of the bill.[37]

On April 10, 2018, Speier introduced a revised version of the Pink Tax Repeal Act, H.R.5464. The 115th Congress (2017-2019) was expected to review the 2018 version. Skopos Labs, a technology company that predicts risks and opportunities, gave the bill a 1% chance of being enacted.[37][38] The Pink Tax Repeal Act would mandate that any comparable products that are marketed toward men and women must be priced equally. Additionally, this bill was meant to target public policy as well as gendered marketing initiatives.[39] A 2015 study done on U.S. tariff rates found that on average, even tariffs paid for women's goods are higher than those for men.[40] Even average imported clothing taxes for men were 11.9% compared to 15.1% for women.[40] These discrepancies were also included in the bill.[39] Although Speier said she did not expect the bill to pass, she tried to push forward the conversation about gender-based price discrimination.

The effects of increasing women representation are substantial. A 10% gain in seat share decreases the pink tax by approximately 0.44%.[41]

In June 2021, Speier reintroduced the Pink Tax Repeal Act, a bipartisan bill that pursues to end gender discrimination in the pricing of goods and services.[42]

Gender Tax Repeal Act

While in the California State Assembly, Speier introduced Assembly Bill No. 1088, also known as the Gender Tax Repeal Act, in 1995. It was similar to the Pink Tax Repeal Act, except it focused on gender-based price discrimination in services. The bill stated that businesses such as tailors, barbers, hair stylists, dry cleaners and laundries would not be permitted to discriminate for "standard services" due to a person's gender or the gender the clothing is intended for, without a valid, prominently placed written justification.[43][44] The bill passed in 2001 and remains in effect.[45] The Equal Gender Pricing Bill was proposed in 2016 aimed at consumer goods, specifically prohibiting businesses from gender biased pricing.[46] The main opposition argument was that a bill proposed on goods would lead to litigation, especially since the process of identifying gendered pricing remains ambiguous and subjective.[47]

Senator Ben Hueso (D-San Diego)

Democratic California State Sen. Ben Hueso of San Diego proposed a new version of the Gender Tax Repeal Act, SB-899, in 2016, but withdrew the bill after pushback from the California Retailers Association.[48] It would have banned businesses in California from charging customers different prices for similar goods on the basis of gender.[48]

Delegate Jennifer Boysko, (D-Fairfax)

Jennifer Boysko, a Democrat of the Virginia House of Delegates, in 2018 submitted HB 24,[49] which would exempt menstrual supplies from sales and use taxes,[clarification needed] in response to the Tampon Tax in Virginia.[34]

New York legislation

On September 30, 2020, a new law went into effect in New York State as a part of the FY 2021 budget that prohibited businesses from charging different prices for "substantially similar" consumer goods or services that are marketed to different genders. It was a key element of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo's 2020 Women's Agenda.[50][51]

UK legislation

Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Bill

In Scotland Labour Member of the Scottish Parliament Monica Lennon campaigned to end period poverty since 2016. She introduced a Bill for an Act of the Scottish Parliament, the Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Bill[52] to make provision for free period products for anyone who needs them in 2019.[53]

Gender-Based Pricing (Prohibition) Bill

An Early day motion directly citing the Pink tax was raised in the UK parliament by Scottish Liberal Democrat Christine Jardine in 2020 to highlight MPs concerns that women and girls pay more for basic products (including toiletries, clothes, and haircuts) than men do.[54][55] Jardine proposed The Gender-Based Pricing (Prohibition) Bill .[56] Jardine highlights that in the UK "women on average pay £200 more annually than men for the same every-day consumer goods and services" and that in some cases the only difference is the color of the item.[57][26]

Tampon tax

Main page: Finance:Tampon tax

In the United States, there is no specialized tax on tampons or similar menstrual products. In states where sales taxes are collected, tampons and other menstrual products are taxed in much the same way as most other non-exempt items (such as toilet paper and toothpaste). There has been a recent push to carve out a special tax-exempt status for tampons and other menstrual products, and the tax on such items may be referred to as a type of pink tax called a "tampon tax".[58] As of 2020, 30 states collect sales tax from tampons.[59] Women leading the movement against the tampon tax are calling the tax a form of "regulatory discrimination", saying that menstruation is out of their control and that the government should not tax something that is imminent for approximately half the population.[60] Similarly, this puts an even greater strain onto poverty-stricken households and results in a large percentage of women and young girls being unable to afford them. For instance, in a 2015 Scotland study, it was discovered that "45% of girls" had used "toilet paper, socks and newspaper to replace menstrual products" because they were unable to afford them.[61]

Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom have voted on legislation to create special tax exemptions for tampons, but none have become laws,[62] until January 2019, when Australia made the decision to remove their tax on feminine products.[63]

Scotland made period products free for all in 2020[53] and established a legal duty on local authorities to ensure that free items such as tampons and sanitary pads are available to "anyone who needs them".[64] The rest of the UK followed suit in 2021.[65][66]

India has recently scrapped their tampon tax.[67] Colombia also abolished their tax on feminine hygiene products in November 2018 to help further push for gender equality.[63] Germany's feminine products previously had a luxury tax, though at the start of 2020, they lowered the tax from 19% to the normal 7%.[63]

In November 2019, the largest sales tax protest took place against the 33 US states still implementing the tampon tax.[68]

In 2022 CVS dropped its taxes on women's hygiene products such as tampons and announced they will be covering the sales tax on these products in the U.S. states that allow them to do so.[69]

Recent developments

Recent developments in technology, big data, and online consumerism research have found potential gender biased IT algorithms.[70] A research study published in 2020 done at the University of Bamberg, Germany investigated gender specific differences in recommender systems in fashion. This study concluded that there were significant differences in price recommendations depending on which gender was being targeted, an online reflection of gender-based price discrimination.[71] Overall, product recommendations for women generally show a 5% higher premium compared to male counterparts.[71] Further research is being pursued on digital gender-based price discrimination.

In recent news coming from the United States, New York state made into law the first prohibition on the pink tax, which went into effect in September 2020. Followed by California which has also introduced similar legislation.[72]

Opposition to the Pink Tax Repeal Act came from retailers and manufacturers of women's products and clothing.[48] The main argument is that the Pink Tax Repeal Act would be difficult to enforce and lawsuits would follow. The difference between men's and women's products is not always easy to see, they argue, so removing the pink tax would be subjective.[73] They also alleged that the bill was unfriendly to domestic manufacturing jobs and that lowering the prices for women's products could lead to employee layoffs.[48]

Republican opposition for a recall of the tampon tax in Virginia argued that tax discrimination against products for women needed to be sorted out by changing the general tax code. They added that they supported the elimination of sales taxes overall.[34]

As a charity campaign for the political organization EMILY's List (a political action committee which supports the election of Democratic women who are in favor of abortion rights), the satirical card game Cards Against Humanity parodied the pink tax with a "For Her" edition of its base set, which had pink packaging and was $5 more expensive.[74]

The consumer goods giant, Procter & Gamble, planned to take over the women's razor startup company Billie that provides women razors at a comparable price to men. However, the Federal Trade commission filed a complaint against the acquisition, claiming that it eliminates market competition.[75]

