Software:Twisted Metal (1995 video game)

From HandWiki
Short description: 1995 vehicular combat video game
Twisted Metal
North American longbox cover art
Developer(s)Sony Interactive Studios America
SingleTrac
Publisher(s)
Director(s)Michael D. Jackson
Producer(s)
  • Scott Campbell
  • Allan Becker
Designer(s)
  • David Jaffe
  • Mike Giam
Composer(s)
  • Chuck E. Myers
  • Tom Hopkins
  • Lance Lenhart
SeriesTwisted Metal
Platform(s)
Release
  • PlayStation
  • Microsoft Windows
Genre(s)Vehicular combat
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer[lower-alpha 1]

Twisted Metal is a vehicular combat video game developed by Sony Interactive Studios America and SingleTrac and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. The game was released in North America on November 5, 1995, in Europe on January 13 and in Japan on November 15, 1996. The North American version was re-released for the Sony Greatest Hits line-up on March 3, 1997.[1] It is the first installment in the Twisted Metal series. The game's plot is centered on the titular competition in which various drivers in modified vehicles must destroy the other vehicles in an attempt to be the last one alive. The winner meets the organizer of the competition, a mysterious man named Calypso, who will grant the winner a single wish, regardless of price, size or even reality.

Gameplay

An example of gameplay in Twisted Metal featuring Sweet Tooth in the Rooftop Combat stage.

Twisted Metal is a vehicular combat game in which the player takes control of one of twelve unique vehicles. While in control of a vehicle, the player can accelerate, steer, brake, reverse, activate the turbo, turn tightly, toggle between and activate weapons using the game controller's d-pad and buttons.[4] The game can be played in either the one-player mode (in which the game's story takes place) or the Duel Mode (in which two human players can select a battleground on which to compete in). In the one-player mode, the player must progress through six combat arenas of progressively increasing size and featuring progressively more opponents. To clear a level, the player must destroy all of the enemy vehicles in that level. The game lasts until all of the player's lives have expired or until all six levels have been cleared.[5]

The player begins the game with three lives, indicated by the stacked green boxes on the bottom right corner of the screen. The length of each of the player's lives is tied to their health bar (located to the left of the life boxes), which decreases whenever the player's vehicle is damaged by enemy attacks.[6] The player can replenish a portion of their vehicle's health bar by driving through blue ramps called "Health Stations" scattered throughout the environments. The difficulty level the game is set on determines how much of the vehicle's health is replenished and how fast the stations recharge once the player has used them.[7] Each time the health bar is fully depleted, the player loses a life.[6] If the last life is lost, the game ends.[5]

Weapons play a key role in winning the game. All vehicles come with a pair of mounted machine guns. They are weak in power, but have unlimited ammunition. However, the guns can overheat if used for too long at a time, preluded by the overheat light on the bottom-right corner of the screen blinking red. When the light becomes fully red, the machine guns will cease to function and the player will have to allow the guns to cool off before they can be used again.[6][7] Additional weapons scattered throughout the environments can be picked up and utilized if the player drives through them. These weapons include a variety of missiles, land mines, tire spikes and oil slicks. All vehicles can carry up to 30 weapons.[7]

Plot

Setting

The game takes place in the streets of Los Angeles on Christmas Eve, 2005.[8] The contest featured in the game is the tenth annual running of the competition thus far.[9] The first level, the "Arena", is an underground arena. The second level, "Warehouse District Warfare", takes place in the warehouse district of downtown Los Angeles. The third level, "Freeway Free for All", takes place on the freeways of Los Angeles. The fourth level, "River Park Rumble", takes place in Beverly Hills. The fifth and largest of the six levels, "Cyburbia", takes place in the suburbs. The sixth and final level, "Rooftop Combat", takes place on the rooftops of Los Angeles' tallest skyscrapers. After defeating all the opponents, the player must face the final boss Minion. The game is won when Minion is defeated.[10]

Story

Once a year the legendary Calypso, a man who dwells beneath the streets of Los Angeles, holds the "Twisted Metal" competition. The contest takes place all around the Los Angeles area and calls upon drivers in various different vehicles to battle to the death. The contestants are selected and contacted by Calypso via an email message that simply reads "WILL YOU DRIVE?" in red letters. The one driver still alive at the end of the night is granted a single wish, with no limits on price, size or, according to some, even reality.[11]

