Social:Preferred gender pronoun

From HandWiki
Short description: Third person individual gender pronouns

Four pin-on metal badges with labels "He Him", "She Her", "They Them", and "Ask Me!"
A set of four badges with common preferred gender pronouns, created for the XOXO art and technology festival in Portland, Oregon

Preferred gender pronouns (also called personal gender pronouns, often abbreviated as PGP[1]) are the set of pronouns (in English, third-person pronouns) that an individual wants others to use to reflect that person's own gender identity. In English, when declaring one's chosen pronouns, a person will often state the subject and object pronouns (e.g., he/him, she/her, they/them), although sometimes, the possessive pronouns are also stated (e.g., she/her/hers, he/him/his, they/them/their/theirs). The pronouns chosen may include neopronouns such as ze and zir.[2][3][4]

Preferred personal pronouns were recognized as the word of the year 2019 by the American Dialect Society.[5]

Rationale and use

In English, when declaring one's pronouns, a person will often state the subject and object pronouns, for example he/him, she/her, or they/them; sometimes, the possessive pronouns are also stated (she/her/hers, he/him/his, or they/them/their/theirs). A person who uses multiple pronouns (either interchangeably or in different contexts) may list both subject pronouns, for example she/they or they/he.[6][7]

PGPs have come into use as a way of promoting equity and inclusion for transgender, non-binary and genderqueer people.[8][9] Their use has been identified by social workers,[10] educators,[11] and medical professionals[12][13][14] as both a practical and ethical consideration. Style guides and associations of journalists and health professionals advise use of the pronoun chosen or considered appropriate by the person in question.[15][16][17] When dealing with clients or patients, health practitioners are advised to take note of the pronouns used by the individuals themselves,[18] which may involve using different pronouns at different times.[19][20] This is also extended to the name chosen by the person concerned.[21][22] LGBTQ advocacy groups also advise using the pronouns and names chosen or considered appropriate by the person concerned.[23] They further recommend avoiding gender confusion when referring to the background of transgender people, such as using a title or rank to avoid a gendered pronoun or name.[24]

The practice of sharing personal gender pronouns has been observed in the LGBT community at least since the early 2000s. By the 2020s, it had become a common practice in social settings and on social media.[25] Social media websites including Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn have added dedicated pronoun fields for their users' profile pages.[26][27]

In July 2021, the Pew Research Center reported that 26% of Americans knew someone who preferred pronouns such as they instead of he or she, a rise from 18% in 2018.[28][29][30] Some use neopronouns such as xe, ze, ve, tey, and hir.[2][31][3][4]

Some people use more than one set of pronouns, either interchangeably or depending on the situation, and may indicate their personal pronouns as he/they or they/she.[6]

Cautions

The dean of women at Pomona College, Rachel N. Levin, advised against professors asking students to reveal their PGPs during class introductions, since this could upset those whom the PGP use is supposed to support. The two examples Levin gives include one student who has to confront not passing (in other words, that their gender presentation is not clear to people around them), and another student who does not know which pronouns to request others to use.[32] Christina M. Xiao, a Harvard University student who favored use of PGPs, opposed PGPs being mandatory, saying that making use of PGPs can force people into an uncomfortable situation where they out themselves or feel "incredibly dysphoric".[33]

Steven Taylor, Inclusion and Diversity Consultant for Inclusive Employers, an organization focused on improving workplace inclusion, wrote that while adding pronouns is a way for cisgender people to make non-binary and transgender people more recognized, it should not "be mandated" as an organization might have "trans colleagues who do not feel able to share their pronouns yet".[34] The draft guidance of NIH Sexual & Gender Minority Research Office and the Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion said that disclosing personal pronouns when beginning a conversation might make others "more comfortable to disclose their own and prevent misgendering in the workplace." However, it warned that intentionally refusing to use the correct pronouns of someone is "equivalent to harassment and a violation of one's civil rights" and that pronoun disclosure should be "an individual choice and not a mandate".[4] Analysts Louis Choporis, Gemma Martin, and Bali White, argued that using the incorrect pronouns can be "hurtful, angering, and even distracting".[3] Additionally, Meredith Boe of Inhersight said that companies should not require pronouns in email signatures because it can "make many gender-expansive people uncomfortable".[35]

Terminology

There exists some disagreement on whether or not to refer to PGPs as "preferred". Some people omit the word preferred, calling them "gender pronouns" or simply "pronouns" to emphasize that correct use of pronouns is a social obligation rather than an individual preference. There is concern that including preferred in the name may cause the perception that using an individual's PGPs is optional.[36] Levin states that "pronouns aren't 'preferred' but simply correct or incorrect for someone's identity."[32]