References

  1. ↑ Barnes, Kayleigh; Brounstein, Jakob (November 4, 2022). The Pink Tax: Why Do Women Pay More?. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4269217. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4269217. 
  2. ↑ Moshary, Sarah; Tuchman, Anna; Bhatia Vajravelu, Natasha (December 16, 2021). Gender-Based Pricing in Consumer Packaged Goods: A Pink Tax?. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3882214. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3882214. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bessendorf, Anna. "From Cradle to Cane: The Cost of Being A Female Consumer". http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dca/downloads/pdf/partners/Study-of-Gender-Pricing-in-NYC.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "Pink Tax" (in en). https://www.investopedia.com/pink-tax-5095458. 
  5. ↑ Hoffman, Meredith. "The Pink Tax: How Women Pay More for Pink" (in en-US). https://www.bankrate.com/finance/credit-cards/pink-tax-how-women-pay-more/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hill, Catey. "6 times it's more expensive to be a woman" (in en-US). MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-women-pay-more-for-than-men-2014-01-17. 
  7. ↑ Maloney, Carolyn (December 2016). "The Pink Tax -- How Gender Based Price Discrimination Hurts Women's Buying Power". https://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/8a42df04-8b6d-4949-b20b-6f40a326db9e/the-pink-tax---how-gender-based-pricing-hurts-women-s-buying-power.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "Pink tax: why women pay more for the same products". CE Noticias Financieras. 5 June 2022. ProQuest 2673557175. [unreliable source?]
  9. ↑ "Putting the 'pink tax' on toiletries to the test" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-47659560. 
  10. ↑ Claire, Marie (2016-01-27). "Tampon Tax Around The World" (in en). Marie Claire UK. https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/tampon-tax-around-the-world-20545. 
  11. ↑ "Pink Tax Across the Globe". http://www.pink.tax/pink-tax-facts/pink-tax-across-the-globe. 
  12. ↑ Devaney, Susan (5 March 2019). "How Pink Tax Is Being Challenged In The UK To Financially Help Women In 2019". British Vogue. https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/pink-tax-women-money-christine-jardine. 
  13. ↑ Platt, P (September 8, 2021). "Girls' school uniforms are more expensive than boys' outfits due to the 'pink tax'". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/09/08/pink-tax-sees-girls-school-uniforms-12pc-expensive-boys/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 (in en) What is the pink tax all about? | Aly Says | The Straits Times, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntzyRgEt4Ks, retrieved 2021-11-29 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Barbaro, Michael (28 April 2007). "In Apparel, All Tariffs Aren't Created Equal". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/28/business/28gender.html. 
  16. ↑ "'Pink tax' has women paying 43% more for their toiletries than men" (in en-US). Financial Post. 2016-04-26. http://business.financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/pink-tax-means-women-are-paying-43-more-for-their-toiletries-than-men. 
  17. ↑ Norris, Susanne (2021-06-14). "The Pink Tax: what you need to know" (in en-GB). https://www.redonline.co.uk/magazine/a36712967/pink-tax/. 
  18. ↑ Ana Swanson (19 May 2016). "The real reason that so many women have to spend so much time getting ready". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/05/19/the-real-reason-that-so-many-women-have-to-spend-so-much-time-getting-ready/. 
  19. ↑ Jaclyn S. Wong; Andrew M. Penner (2016), "Gender and the returns to attractiveness", Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 44: 113–123, doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2016.04.002 
  20. ↑ Daniel S. Hamermesh; Jeff E. Biddle (1994), "Beauty and the Labor Market", The American Economic Review 84 (5): 1174–1194 
  21. ↑ Margaret M. Clifford; Elaine Walster (1973), "The Effect of Physical Attractiveness on Teacher Expectations", Sociology of Education 46 (2): 248–258, doi:10.2307/2112099 
  22. ↑ Angela S. Ahola; Sven Å. Christianson; Å. Hellström (2009), "Justice Needs a Blindfold: Effects of Gender and Attractiveness on Prison Sentences and Attributions of Personal Characteristics in a Judicial Process", Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 16: S90–S100, doi:10.1080/13218710802242011 
  23. ↑ Lucy M. Watkins; Lucy Johnston (2000), "Screening Job Applicants: The Impact of Physical Attractiveness and Application Quality", International Journal of Selection and Assessment 8 (2): 76–84, doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00135 