Development and release

Twisted Metal was developed by SingleTrac and produced by Sony Interactive Studios America. David Jaffe, a tester and later designer for Sony Imagesoft (a division of Sony Computer Entertainment) was appointed to head the design of a game for its first home console, the PlayStation. Jaffe had difficulty establishing positive relationships among industry developers due to his hubris.[12] Given one final chance, Jaffe joined fellow designer Mike Giam and their boss, Sony Santa Monica's Alan Becker, for a meeting with the Evans & Sutherland company in Salt Lake City. Evans & Sutherland, a commercial and military computer simulation firm, had been contracted by Sony to create a 3D game for the new system.[13][14][15] Initially, the development team members had difficulty coming up with ideas to fully implement the Evans & Sutherland technology.[16] Upon returning from the meeting, the brainstorming lead designers were inspired while being stuck in a traffic jam on Interstate 405, when they jokingly fantasized about using guns and missiles on the other cars.[12][13][15][16][17] Jaffe recalled: "We had these amazing visions of this Michael Bay or Michael Mann action movie going down the 405 freeway in LA, with car combat out of Mad Max and a potpourri of explosions".[18] When the vehicular combat idea was pitched to the Utah programmers, director Michael D. Jackson suggested the idea of a pizza delivery simulation, Jaffe demurred and the more violent concept won out.[19]

Members of Evans & Sutherland joined the game designers in forming SingleTrac in the spring of 1994.[20][21] Given a deadline of less than 12 months,[22] SingleTrac was granted United States dollar 2 million in advance royalties by Sony to develop two games for the PlayStation.[14] SingleTrac began simultaneously developing the two projects, codenamed "Red Mercury" (Warhawk) and "Firestorm" (Twisted Metal). The two actually began as a single game with a common code base.[22] During the testing phase, the player would be able to fly the Warhawk ship around the first arena of Twisted Metal and fire weapons at the cars below. Additionally, the second and third arenas of Twisted Metal were also originally one large stage; the designers found the stage too large for the limited number of enemies, which, along with several technical issues, prompted them to split it into two levels and shrink them down.[22] The first arena was designed to be small so that the players would get used to the controls.[23] Before finalizing the game's title, the developer considered various monikers including "Urban Assault", "Cars and Rockets", and "High Octane".[24] SingleTrac also filmed live action footage for each character's ending, but it was not featured in the game's final release because some members of the development team found it too offensive.[12][25] The endings were eventually included as bonus content in Twisted Metal Head-On: Extra Twisted Edition for the PlayStation 2.[26]

Twisted Metal was first shown alongside Warhawk at the first annual E3 in Los Angeles between May 11 and 13, 1995.[27] The two games were among the first PlayStation titles available outside Japan and were part of a large, multimedia advertising campaign by Sony for the console's western debut. Retailers and members of the press were given custom Twisted Metal license plates to promote the game.[28] Despite some criticism from members of Sony Computer Entertainment's Japanese division and focus test groups just prior to its marketing phase,[12] Twisted Metal went gold and was completed on a budget of $850,000.[13][15] Twisted Metal was officially released for the PlayStation in North America on November 5, 1995,[13] in Europe on January 6 [1] and in Japan on November 15, 1996.[3] A PC version of the game was also developed[29][30] and used to showcase the Windows 95-compatible Nvidia NV1 graphics accelerator chip at the Windows Hardware Engineering Conference in 1996.[31]

Reception and legacy

Reception
Aggregate score
AggregatorScore
GameRankings66.88% (PS)[32]
Review scores
PublicationScore
AllGameStarStarStarStar (PC)[33]
CVG5/5 (PS)[34]
EGM9.25/10 (PS)[35]
Famitsu17/40[3]
Game Informer8.5/10 (PS)[37]
GameFan91% (PS)[36]
GamePro14/20[38]
GameRevolutionB+ (PS)[39]
Hyper88/100 (PS)[40]
IGN7/10 (PS)[41]
Next GenerationStarStarStarStar (PS)[43]
MaximumStarStarStar (PS)[42]