Organizational policies

Some organizations have introduced policies facilitating the specifying of PGPs, particularly in email signatures.[37][35][38][39] These include Workday,[40] Virgin Group,[41] TIAA,[40] Marks & Spencer[42] IBM,[43] the U.S. Air Force,[44] U.S. Marine Corps,[44][45] BBC,[46][47] and United Kingdom Ministry of Defence.[48]

Some companies change policies to encourage sharing of PGPs to be more attractive and inclusive to transgender and non-binary staff and customers.[41] Out & Equal recommended that employers make providing pronouns something that is voluntary rather than required and said that using the right pronouns makes a difference, especially for those who are gender non-confirming and transgender.[37][49] Blackboard, the online learning tool, outlined the importance of preferred gender pronouns and how to set them within the program.[50] The Te Kawa Mataaho Public Service Commission provided guidance on using PGPs in email signatures[51] and the Australian Government's Style Manual has a sub-section about "pronoun choice".[52]

In July 2021, the Scottish Government proposed its 8,000 civil servants should pledge to include their PGPs in their emails, but an internal poll revealed that more than half were unwilling to do so.[53][54][47] Permanent Secretary to the Scottish Government Leslie Evans dismissed the poll results as "disappointing", and a trans woman and political campaigner Debbie Hayton warned of possible consequences of the proposal for trans people, while the campaign group For Women Scotland opposed the proposal, calling it "frightening" and "undemocratic".[47]

In August 2021, a letter signed by the Leeds University and College Union and University of Leeds LGBTQ staff and student groups, to Vice Chancellor Simone Buitendijk, called on the University to implement policies to confront transphobia and a hostile environment on campus, including not asking trans people for Gender Recognition Certificates. Toward the end of the letter, the groups suggested an "effective and fit-for-purpose pronouns policy" which included Buitendjik using pronouns in her email signature, and fostering an environment "which encourages the sharing of pronouns" in order to show support for transgender people.[55][56][57] In October 2021, the Leeds University and College Union reported that "some limited progress" had been made in response to their letter, but did not mention PGPs.[58]

In August 2021, Scotland's government recommended that schools allow trans students to use their chosen bathrooms, names, and pronouns.[59][60]

In 2018, medical doctor David Mackereth was not hired by the United Kingdom Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) because he refused to use PGPs for transgender individuals, saying they went against his Christian faith. An employment panel in 2019 ruled that his views were "incompatible with human dignity" and that the DWP had not violated the Equality Act.[61][62] Mackereth opposed the ruling, as did the Christian Legal Centre (a project of Christian Concern), while the DWP welcomed the ruling.[61][62] Andrea Williams, of the Christian Legal Centre, claimed that the decision was "the first time in the history of English law that a judge has ruled that free citizens must engage in compelled speech".[61] In response to the decision, Piers Morgan called Mackereth a "bigot" who was "self-righteous" in his beliefs.[63]

In November 2018, the European Commission recommended guidelines emphasizing the "desirability" of using PGPs and gender pronouns that individuals prefer, including by teachers and students in accordance with non-discrimination policies. The report also noted that only schools in Greece, Malta, and Norway were required to respect people's name and PGPs, and stated this appears to be the case in Finland and some regions of Spain.[64]

In March 2021, U.S. federal appeals court judge Amul Thapar ruled that Nicholas Meriwether could sue Shawnee State University for violating "his constitutional rights" after the University disciplined him for failing to use the right pronouns for one of his students, who was transgender, and for violating campus anti-discrimination policies.[65][66] Asaf Orr, the director of the Transgender Youth Project for the National Center for Lesbian Rights, which represented the student in the case, said that the decision "opens the door to discrimination generally". Andrew M. Koppelman, a Northwestern University Professor of Law, had a similar opinion. John K. Wilson, an editor of the blog of the American Association of University Professors, called the ruling good "for protecting faculty rights" but stated that the religious beliefs of a professor "should not give them special rights to mistreat students" and that professors do not have "full latitude" to determine which students get "respectful pronouns and which will not".[67]

In May 2021, in a written court statement appealing a decision in the case of Forstater v Center for Global Development Europe, Maya Forstater wrote: "I reserve the right to use he and him pronouns for male people. No one has the right to compel others to make statements they don't believe."[68][69][70] PinkNews described Forstater as "gender-critical" and as claiming a "right to misgender trans women".[68] In 2019, the judge in the initial case before the employment tribunal, James Tayler, had ruled against her. He had stated that her belief that "sex is immutable and not to be conflated with gender identity" was something "not worthy of respect in a democratic society", called her beliefs "absolutist" and argued that there is "enormous pain that can be caused by misgendering."[71][72] The Employment Appeal Tribunal judge Akhlaq Choudhury overturned Tayler's judgement, finding that the gender-critical belief that biological sex is real, important and immutable is indeed protected under the Equality Act; still, Choudhury made clear that the ruling did not mean "that those with gender-critical beliefs can 'misgender' trans persons with impunity".[71][73]