  24. ↑ Wylie, Melissa (23 December 2015). "New study shows price discrimination is alive and well". Columbus Business First. https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2015/12/new-study-shows-price-discrimination-is-alive-and.html. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "'Pink Tax' forces women to pay more than men" (in en). USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2017/03/27/pink-tax-forces-women-pay-more-than-men/99462846/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "'Sexist' shopping tax targeted by Lib Dem MP's bill" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2019-03-05. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-47448623. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Zraick, Karen (22 July 2018). "It's Not Just the Tampon Tax: Why Periods Are Political". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/22/health/tampon-tax-periods-menstruation-nyt.html. 
  28. ↑ "Period Poverty: Everything You Need to Know" (in en). https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/period-poverty-everything-you-need-to-know/. 
  29. ↑ Brown, Elizabeth Nolan (5 January 2016). "The 'Pink Tax' Is a Myth". Reason. https://reason.com/2016/01/05/the-pink-tax-is-a-myth/. 
  30. ↑ Worstall, Tim (13 November 2014). "The Pink Tax Is Nothing To Do With Public Policy, Women Can Solve It For Themselves". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2014/11/13/the-pink-tax-is-nothing-to-do-with-public-policy-women-can-solve-it-for-themselves/. 
  31. ↑ Georgeson, Hunter. "The Pink Tax is a myth". Adam Smith Institute. https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/economics/the-pink-tax-is-a-myth. [self-published source?]
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Template:Cite SSRN
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "The narrowing, but persistent, gender gap in pay" (in en-US). Pew Research Center. 2018-04-09. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/09/gender-pay-gap-facts/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Mosby, Tianna. "Bill to remove 'Tampon Tax' in Virginia clears first hurdle" (in en). http://www.whsv.com/content/news/Propelled-by-MeToo-groups-seek-to-remove-Tampon-Tax-in-Virginia-471345364.html. 
  35. ↑ "SPEIER, Karen Lorraine Jacqueline (Jackie) - Biographical Information". http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001175. 
  36. ↑ "About Jackie" (in en). https://speier.house.gov/about-jackie. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Pink Tax Repeal Act (H.R. 5464)" (in en). https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr5464. 
  38. ↑ "Pink Tax Repeal Act (H.R. 5464)" (in en). https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr5464#. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Fried, Carla (11 July 2016). "Pink Tax Repeal Act Aims to Make Pricing Fair to Women" (in en-US). https://www.consumerreports.org/shopping/pink-tax-repeal-act-aims-to-make-pricing-fair-to-women/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Taylor, Lori L.; Dar, Jawad (March 2015). "Fairer Trade, Removing Gender Bias in US Import Taxes". The Takeaway 6 (3). 
  41. ↑ Betz, Timm; Fortunato, David; O’Brien, Diana Z. (19 October 2020). "Women's Descriptive Representation and Gendered Import Tax Discrimination". American Political Science Review 115: 307–315. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000799. 
  42. ↑ "The Pink Tax: A Litigation and Legislation Update" (in en). https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/the-pink-tax-a-litigation-and-3433827/. 
  43. ↑ "Bill Text - AB-1088 Civil rights: gender discrimination.". https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200120020AB1088. 
  44. ↑ "Pink Tax Repeal Act Aims to Make Pricing Fair to Women" (in en-US). Consumer Reports. https://www.consumerreports.org/shopping/pink-tax-repeal-act-aims-to-make-pricing-fair-to-women/. 
  45. ↑ "Bill Text - AB-1088 Civil rights: gender discrimination.". https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200120020AB1088. 
  46. ↑ "Senator Hueso Introduces "Equal Gender Pricing Bill"" (in en). 2016-01-25. https://sd40.senate.ca.gov/node/849. 
  47. ↑ "Summary of H.R. 2048 (116th): Pink Tax Repeal Act" (in en). https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/116/hr2048/summary. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 "'Pink tax' bill dies: You'll still pay more for products marketed to women" (in en-US). Orange County Register. 2016-06-30. https://www.ocregister.com/2016/06/30/pink-tax-bill-dies-youll-still-pay-more-for-products-marketed-to-women/. 
  49. ↑ "LIS > Bill Tracking > HB24 > 2018 session". http://lis.virginia.gov/181/sum/HB24.HTM. 
  50. ↑ IMPORTANT GUIDANCE REGARDING GENDER-NEUTRAL PRICING AND SERVICES
  51. ↑ Former Governor Cuomo Reminds New Yorkers "Pink Tax" Ban Goes into Effect Today
  52. ↑ "Period Products Free Provision Scotland Bill" (in en). https://www.parliament.scot/bills-and-laws/bills/period-products-free-provision-scotland-bill. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Bill". 2021-11-04. https://archive2021.parliament.scot/parliamentarybusiness/currentcommittees/112914.aspx. 