Twisted Metal received positive reviews from critics. It received an aggregate score of 66.88% on GameRankings.[32] Game Revolution praised the game's action and variety of the vehicles, but noted that the graphics were "a little sloppy".[39] IGN criticized the single-player mode's short length of "just a couple of hours", but remarked that the two-player mode "more than makes up for the one-player mode's lack of length".[41] Twisted Metal was awarded the 1995 "Game of the Year" from the editors of Electronic Gaming Monthly.[44] The Black Widow of GamePro criticized the graphics for their static arena crowd, difficult-to-read radar, and heavy break-up, and described the music as "weak overall". However, they concluded that "despite its flaws, this twisted game is fun".[38] Maximum applauded the varying strengths and weaknesses of the vehicles and most especially the innovative free-roaming levels. They criticized that the game is much too short and concluded: "A playable game, but one which is probably destined for obscurity".[42] A reviewer for Next Generation called it "another showcase title for the PlayStation", and said that while the texture maps are simple, this allows the action to play out fast enough that players will rarely notice the lack of detail. He agreed with Maximum that the game is too short, contending that even players with nominal skill will reach the final stage in about two hours, but felt that the enduring fun of the two-player mode "nearly" makes up for this.[43]

Twisted Metal was commercially successful.[13] By 1996, Twisted Metal and Warhawk had sold over 500,000 units combined and generated some $28 million in revenue for publisher Sony.[14] To date, Twisted Metal has sold over one million copies in the North America alone.[13][15][45] As a result, Sony re-released the game as part of its budget Greatest Hits range of games in March 1997.[46]

The game was re-released on other consoles through Sony's PlayStation Network service on February 23, 2011 in PAL region,[47] and on February 12, 2013 in North America.[48] It was then made available for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 on July 18, 2023.[49]

See also

  • List of Sony Greatest Hits games
  • List of best-selling PlayStation video games