In October 2021, the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal judge Devyn Cousineau ruled that for those who are non-binary, trans, and not cisgender, "using the correct pronouns validates and affirms they are a person equally deserving of respect and dignity."[74]

The December 2021 update of the Equal Treatment Bench Book advised judges that the use of preferred gender pronouns is "common courtesy".[75][64][76] The guidance states that there might be situations in which a witness might refer to a transgender person with "pronouns matching their gender assigned at birth" and that judges should be alert to "how someone prefers to be addressed".[64] It also states that those who are victims of sexual violence or domestic violence should be allowed to use pronouns according to gender assigned at birth "because that is in accordance with the victim's experience and perception of the events".[75][64]

As of April 2021, U.S. Department of Labor policies on gender identity encourage managers and supervisors to refer to people by the pronouns and names they want to use, stating that continued misuse of pronouns and name may "breach the person's privacy...put them at risk of harm" and in certain circumstances "may be considered harassment". It also advised such people to use gender-neutral language in order to "avoid assumptions about employees' sexual orientation or gender identity" and stated that someone's gender "should not be assumed based on their pronouns".[77] The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission also suggested that even though misusing the PGPs and name of a transgender employee does not violate Title VII, doing so intentionally and repeatedly "could contribute to an unlawful hostile work environment."[78][79] EEOC decisions in Lusardi v. Dep't of the Army (2013), Jameson v. U.S. Postal Serv. (2015), and Jamal v. Saks & Co. (2015) concluded that intentional misuse of PGPs created a hostile work environment.[80][81] The commission also said gender identity harassment may include repeated, and intentional, misuse of PGPs.[79]

In May 2022, the conservative think tank Policy Exchange reported that UK police and courts were referring to suspects by preferred pronoun because gender self-identification had been adopted as policy despite no basis in law.[82] The practice was revealed by Freedom of Information requests made by campaign group Fair Play for Women.[82] The report recommended the ending of "compelled use" of preferred pronouns by police.[82]

In April 2024, the U.S. EEOC issued guidance on gender ID pronouns. Employers refusing to use transgender workers' preferred pronouns or bar them from using bathrooms that match their known gender identity commit unlawful sex-based harassment acts.[83]

In October 2024, a Virginia school board settled with Peter Vlaming, a former high school French teacher who was fired for refusing to use a transgender student's preferred pronouns.[84] Vlaming had used the student's preferred name but avoided third-person pronouns, citing religious reasons.[84] The West Point School Board settled the lawsuit after the Virginia Supreme Court ruled that Vlaming could pursue claims based on the Virginia Constitution's rights to free exercise of religion, free speech, and due process.[85][86]

In January 2025, the U.S. EEOC filed with courts to withdraw six of its own cases on behalf of workers alleging gender identity discrimination,[87] after President Trump's Executive Order 14168 which states that it is the policy of the United States to recognize two sexes, male and female.[88][89] The executive order specifically mentioned the April 2024 EEOC guidance on pronouns as one of the documents that should be taken down for promoting "gender ideology".[88] On January 28, Acting Chair Andrea Lucas released a statement saying that this document was one of several that she could not revoke or modify because the majority of the Commission voted to keep the guidance as-is, and Lucas does not have the authority to override that decision.[90] In the same statement, the EEOC noted that they removed an internal app that displayed the user's pronouns to others.[90]

In May 2025, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas struck down the April 2024 EEOC guidance on LGBTQ+ workplace protections, including gender ID pronouns. The court ruled that the EEOC guidance is inconsistent with Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and exceeded U.S. Supreme Court precedent.[91]

In January 2026, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed a lower court’s ruling and held that a Maryland school board's policy requiring staff to use transgender students' preferred names and pronouns did not violate a Christian teacher's First Amendment rights to free speech or religion.[92][93]

Feminist debate

In Gender Hurts (2014), Sheila Jeffreys argues that using pronouns reflecting biological sex is important for feminists, as the feminine pronoun represents respect for cisgender women's historical subordination. She believes trans women can't hold this status, as they haven't experienced the same oppression, and using feminine pronouns for them masks their retained masculine privilege.[94] In April 2015, radical feminist legal theorist Catharine A. MacKinnon responded, stating that Jeffreys' stance on pronouns is based on a nature-based moral view, which contradicts feminist achievements, especially from the political analysis of gender politics.[95]

Criticism

Some groups and individuals have been critical of the application of PGPs. North Carolina Congressman Greg Murphy opposed the U.S. Air Force allowing PGPs in email signature blocks, calling it "unbelievable", and arguing it detracted from military preparedness.[96] In a dissent in Bostock v. Clayton County, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito said that the majority decision, in which the Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because they are gay or transgender,[97] may lead some to claim that not using their PGP "violates one of the federal laws prohibiting sex discrimination" and believed that the decision would affect how employers "address their employees" and how school officials and teachers talk to students.[98]

