Social:Shauraseni Prakrit

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Short description: Ancient Middle Indo-Aryan language

Shauraseni Prakrit
Śaurasenī Prākṛta
𑀰𑁅𑀭𑀲𑁂𑀦𑀻 (Brahmi)
Regionnorthern Indian subcontinent, particularly Surasena
Erac. 3rd to 10th centuries AD
Language codes
ISO 639-3psu
Glottologsaur1252[1]

Shauraseni Prakrit (Sanskrit: शौरसेनी प्राकृत, IAST: Śaurasenī Prākṛta, sa) was a Middle Indo-Aryan language and a Dramatic Prakrit. Shauraseni was the vernacular of the Surasena region and the chief language used in drama in medieval northern India such as those written in Jain Shauraseni. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th-centuries, and represented a regional language variety with minor modifications to the same linguistic substratum as other Dramatic Prakrit varieties.[2]

Among the Prakrits, Shauraseni is said to be the one most closely related to Classical Sanskrit in that it "is derived from the Old Indian Indo-Aryan dialect of the Madhyadeśa on which Classical Sanskrit was mainly based."[3]: 3–4 

Relationship to later languages

It gave rise to Apabhramsa languages such as Shauraseni Apabhramsa (Śaurasenī Apabhraṁśa; from which descended Old Hindi, ancestral to modern Hindi-Urdu); Gurjara Apabhramsa (from which descended Old Gujarati, ancestral to modern Gujarati, Rajasthani); Takka Apabhramsa (ancestral to modern Punjabi, Saraiki, Pahari-Pothwari, Hindko) and Vracada Apabhramsa (ancestral to modern Sindhi).[4][5]

According to Mangat Bhardwaj, it is possible that the Western and Eastern Punjabi zones may have originally spoken different Apabhraṁśas, with the Lahnda zone being primarily Paiśāchī Apabhraṁśa while the Eastern Punjabi area consisted of a transitional zone of Śaurasenī merging into Paiśāchī, with Śaurasenī being spoken in the neighbouring Western Hindi zone.[6] As per Suniti Kumar Chatterji (1926), the protoform of Sindhi, Lahndi, and Punjabi was Udicya (north-western dialects) while Punjabi also bore influence from Sourseni. According to Prabodh Pandit, the Indo-Aryan languages was initially split into three groups, with Punjabi, Lahndi, Sindhi, Kachchi, Kashmiri, and Pahari forming out of the north (north-western) group. As per this formulization, eastern Punjabi (originally very similar to Lahndi) was later influenced by the central zone, first by Śaurasenī and later by Braj, leading it to deviate from Lahndi.[7]: 436–437 

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Sauraseni Prakrit". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/saur1252. 
  2. ↑ Ollett, Andrew (2017-10-10). "5: Figuring Prakrit". Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India. doi:10.1525/luminos.37.e. ISBN 978-0-520-96881-3. https://www.luminosoa.org/chapters/m/10.1525/luminos.37.e.  (Q120550567).
  3. ↑ Woolner, Alfred C.. "Introduction to Prakrit". Calcutta: University of the Punjab. https://archive.org/details/introductiontopr00woolrich. Retrieved 2 March 2016. 
  4. ↑ Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14) (in en). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Routledge. pp. 15. ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=eUEiEAAAQBAJ&dq=en&pg=PA15. "The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Śauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Śauraseni influence." 
  5. ↑ Joglekar, Satish (10 June 2023). Window to Ancient India : A Tryst with Ancient Science & Philosophy Part II : Languages, Linguistic Systems and Indian Logic System vis-a-vis the Greeks. StoryMirror Infotech Pvt. p. 68. ISBN 978-93-90267-91-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=HmfEEAAAQBAJ. 
  6. ↑ Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). "1.2 The “Panjabi-speaking” areas". Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. pp. 6–12. ISBN 9781317643265. 
  7. ↑ Mahapatra, B. P.; Padmanabha, P.; McConnell, G. D.; Verma, V. S. (1989). "Pendjabi". in Kloss, Heinz. THE WRITTEN LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD: A SURVEY OF THE DEGREE AND MODES OF USE, Volume II: INDIA. Book 1. Constitutional Languages. Laval University Press. ISBN 9782763771861. https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Constitutional_languages/yU8nq-C6wnoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=modern+standard+punjabi&pg=PA399&printsec=frontcover. 

Template:Old and Middle Indo-Aryan



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