Notes

  1. ↑ Up to 2 players.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Twisted Metal". Red Ventures. https://www.gamespot.com/games/twisted-metal/. 
  2. ↑ "Sony PlayStation: Twisted Metal Press Release". https://web.archive.org/web/19961027132525fw_/http://www.sepc.sony.com/SCEA/hot/press/twisted.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Famitsū staff (November 22, 1996). "新作ゲームクロスレビュー" (in ja). Weekly Famitsū (ASCII Corporation) (414). https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=16481&redirect=no. 
  4. ↑ Twisted Metal instruction booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1995. p. 3. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Twisted Metal instruction booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1995. p. 5. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Twisted Metal instruction booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1995. p. 7. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Twisted Metal instruction booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1995. pp. 11–13. 
  8. ↑ SingleTrac (November 5, 1995). Twisted Metal. PlayStation. Sony Computer Entertainment. Level/area: Contest History. "Text: It is Christmas Eve, 2005... and in a few moments the legendary Twisted Metal competition will begin." 
  9. ↑ SingleTrac (November 5, 1995). Twisted Metal. PlayStation. Sony Computer Entertainment. Level/area: Contest History. "Text: A dozen competitors have been personally selected by Calypso to do combat in the tenth running of the Twisted Metal competition. They come from every background... assassins, mercenaries, vigilantes, professional drivers, social misfits and joyriders..." 
  10. ↑ Twisted Metal instruction booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1995. pp. 14–15. 
  11. ↑ Twisted Metal instruction booklet. Sony Computer Entertainment. 1995. p. 4. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Eat Sleep Play (February 5, 2008). Twisted Metal Head-On: Extra Twisted Edition. PlayStation 2. Sony Computer Entertainment. Scene: "The Dark Past" Documentary. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Fleming, Ryan (January 6, 2012). "Exclusive interview: David Jaffe talks the birth of Twisted Metal, the rise of gaming, and the death of the console". Digital Trends. http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/exclusive-interview-david-jaffe-talks-twisted-metal-and-life-in-the-gaming-industry/. Retrieved December 20, 2014. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Upbin, Bruce (1996). "Forbes". Forbes 158: 330–2. ISSN 0015-6914. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Werner, Nicholas (February 20, 2012). "All Your History: David Jaffe Part 1". Inside Gaming Daily. Machinima Inc.. http://www.insidegamingdaily.com/2012/02/20/all-your-history-david-jaffe-part-1/. Retrieved January 12, 2015. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Snider, Mike (February 15, 2012). "'Twisted Metal' blasts into the 21st century". USA Today. Gannett Company. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/gaming/story/2012-02-13/Twisted-Metal/53084878/1. Retrieved December 21, 2014. 
  17. ↑ Polansky, Lana (February 14, 2012). "Inside the World of Twisted Metal". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/02/14/inside-the-world-of-twisted-metal/. Retrieved January 3, 2015. 
  18. ↑ Gaudiosi, John (April 20, 2011). "David Jaffe talks about Hollywood convergence and his upcoming Twisted Metal title". Digital Trends. http://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/david-jaffe-talks-about-hollywood-convergence-and-his-upcoming-twisted-metal-title/. Retrieved December 20, 2014. 
  19. ↑ "Playstation LIES about TWISTED METAL and SWEET TOOTH!!! " on YouTube
  20. ↑ Moulton, Kristen (December 16, 1996). "Major Players in 3-D: New Company's Games Draw Raves". Los Angeles Daily News. MediaNews Group. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/MAJOR+PLAYERS+IN+3-D+%3A+NEW+COMPANY%27S+GAMES+DRAW+RAVES.-a084036124. Retrieved December 28, 2014. 
  21. ↑ Business Wire staff (May 11, 1995). "Sony Imagesoft premieres SingleTrac games at E3; Utah 3-D game developer debuts with next-generation game titles.". Business Wire. TheFreeLibrary.com. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sony+Imagesoft+premieres+SingleTrac+games+at+E3%3B+Utah+3-D+game...-a016940256. Retrieved December 23, 2014. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Budmar, Patrick (November 21, 2011). "The rise and fall of SingleTrac". PC World. International Data Group. http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/408047/playstation_interview_singletrac_senior_programmer_jay_barnson/. Retrieved December 20, 2014. 
  23. ↑ "Producers Play the PlayStation". GamePro (IDG) (84): 31–34. September 1995. 
  24. ↑ Doerr, Nick (June 12, 2008). "Some interesting alternate game titles scrapped by David Jaffe". Joystiq. AOL. http://www.joystiq.com/2008/06/12/some-interesting-alternate-game-titles-scrapped-by-david-jaffe/. Retrieved January 4, 2015. 
  25. ↑ Jaffe, David (January 14, 2008). "TMHO Extra Twisted Edition: But Wait … There's More!". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://blog.us.playstation.com/2008/01/14/tmho-extra-twisted-edition-but-wait-there%e2%80%99s-more/. Retrieved December 27, 2014. 
  26. ↑ IGN staff (February 5, 2008). "Twisted Metal: Head On: Extra Twisted Edition Marks the Explosive Return of Vehicular Combat on PS2". http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/05/twisted-metal-head-on-extra-twisted-edition-marks-the-explosive-return-of-vehicular-combat-on-ps2. Retrieved December 27, 2014. 
  27. ↑ Clyne, Melissa (May 11, 1995). "Sony Imagesoft premieres SingleTrac games at E3; Utah 3-D game developer debuts with next-generation game titles.". Business Wire. TheFreeLibrary.com. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sony+Imagesoft+premieres+SingleTrac+games+at+E3%3B+Utah+3-D+game...-a016940256. Retrieved January 1, 2015. 
  28. ↑ Next Generation staff (February 1996). "marketing: Sony". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (14): 77. ISSN 1078-9693. 
  29. ↑ "The Holidays Arrive Early as Top Game Makers Unveil 75 Games and Accessories for Windows 95". PR Newswire. TheFreeLibrary.com. October 30, 1995. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+HOLIDAYS+ARRIVE+EARLY+AS+TOP+GAME+MAKERS+UNVEIL+75+GAMES+AND...-a017542978. Retrieved January 1, 2015. 
  30. ↑ Next Generation staff (September 1995). "ng alphas: Twisted Metal". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (9): 72. ISSN 1078-9693. 
  31. ↑ Perotta, Michele (March 29, 1996). "Microsoft to Demonstrate NVIDIA Technology at WinHEC 96 as part of DirectX Technology Presentation; NV1-Based Edge 3D from Diamond Multimedia used as demonstration for DirectX multimedia APIs.". Business Wire. TheFreeLibrary.com. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Microsoft+to+Demonstrate+NVIDIA+Technology+at+WinHEC+96+as+part+of...-a018146368. Retrieved January 1, 2015. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Twisted Metal for PlayStation". GameRankings. http://www.gamerankings.com/ps/366924-twisted-metal/index.html. 
  33. ↑ Romero, Joshua. "Twisted Metal (PC) - Review". Allgame. http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=13983&tab=review. Retrieved March 13, 2014. 
  34. ↑ Fulljames, Stephen (1996). "PlayStation Review: Twisted Metal". Computer and Video Games. http://computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=7713. Retrieved March 13, 2014. 
  35. ↑ "Twisted Metal". Electronic Gaming Monthly (77). December 1995. 
  36. ↑ "Twisted Metal". GameFan. December 1995. 
  37. ↑ "Twisted Metal". Game Informer (31). November 1995. http://www.gameinformer.com/nov95/twisted.html. Retrieved March 13, 2014. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 The Black Widow (February 1996). "ProReview: Twisted Metal". GamePro (IDG) (79): 52. https://retrocdn.net/images/a/aa/GamePro_US_079.pdf. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Reilly, George (1995). "Twisted Metal Review". Game Revolution. http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/twisted-metal. 
  40. ↑ Serda, Jason; Bures, Julian (March 1996). "Twisted Metal". Hyper (29): 44–45. https://archive.org/details/hyper-029/page/44/mode/2up. Retrieved May 23, 2021. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 IGN Staff (November 26, 1996). "Twisted Metal (PS)". http://www.ign.com/articles/1996/11/27/twisted-metal. Retrieved March 13, 2014. "The game's only downfall is that it's just too short. The game can be completed in just a couple of hours. However, the two-player split-screen combat mode more than makes up for the one-player mode's lack of length." 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Maximum Reviews: Twisted Metal". Maximum: The Video Game Magazine (Emap International Limited) (3): 148. January 1996. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Steely". Next Generation (Imagine Media) (13): 154. January 1996. 
  44. ↑ Business Wire staff (December 5, 1995). "Interactive games developed by SingleTrac take top industry honors; "Twisted Metal" named Game of the Year.". Business Wire. TheFreeLibrary.com. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Interactive+games+developed+by+SingleTrac+take+top+industry+honors%3B...-a017821792. Retrieved December 23, 2014. 
  45. ↑ "US Platinum Videogame Chart". The Magic Box. December 27, 2007. http://www.the-magicbox.com/Chart-USPlatinum.shtml. Retrieved August 3, 2008. 
  46. ↑ Sackin, Samantha (March 3, 1997). "PlayStation Leads Videogame Industry with Aggressive New Price Structure; PlayStation Game Console to Retail for $149 and PlayStation Software to be Targeted at a MSRP of $49.99 or Less.". Business Wire. TheFreeLibrary.com. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PlayStation+Leads+Videogame+Industry+with+Aggressive+New+Price...-a019173261a018146368. Retrieved January 1, 2015. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  47. ↑ McGrath, Ross (February 23, 2011). "'Heads-Up' Game Store Update 23rd February 2011". Sony Computer Entertainment. http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2011/02/23/heads-up-game-store-update-23rd-february-2011-2/. Retrieved December 28, 2014. 
  48. ↑ Carter, Chris (February 11, 2013). "Twisted Metal and Twisted Metal Black coming to the PSN". http://www.destructoid.com/twisted-metal-and-twisted-metal-black-coming-to-the-psn-244592.phtml. Retrieved December 28, 2014. 
  49. ↑ https://comicbook.com/gaming/news/twisted-metal-games-ps5-ps4-release/
  • MobyGames is a commercial database website that catalogs information on video games and the people and companies behind them via crowdsourcing. This includes over 300,000 games for hundreds of platforms.[1] Founded in 1999, ownership of the site has changed hands several times. It has been owned by Atari SA since 2022.