In April 2025, White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt stated, "As a matter of policy, we do not respond to reporters with pronouns in their bios" in response to a journalist who queried her for unrelated information. She later stated, "Any reporter who chooses to put their preferred pronouns in their bio clearly does not care about biological reality or truth and therefore cannot be trusted to write an honest story."[99]

See also

  • English personal pronouns
  • Gender neutrality in English
  • Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
  • Singular they
  • Third-person pronoun

References

  1. ↑ "Personal gender pronouns" (in en-GB). https://vgcgroup.co.uk/staff/fairness-inclusion-respect-fir/personal-gender-pronouns/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sanders, Wade (March 5, 2021). "How To Affirm the People in Your Life Who Use Multiple Sets of Pronouns". https://www.them.us/story/multiple-sets-of-pronouns. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Martin, Gemma; Choporis, Louis; White, Bali (May 28, 2020). "What are Gender Pronouns? Why Do They Matter?". https://www.edi.nih.gov/blog/communities/what-are-gender-pronouns-why-do-they-matter. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The Importance of Gender Pronouns & Their Use in Workplace Communications". December 2021. https://dpcpsi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/NIH-Draft-Guidance-on-Pronouns-Usage-PUBLIC-Final-v3-508.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "2019 Word of the Year is "(My) Pronouns," Word of the Decade is Singular "They"". January 4, 2020. https://americandialect.org/2019-word-of-the-year-is-my-pronouns-word-of-the-decade-is-singular-they/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wamsley, Laurel (June 2, 2021). "A Guide To Gender Identity Terms". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/02/996319297/gender-identity-pronouns-expression-guide-lgbtq. 
  7. ↑ Desmond Meagley and Youth Radio, They/Them Pronouns: All Your Questions About Gender Neutral Pronouns Answered , December 15, 2021, Teen Vogue
  8. ↑ Donatone, Brooke; Rachlin, Katherine (July 1, 2013). "An Intake Template for Transgender, Transsexual, Genderqueer, Gender Nonconforming, and Gender Variant College Students Seeking Mental Health Services". Journal of College Student Psychotherapy 27 (3): 200–211. doi:10.1080/87568225.2013.798221. ISSN 8756-8225. 
  9. ↑ Riggs, Damien W.; Due, Clemence (July 1, 2015). "Support Experiences and Attitudes of Australian Parents of Gender Variant Children". Journal of Child and Family Studies 24 (7): 1999–2007. doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9999-z. ISSN 1573-2843. 
  10. ↑ Markman, Erin R. (October 1, 2011). "Gender Identity Disorder, the Gender Binary, and Transgender Oppression: Implications for Ethical Social Work". Smith College Studies in Social Work 81 (4): 314–327. doi:10.1080/00377317.2011.616839. ISSN 0037-7317. 
  11. ↑ Nishida, Akemi; Fine, Michelle (January 2, 2014). "Creating Classrooms of and for Activism at the Intersections of Class, Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Disability". Multicultural Perspectives 16 (1): 8–11. doi:10.1080/15210960.2013.867237. ISSN 1521-0960. 
  12. ↑ Deutsch, Madeline B.; Buchholz, David (June 1, 2015). "Electronic Health Records and Transgender Patients—Practical Recommendations for the Collection of Gender Identity Data". Journal of General Internal Medicine 30 (6): 843–847. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-3148-7. ISSN 1525-1497. PMID 25560316. 
  13. ↑ Cahill, Sean; Makadon, Harvey J. (July 2, 2014). "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection Update: U.S. Government Takes Steps to Promote Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection Through Meaningful Use Guidelines". LGBT Health 1 (3): 157–160. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0033. ISSN 2325-8292. PMID 26789707. 
  14. ↑ Rosenthal, Stephen M.; Ehrensaft, Diane; Vance, Stanley R. (December 1, 2014). "Psychological and Medical Care of Gender Nonconforming Youth". Pediatrics 134 (6): 1184–1192. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0772. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 25404716. https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/134/6/1184. Retrieved May 5, 2019. 
  15. ↑ Division of Public Affairs (September 2011). "Style Guide". Vanderbilt University. p. 34. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/styleguide.pdf. "Use the pronoun preferred by the individuals who have acquired the physical characteristics of the opposite sex or present themselves in a way that does not correspond with their sex at birth." 
  16. ↑ "transgender". The Associated Press Stylebook 2015. The Associated Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-465-09793-7. "Use the pronoun preferred by the individuals who have acquired the physical characteristics of the opposite sex or present themselves in a way that does not correspond with their sex at birth. If that preference is not expressed, use the pronoun consistent with the way the individuals live publicly." 
  17. ↑ "Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility" (PowerPoint Presentation). The Fenway Institute. p. 24. http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt. "Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity" 
