Spherical 3-manifold
In mathematics, a spherical 3-manifold M is a 3-manifold of the form
- [math]\displaystyle{ M=S^3/\Gamma }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ \Gamma }[/math] is a finite subgroup of SO(4) acting freely by rotations on the 3-sphere [math]\displaystyle{ S^3 }[/math]. All such manifolds are prime, orientable, and closed. Spherical 3-manifolds are sometimes called elliptic 3-manifolds or Clifford-Klein manifolds.
Properties
A spherical 3-manifold [math]\displaystyle{ S^3/\Gamma }[/math] has a finite fundamental group isomorphic to Γ itself. The elliptization conjecture, proved by Grigori Perelman, states that conversely all compact 3-manifolds with finite fundamental group are spherical manifolds.
The fundamental group is either cyclic, or is a central extension of a dihedral, tetrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral group by a cyclic group of even order. This divides the set of such manifolds into 5 classes, described in the following sections.
The spherical manifolds are exactly the manifolds with spherical geometry, one of the 8 geometries of Thurston's geometrization conjecture.
Cyclic case (lens spaces)
The manifolds [math]\displaystyle{ S^3/\Gamma }[/math] with Γ cyclic are precisely the 3-dimensional lens spaces. A lens space is not determined by its fundamental group (there are non-homeomorphic lens spaces with isomorphic fundamental groups); but any other spherical manifold is.
Three-dimensional lens spaces arise as quotients of [math]\displaystyle{ S^3 \subset \mathbb{C}^2 }[/math] by the action of the group that is generated by elements of the form
- [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{pmatrix}\omega &0\\0&\omega^q\end{pmatrix}. }[/math]
where [math]\displaystyle{ \omega=e^{2\pi i/p} }[/math]. Such a lens space [math]\displaystyle{ L(p;q) }[/math] has fundamental group [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z} }[/math] for all [math]\displaystyle{ q }[/math], so spaces with different [math]\displaystyle{ p }[/math] are not homotopy equivalent. Moreover, classifications up to homeomorphism and homotopy equivalence are known, as follows. The three-dimensional spaces [math]\displaystyle{ L(p;q_1) }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ L(p;q_2) }[/math] are:
- homotopy equivalent if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ q_1 q_2 \equiv \pm n^2 \pmod{p} }[/math] for some [math]\displaystyle{ n \in \mathbb{N}; }[/math]
- homeomorphic if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ q_1 \equiv \pm q_2^{\pm1} \pmod{p}. }[/math]
In particular, the lens spaces L(7,1) and L(7,2) give examples of two 3-manifolds that are homotopy equivalent but not homeomorphic.
The lens space L(1,0) is the 3-sphere, and the lens space L(2,1) is 3 dimensional real projective space.
Lens spaces can be represented as Seifert fiber spaces in many ways, usually as fiber spaces over the 2-sphere with at most two exceptional fibers, though the lens space with fundamental group of order 4 also has a representation as a Seifert fiber space over the projective plane with no exceptional fibers.
Dihedral case (prism manifolds)
A prism manifold is a closed 3-dimensional manifold M whose fundamental group is a central extension of a dihedral group.
The fundamental group π1(M) of M is a product of a cyclic group of order m with a group having presentation
- [math]\displaystyle{ \langle x,y\mid xyx^{-1}=y^{-1}, x^{2^k}=y^n\rangle }[/math]
for integers k, m, n with k ≥ 1, m ≥ 1, n ≥ 2 and m coprime to 2n.
Alternatively, the fundamental group has presentation
- [math]\displaystyle{ \langle x,y \mid xyx^{-1}=y^{-1}, x^{2m}=y^n\rangle }[/math]
for coprime integers m, n with m ≥ 1, n ≥ 2. (The n here equals the previous n, and the m here is 2k-1 times the previous m.)
We continue with the latter presentation. This group is a metacyclic group of order 4mn with abelianization of order 4m (so m and n are both determined by this group). The element y generates a cyclic normal subgroup of order 2n, and the element x has order 4m. The center is cyclic of order 2m and is generated by x2, and the quotient by the center is the dihedral group of order 2n.
When m = 1 this group is a binary dihedral or dicyclic group. The simplest example is m = 1, n = 2, when π1(M) is the quaternion group of order 8.
Prism manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups: if a closed 3-manifold has the same fundamental group as a prism manifold M, it is homeomorphic to M.
Prism manifolds can be represented as Seifert fiber spaces in two ways.
Tetrahedral case
The fundamental group is a product of a cyclic group of order m with a group having presentation
- [math]\displaystyle{ \langle x,y,z \mid (xy)^2=x^2=y^2, zxz^{-1}=y,zyz^{-1}=xy, z^{3^k}=1\rangle }[/math]
for integers k, m with k ≥ 1, m ≥ 1 and m coprime to 6.
Alternatively, the fundamental group has presentation
- [math]\displaystyle{ \langle x,y,z \mid (xy)^2=x^2=y^2, zxz^{-1}=y,zyz^{-1}=xy, z^{3m}=1\rangle }[/math]
for an odd integer m ≥ 1. (The m here is 3k-1 times the previous m.)
We continue with the latter presentation. This group has order 24m. The elements x and y generate a normal subgroup isomorphic to the quaternion group of order 8. The center is cyclic of order 2m. It is generated by the elements z3 and x2 = y2, and the quotient by the center is the tetrahedral group, equivalently, the alternating group A4.
When m = 1 this group is the binary tetrahedral group.
These manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups. They can all be represented in an essentially unique way as Seifert fiber spaces: the quotient manifold is a sphere and there are 3 exceptional fibers of orders 2, 3, and 3.
Octahedral case
The fundamental group is a product of a cyclic group of order m coprime to 6 with the binary octahedral group (of order 48) which has the presentation
- [math]\displaystyle{ \langle x,y \mid (xy)^2=x^3=y^4\rangle. }[/math]
These manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups. They can all be represented in an essentially unique way as Seifert fiber spaces: the quotient manifold is a sphere and there are 3 exceptional fibers of orders 2, 3, and 4.
Icosahedral case
The fundamental group is a product of a cyclic group of order m coprime to 30 with the binary icosahedral group (order 120) which has the presentation
- [math]\displaystyle{ \langle x,y \mid (xy)^2=x^3=y^5\rangle. }[/math]
When m is 1, the manifold is the Poincaré homology sphere.
These manifolds are uniquely determined by their fundamental groups. They can all be represented in an essentially unique way as Seifert fiber spaces: the quotient manifold is a sphere and there are 3 exceptional fibers of orders 2, 3, and 5.
References
- Peter Orlik, Seifert manifolds, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 291, Springer-Verlag (1972). ISBN:0-387-06014-6
- William Jaco, Lectures on 3-manifold topology ISBN:0-8218-1693-4
- William Thurston, Three-dimensional geometry and topology. Vol. 1. Edited by Silvio Levy. Princeton Mathematical Series, 35. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997. ISBN:0-691-08304-5
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