Features

Edits and submissions to the site (including screenshots, box art, developer information, game summaries, and more) go through a verification process of fact-checking by volunteer "approvers".[2] This approval process after submission can range from minutes to days or months.[3] The most commonly used sources are the video game's website, packaging, and credit screens. There is a published standard for game information and copy-editing.[4] A ranking system allows users to earn points for contributing accurate information.[5]

Registered users can rate and review games. Users can create private or public "have" and "want" lists, which can generate a list of games available for trade with other registered users. The site contains an integrated forum. Each listed game can have its own sub-forum.

History

Logo used until March 2014

MobyGames was founded on March 1, 1999, by Jim Leonard and Brian Hirt, and joined by David Berk 18 months later, the three of which had been friends since high school.[6][7] Leonard had the idea of sharing information about computer games with a larger audience. The database began with information about games for IBM PC compatibles, relying on the founders' personal collections. Eventually, the site was opened up to allow general users to contribute information.[5] In a 2003 interview, Berk emphasized MobyGames' dedication to taking video games more seriously than broader society and to preserving games for their important cultural influence.[5]

In mid-2010, MobyGames was purchased by GameFly for an undisclosed amount.[8] This was announced to the community post factum , and the site's interface was given an unpopular redesign.[7] A few major contributors left, refusing to do volunteer work for a commercial website.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025} On December 18, 2013, MobyGames was acquired by Jeremiah Freyholtz, owner of Blue Flame Labs (a San Francisco-based game and web development company) and VGBoxArt (a site for fan-made video game box art).[9] Blue Flame Labs reverted MobyGames' interface to its pre-overhaul look and feel,[10] and for the next eight years, the site was run by Freyholtz and Independent Games Festival organizer Simon Carless.[7]