  18. ↑ Elizondo, Paul M. III; Wilkinson, Willy; Daley, Christopher (November 13, 2015). "Working With Transgender Persons". Psychiatric Times. Psychiatric Times Vol 29 No 9 29 (9). http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/gender-issues/working-transgender-persons. Retrieved September 17, 2013. "If you are not sure which pronoun to use, you can ask the patient". 
  19. ↑ "Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms". Fenway Health. January 2010. pp. 2 and 5. http://www.fenwayhealth.org/documents/the-fenway-institute/handouts/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf. "listen to your clients – what terms do they use to describe themselves... Pronoun preference typically varies, including alternately using male or female pronouns using the pronoun that matches the gender presentation at that time." 
  20. ↑ "Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients". Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling. September 18, 2009. p. 3. http://www.counseling.org/Resources/Competencies/ALGBTIC_Competencies.pdf. "honor the set of pronouns that clients select and use them throughout the counseling process" 
  21. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions on Trans Identity". Common Ground – Trans Etiquette. University of Richmond. http://commonground.richmond.edu/common/pdfs/trans-etiquette.pdf. "Use the correct name and pronoun- Most names and pronouns are gendered. It's important to be considerate of one's gender identity by using the pronouns of the respective gender pronouns [sic] , or gender-‐neutral pronouns, they use" 
  22. ↑ Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). "Transgender terminology: It's complicated". Monitor on Psychology 44 (4): 39. http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated.aspx. Retrieved September 17, 2013. "Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers". 
  23. ↑ "Transgender FAQ". Resources. Human Rights Campaign. http://www.hrc.org/resources/entry/transgender-faq. "should be identified with their preferred pronoun" 
  24. ↑ "NAMES, PRONOUN USAGE & DESCRIPTIONS" (PDF). GLAAD Media Reference Guide. GLAAD. May 2010. p. 11. http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender. "It is usually best to report on transgender people's stories from the present day instead of narrating them from some point or multiple points in the past, thus avoiding confusion and potentially disrespectful use of incorrect pronouns." 
  25. ↑ Adkins, Lenore T. (July 1, 2021). "Why do many Americans list pronouns on social media profiles?". United States Department of State. https://share.america.gov/why-do-many-americans-list-pronouns-on-social-media/. 
  26. ↑ Elks, Sonia (October 20, 2021). "Why social media sites are inviting people to share their pronouns". Thomson Reuters Foundation. https://news.trust.org/item/20210526161722-vcgso/. 
  27. ↑ Hermon, Amy (December 12, 2019). "'They' Is the Word of the Year, Merriam-Webster Says, Noting Its Singular Rise". https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/us/merriam-webster-they-word-year.html. 
  28. ↑ Minkin, Rachel; Brown, Anna (July 27, 2021). "Rising shares of U.S. adults know someone who is transgender or goes by gender-neutral pronouns". https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/27/rising-shares-of-u-s-adults-know-someone-who-is-transgender-or-goes-by-gender-neutral-pronouns/. 
  29. ↑ Geiger, A.W.; Graf, Anna (September 5, 2019). "About one-in-five U.S. adults know someone who goes by a gender-neutral pronoun". https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/05/gender-neutral-pronouns/. 
  30. ↑ Parker, Kim; Graf, Nikki; Igielnik, Ruth (January 17, 2019). "Generation Z Looks a Lot Like Millennials on Key Social and Political Issues". https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/01/17/generation-z-looks-a-lot-like-millennials-on-key-social-and-political-issues/. 
  31. ↑ Kaur, Harmeet (October 16, 2019). "Why it matters what pronouns you use to refer to people and what to do if you slip up". https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/16/us/preferred-gender-pronouns-explainer-trnd/index.html. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Levin, Rachel N. (September 19, 2018). "Why asking students their preferred pronoun is not a good idea (opinion)". Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2018/09/19/why-asking-students-their-preferred-pronoun-not-good-idea-opinion. 
  33. ↑ Xiao, Christina M. (October 16, 2020). "The Case Against Mandatory Preferred Gender Pronouns". https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2020/10/16/xiao-against-mandatory-preferred-gender-pronouns/. 
  34. ↑ Taylor, Steven. "Why we use pronouns in our signatures". https://www.inclusiveemployers.co.uk/why-we-use-pronouns-in-signatures/. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Boe, Meredith (June 29, 2021). "Allyship 101: What's the Point of Pronouns in Email Signatures?". InHerSight. https://www.inhersight.com/blog/allyship/pronoun-email-signature. 