  54. ↑ "Pink Tax - Early Day Motions - UK Parliament" (in en). Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/55690/pink-tax. 
  55. ↑ "'Pink tax' on women's products targeted by Liberal Democrat MP in new bill" (in en). 2019-03-05. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/pink-tax-price-gap-women-razors-deodorant-gender-a8808736.html. 
  56. ↑ "Gender-based Pricing (Prohibition) Bill - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament" (in en). Parliament of the United Kingdom. https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/2724. 
  57. ↑ "International Women's Day: Why it's clear fight for gender equality has long way to go – Christine Jardine" (in en). 9 March 2020. https://www.scotsman.com/news/uk-news/international-womens-day-why-its-clear-fight-for-gender-equality-has-long-way-to-go-christine-jardine-2442053. 
  58. ↑ White, Jeremy B. (4 January 2016). "Time for tax-free tampons? California lawmaker thinks so". The Sacramento Bee. http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article53009920.html. 
  59. ↑ Bland, Roxanne. "Taking Down The Tampon Tax" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2021/03/25/taking-down-the-tampon-tax/. 
  60. ↑ "The 'tampon tax,' explained" (in en). The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/01/08/the-tampon-tax-explained/. 
  61. ↑ Chair, Martha Canning, Target Health Education (September 8, 2019). "Menstrual Health and the Problem with Menstrual Stigma". https://www.fawco.org/global-issues/target-program/health/blog-health-matters/4146-sample. 
  62. ↑ "'Sexist' tampon tax to stay despite Senate saying GST should not apply to sanitary products" (in en-AU). ABC News. 2018-06-18. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-18/tampon-tax-to-stay-despite-senate-voting-to-remove-it/9879382. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Habbal, Hajar (April 27, 2020). "An Economic Analysis on the Pink Tax". Lake Forest College Publications: 59. 
  64. ↑ "Period poverty: Scotland first in world to make period products free" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-11-24. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-51629880. 
  65. ↑ "Tampon tax abolished from today" (in en). https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tampon-tax-abolished-from-today. 
  66. ↑ Morales, Christina (1 January 2021). "U.K. Eliminates Tax on Tampons and Other Sanitary Products". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/01/world/europe/tampon-tax-uk.html. 
  67. ↑ "India scraps tampon tax after campaign" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2018-07-21. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44912742. 
  68. ↑ "State Sales Tax Practices Prompt Tampon Tax Advocacy" (in en). https://www.americanbar.org/groups/gpsolo/publications/gpsolo_ereport/2020/july-2020/state-sales-tax-practices-prompt-tampon-tax-advocacy/. 
  69. ↑ Meyersohn, Nathaniel (2022-10-12). "CVS drops prices on its tampons and will pay the 'pink tax' | CNN Business" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/12/business/cvs-tampon-tax-period-products/index.html. 
  70. ↑ Wihbey, John (2015-01-14). "The possibilities of digital discrimination: Research on e-commerce, algorithms and big data" (in en-US). https://journalistsresource.org/race-and-gender/possibilities-online-racial-discrimination-research-airbnb/. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Brand, Alexander; Gross, Tom (2020). "Paying the Pink Tax on a Blue Dress - Exploring Gender-Based Price-Premiums in Fashion Recommendations". Human-Centered Software Engineering. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 12481. pp. 190–198. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64266-2_12. ISBN 978-3-030-64265-5. https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03250492/file/497999_1_En_12_Chapter.pdf. 
  72. ↑ Guittar, Stephanie Gonzalez; Grauerholz, Liz; Kidder, Erin N.; Daye, Shameika D.; McLaughlin, Megan (March 2022). "Beyond the Pink Tax: Gender-Based Pricing and Differentiation of Personal Care Products". Gender Issues 39 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1007/s12147-021-09280-9. 
  73. ↑ Ulloa, Jazmine (29 June 2016). "Bill to end gender disparity in retail pricing is withdrawn after pushback from industry lobbyists". http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-sac-california-toys-gender-discrimination-20160628-snap-story.html. 
  74. ↑ Sarkar, Samit (July 11, 2017). "Cards Against Humanity takes on the pink tax with 'for Her' box". https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/11/15955988/cards-against-humanity-for-her. 
  75. ↑ "P&G Scraps Deal to Buy Billie Razor Startup". Legal Monitor Worldwide. 8 January 2021. Gale A647761129. 

Further reading

External links



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