On November 24, 2021, Atari SA announced a potential deal with Blue Flame Labs to purchase MobyGames for $1.5 million.[11] The purchase was completed on 8 March 2022, with Freyholtz remaining as general manager.[12][13][14] Over the next year, the financial boost given by Atari led to a rework of the site being built from scratch with a new backend codebase, as well as updates improving the mobile and desktop user interface.[1] This was accomplished by investing in full-time development of the site instead of its previously part-time development.[15]

In 2024, MobyGames began offering a paid "Pro" membership option for the site to generate additional revenue.[16] Previously, the site had generated income exclusively through banner ads and (from March 2014 onward) a small number of patrons via the Patreon website.[17]

On February 13, 2025, Freyholtz stepped down as the site lead to move onto new projects, leaving operations to Tracy Poff, a veteran coder on the site, and Atari staff.[18]

See also

  • IGDB – game database used by Twitch for its search and discovery functions

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sheehan, Gavin (2023-02-22). "Atari Relaunches The Fully Rebuilt & Optimized MobyGames Website". https://bleedingcool.com/games/atari-relaunches-the-fully-rebuilt-optimized-mobygames-website/. 
  2. ↑ Litchfield, Ted (2021-11-26). "Zombie company Atari to devour MobyGames". https://www.pcgamer.com/zombie-company-atari-to-devour-mobygames/. 
  3. ↑ "MobyGames FAQ: Emails Answered § When will my submission be approved?". Blue Flame Labs. 30 March 2014. http://www.mobygames.com/info/faq7#g1. 
  4. ↑ "The MobyGames Standards and Practices". Blue Flame Labs. 6 January 2016. http://www.mobygames.com/info/standards. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Miller, Stanley A. (2003-04-22). "People's choice awards honor favorite Web sites". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. 
  6. ↑ "20 Years of MobyGames" (in en). 2019-02-28. https://trixter.oldskool.org/2019/02/28/20-years-of-mobygames/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Plunkett, Luke (2022-03-10). "Atari Buys MobyGames For $1.5 Million". https://kotaku.com/mobygames-retro-credits-database-imdb-atari-freyholtz-b-1848638521. 
  8. ↑ "Report: MobyGames Acquired By GameFly Media". Gamasutra. 2011-02-07. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/report-mobygames-acquired-by-gamefly-media. 
  9. ↑ Corriea, Alexa Ray (December 31, 2013). "MobyGames purchased from GameFly, improvements planned". http://www.polygon.com/2013/12/31/5261414/mobygames-purchased-from-gamefly-improvements-planned. 
  10. ↑ Wawro, Alex (31 December 2013). "Game dev database MobyGames getting some TLC under new owner". Gamasutra. https://www.gamedeveloper.com/business/game-dev-database-mobygames-getting-some-tlc-under-new-owner. 
  11. ↑ "Atari invests in Anstream, may buy MobyGames". November 24, 2021. https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2021-11-24-atari-invests-in-anstream-may-buy-mobygames. 
  12. ↑ Rousseau, Jeffrey (2022-03-09). "Atari purchases Moby Games". https://www.gamesindustry.biz/atari-purchases-moby-games. 
  13. ↑ "Atari Completes MobyGames Acquisition, Details Plans for the Site's Continued Support". March 8, 2022. https://www.atari.com/atari-completes-mobygames-acquisition-details-plans-for-the-sites-continued-support/. 
  14. ↑ "Atari has acquired game database MobyGames for $1.5 million" (in en-GB). 2022-03-09. https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/atari-has-acquired-game-database-mobygames-for-1-5-million/. 
  15. ↑ Stanton, Rich (2022-03-10). "Atari buys videogame database MobyGames for $1.5 million". https://www.pcgamer.com/atari-buys-videogame-database-mobygames-for-dollar15-million/. 
  16. ↑ Harris, John (2024-03-09). "MobyGames Offering “Pro” Membership". https://setsideb.com/mobygames-offering-pro-membership/. 
  17. ↑ "MobyGames on Patreon". http://www.patreon.com/mobygames. 
  18. ↑ "An update on MobyGames leadership". 2025-02-13. https://www.mobygames.com/forum/3/thread/269628/an-update-on-mobygames-leadership/#post-269628. 
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