  36. ↑ "Gender Pronouns". Trans Student Educational Resources. http://www.transstudent.org/pronouns101. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Gelpi, Madelyn (May 2020). What's Your Pronoun?: Strategies for Inclusion in the Workplace (Report). Out & Equal. pp. 1–6, 8–13. https://outandequal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Pronouns-Guide.pdf. Retrieved February 20, 2022. 
  38. ↑ Glaser, Kamil (January 26, 2021). "Using gender pronouns in email signatures". https://www.codetwo.com/blog/using-gender-pronouns-in-email-signatures/. 
  39. ↑ Sherman, Natalie (February 19, 2020). "Should your email say if you're he, she or they?". https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51331571. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 MacLellan, Lila (June 24, 2019). "Those she/her/hers at the end of email messages are more than a passing trend" (in en). https://qz.com/work/1647596/gender-pronouns-in-the-workplace-are-not-a-passing-trend/. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Stillman, Jessica (September 27, 2019). "Virgin Just Added Gender Pronouns to Email Signatures. Should Your Company Do the Same?" (in en). Inc.com. https://www.inc.com/jessica-stillman/virgin-just-added-gender-pronouns-to-email-signatures-should-your-company-do-same.html. 
  42. ↑ Maurice, Emma Powys (November 8, 2021). "M&S lets staff proudly add pronouns to name badges to 'show allyship' to trans colleagues". PinkNews. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/11/08/ms-pronouns-staff-name-badges/. 
  43. ↑ Shropshire, Corilyn (July 31, 2019). "He, she or they: How companies are starting to address calls for a gender-neutral workplace". Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-gender-at-work-pronouns-20190731-da5f5jckqbfe3pturzv6dc2h7i-story.html. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Sicard, Sarah (January 7, 2022). "Where each military branch stands on pronoun use in signature blocks". https://www.militarytimes.com/off-duty/military-culture/2022/01/07/where-each-military-branch-stands-on-pronoun-use-in-signature-blocks/. 
  45. ↑ "Signature block pronouns now allowed for Airmen, Guardians" (Press release). Secretary of the Air Force Public Affairs. December 20, 2021. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  46. ↑ Moore, Matthew (July 10, 2020). "BBC advises all staff to use trans‑friendly pronouns". The Times. https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/bbc-advises-all-staff-to-use-trans-friendly-pronouns-56t9mb02r. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Learmonth, Andrew (July 14, 2021). "Majority of Scottish Government civil servants say they'll never add pronouns to their email signatures" (in en). Holyrood. https://www.holyrood.com/news/view,majority-of-scottish-government-civil-servants-say-theyll-never-add-pronouns-to-their-email-signatures. 
  48. ↑ Bannerman, Lucy; Brown, Larisa (November 6, 2021). "MoD tells staff to state name, rank and gender pronoun". The Times. https://www.thetimes.com/article/c5b12f26-3e70-11ec-9bef-aa3112940013?shareToken=06dc3eb92e5db94fe466e63470f0b4ab. 
  49. ↑ Gelpi, Madelyn (November 2019). What's Your Pronoun?: Strategies for Inclusion in the Workplace (Report). Out & Equal. pp. 10–11, 13, 21–22. https://outandequal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/OE-Non-Binary-Best-Practices-Final.pdf. Retrieved February 20, 2022. 
  50. ↑ "Personal Pronouns". Blackboard. https://help.blackboard.com/Learn/Administrator/SaaS/User_Management/Customize_User_Information/Personal_Pronouns. 
  51. ↑ "Pronoun use in email signatures". New Zealand Government. June 29, 2020. https://www.publicservice.govt.nz/our-work/diversity-and-inclusion/pronoun-use-in-email-signatures/. 
  52. ↑ "Gender and sexual diversity". Commonwealth of Australia. September 6, 2021. https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/accessible-and-inclusive-content/inclusive-language/gender-and-sexual-diversity. 
  53. ↑ Constitution and Cabinet Directorate (July 8, 2021). Intranet poll regarding pronouns in email signatures: FOI release (Report). Scottish Government. https://www.gov.scot/publications/foi-202100210730/. Retrieved February 20, 2022. 
  54. ↑ Sanderson, Daniel (July 26, 2021). "Civil servants to be asked to include pronouns in email sign-offs". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/07/26/scottish-civil-servants-asked-include-pronouns-email-sign-offs/. 
  55. ↑ Wace, Charlotte (October 30, 2021). "Students at Leeds University want staff to include gender pronouns at meetings and events". The Evening Standard. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/leeds-university-gender-pronouns-b963439.html. 
  56. ↑ University of Leads LGBTQ+ Staff Network; University of Leads LGBTQ+ Student Society (August 2021). "[Staff letter to Vice Chancellor Buitendjik – Redacted"] (in en). https://www.leedsucu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/VC_Letter_09-08-2021_redacted.pdf.  See page 17 for the mention of the proposed pronouns policy
  57. ↑ "UCU backs LGBT+ staff network letter to vice chancellor" (Press release). University of Leeds: Leeds University and College Union. August 10, 2021. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  58. ↑ "Trans issues update" (Press release). University of Leeds: Leeds University and College Union. October 8, 2021. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  59. ↑ Haug, Oliver (August 17, 2021). "Scotland Tells Teachers to Respect the Gender Identities of Trans Kids". https://www.them.us/story/scotland-tells-teachers-respect-gender-identities-of-trans-kids. 
  60. ↑ Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills (August 12, 2021). Supporting transgender young people in schools: guidance for Scottish schools (Report). Scottish Government. ISBN 978-1-80201-185-2. https://www.gov.scot/publications/supporting-transgender-young-people-schools-guidance-scottish-schools/pages/2/. Retrieved February 20, 2022. "This is a personal process, rather than a medical process, for example the young person may propose to change their name and pronouns." 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 "David Mackereth: Christian doctor loses trans beliefs case". October 2, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-49904997. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Parsons, Vic (February 14, 2022). "Christian doctor says 'gender critical' Maya Forstater ruling gives him right to misgender". https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/02/14/david-mackereth-doctor-trans/. 
  63. ↑ Wakefield, Lake (July 9, 2019). "Piers Morgan slams 'bigot' doctor who won't use patients' correct pronouns". https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2019/07/09/piers-morgan-slams-bigot-doctor-wont-use-patients-correct-pronouns/. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Judicial College (December 2021). Equal Treatment Bench Book: February 2021 Edition (December 2021 revision) (Report). Sentencing Council. pp. 80, 194, 231, 327–328, 336, 345, 527. https://www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Equal-Treatment-Bench-Book.pdf. Retrieved February 20, 2022. 
  65. ↑ Romaine, Taylor (March 29, 2021). "Federal appeals court rules in favor of Ohio professor who refused to use transgender student's pronouns". https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/29/us/ohio-professor-transgender-appeals-trnd/index.html. 
  66. ↑ Sanyal, Pathikrit (March 29, 2021). "Who is Nicholas Meriwether? 'Devout Christian' prof who refused to call trans student's pronouns wins in court". https://meaww.com/nicholas-meriwether-appeals-court-devout-christian-prof-refused-trans-student-preferred-pronouns. 
  67. ↑ Flaherty, Colleen (March 29, 2021). "'A Hotly Contested Issue'". https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2021/03/29/court-sides-professor-who-repeatedly-misgendered-trans-student. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Parsons, Vic (April 27, 2021). "'Gender critical' Maya Forstater should have the right to misgender trans women, lawyer argues". PinkNews. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/04/27/maya-forstater-appeal-employment-tribunal-trans-transphobia-misgender-pronouns/. 
  69. ↑ Hancock, Sam (April 27, 2021). "Maya Forstater: Who is woman in employment tribunal over transgender comments?" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/maya-forstater-transgender-twitter-jk-rowling-b1838151.html. "She describes herself as being 'a mother and a feminist' who thinks 'that sexist stereotypes about women and girls, and about men and boys, are damaging for children and adults'." 
  70. ↑ Smith, Helen-Ann (April 24, 2021). "Maya Forstater: Woman who lost job over transgender views warns of 'scary' precedent if her tribunal appeal fails". Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/maya-forstater-woman-who-lost-job-over-transgender-views-warns-of-scary-precedent-if-her-tribunal-appeal-fails-12285218. "Ms Forstater is a tax expert and a feminist and is the protagonist in a bitter legal battle about sex, gender and free speech." 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Faulkner, Doug (June 10, 2021). "Maya Forstater: Woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets". https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57426579. 
  72. ↑ "Maya Forstater: Woman loses tribunal over transgender tweets". December 19, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-50858919. 
  73. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (June 10, 2021). "Gender-critical views are a protected belief, appeal tribunal rules". https://www.theguardian.com/law/2021/jun/10/gender-critical-views-protected-belief-appeal-tribunal-rules-maya-forstater. 
  74. ↑ Factora, James (October 4, 2021). "Misgendering Is a Human Rights Violation, Canadian Court Rules". https://www.them.us/story/canadian-court-rules-misgendering-human-rights-violation. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Quinn, Ben (December 27, 2021). "Transgender people: judges advised to use preferred personal pronouns" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/law/2021/dec/27/transgender-people-judges-advised-to-use-preferred-personal-pronouns. 
  76. ↑ Hardy, Jack (December 26, 2021). "Postmen are now postal operatives, judges told, under gender-neutral language makeover". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/12/26/postmen-become-postal-operatives-gender-neutral-language-makeover/. 
  77. ↑ Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration & Management (April 2021). DOL Policies on Gender Identity: Rights and Responsibilities (Report). U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/centers-offices/civil-rights-center/internal/policies/gender-identity. Retrieved February 21, 2022. 
  78. ↑ "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Discrimination". https://www.eeoc.gov/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-sogi-discrimination. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (June 15, 2021). DOL Policies on Gender Identity: Rights and Responsibilities (Report). U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. NVTA-2021-1. https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/protections-against-employment-discrimination-based-sexual-orientation-or-gender. Retrieved February 21, 2022. 
  80. ↑ "Federal-Sector EEO Cases Involving Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (SOGI) Discrimination". https://www.eeoc.gov/federal-sector/federal-sector-eeo-cases-involving-sexual-orientation-or-gender-identity-sogi. 
  81. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Recent EEOC Litigation Regarding Title VII & LGBT-Related Discrimination". July 8, 2016. https://www.eeoc.gov/fact-sheet-recent-eeoc-litigation-regarding-title-vii-lgbt-related-discrimination. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Hymas, Charles (May 29, 2022). "Police are calling transgender rape suspects by their 'preferred pronoun', report finds". The Sunday Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/05/29/police-calling-transgender-rape-suspects-preferred-pronoun-report/. 
  83. ↑ Cohen, Ariel (2024-04-30). "EEOC Updates Workplace Harassment Guidelines Reinforcing Protections for LGBTQ+ Employees (US)" (in en-US). https://www.employmentlawworldview.com/eeoc-updates-workplace-harassment-guidelines-reinforcing-protections-for-lgbtq-employees-us/. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Alund, Natalie Neysa (October 3, 2024). "Virginia teacher who was fired over refusing to use student's preferred pronouns awarded $575,000". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/10/03/teacher-fired-pronouns-virginia-lawsuit/75493851007/. 
  85. ↑ Wiessner, Daniel (December 14, 2023). "Virginia top court revives lawsuit by teacher fired over pronoun use". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/virginia-top-court-revives-lawsuit-by-teacher-fired-over-pronoun-use-2023-12-14/. 
  86. ↑ "Vlaming v. West Point School Board, No. 20-1940 (4th Cir. 2021)" (in en). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca4/20-1940/20-1940-2021-08-20.html. 
  87. ↑ "EEOC seeks to drop transgender discrimination cases, citing Trump's executive order" (in en). 2025-02-15. https://apnews.com/article/eeoc-trump-gender-identity-discrimination-alabama-73a065c8aa5e0060472e1cac1ecd8212. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 "Defending Women From Gender Ideology Extremism And Restoring Biological Truth To The Federal Government" (in en-US). 2025-01-21. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/defending-women-from-gender-ideology-extremism-and-restoring-biological-truth-to-the-federal-government/. 
  89. ↑ "EEOC Returns to Gender Identity Policies Under EO 14168" (in en). https://natlawreview.com/article/eeoc-acting-chair-issues-statement-announcing-commissions-plans-remove-gender. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 "Removing Gender Ideology and Restoring the EEOC's Role of Protecting Women in the Workplace" (in en-US). 2025-01-28. https://www.eeoc.gov/newsroom/removing-gender-ideology-and-restoring-eeocs-role-protecting-women-workplace. 
  91. ↑ Klar, Rebecca (May 16, 2025). "Texas Judge Strikes Transgender Protections in EEOC Guidance (2)". Bloomberg News. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/daily-labor-report/texas-judge-strikes-transgender-protections-in-eeoc-guidance. 
  92. ↑ "Policy on trans students’ pronouns didn’t violate teacher’s rights, court says" (in en-US). The Washington Post. 2026-02-02. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2026/02/02/transgender-pronouns-schools-maryland-teacher/. 
  93. ↑ "Kimberly Ann Polk v. Montgomery County Public Schools, et al". January 28, 2026. https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/251136.P.pdf. 
  94. ↑ Jeffreys, Sheila (2014). Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames, UK: Routledge. pp. 5. ISBN 978-0415539401. 
  95. ↑ Williams, Cristan (7 April 2015). "Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The TransAdvocate interviews Catharine A. MacKinnon". The TransAdvocate. http://www.transadvocate.com/sex-gender-and-sexuality-the-transadvocate-interviews-catharine-a-mackinnon_n_15037.htm. 
  96. ↑ Spraygen, Molly (January 10, 2022). "GOP freaks out after Air Force memo says service members can include pronouns in email signatures". https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2022/01/air-force-military-branch-promotes-pronoun-usage-email-signatures/. 
  97. ↑ Bostock v. Clayton County, No. 17-1618, 590 U.S. ___ (2020).
  98. ↑ Bostock v. Clayton County, 17 U.S. 570, 51-52 (June 15, 2020).
  99. ↑ "Pronouns in some reporters' email signatures get a stony response from Trump administration". NBC News. The Associated Press. April 11, 2025. https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/pronouns-reporters-email-signatures-get-stony-response-trump-administr-rcna200838. 



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