Spiral (railway)
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Short description: Railway layout for steep climbs
A spiral (sometimes called a spiral loop or just loop) is a technique employed by railways to ascend steep hills.
A railway spiral rises on a steady curve until it has completed a loop, passing over itself as it gains height, allowing the railway to gain vertical elevation in a relatively short horizontal distance. It is an alternative to a zig-zag, and avoids the need for the trains to stop and reverse direction while ascending. If the train is longer than the length of each loop it may be possible to view it looping above itself.[1][2]
The term "loop" is also often used for a railway that curves sharply and goes back on itself: if the railway crosses itself, then it forms a spiral or helix; otherwise, it forms the much more common horseshoe curve or bend.[3][4]
List of spirals
Argentina
- Two spirals between Tacuara and Meseta at [ ⚑ ] 24°26′10″S 65°50′28″W / 24.4361°S 65.8412°W and [ ⚑ ] 24°23′17″S 65°51′01″W / 24.3881°S 65.8502°W on the heritage Tren a las Nubes section of the Salta–Antofagasta railway part of the General Manuel Belgrano Railway.[5][6][7]
Australia
- Spiral on the uphill track at Bethungra [ ⚑ ] 34°45′17″S 147°52′13″E / 34.7545838°S 147.8703011°E on the Main Southern railway line in New South Wales. The downhill track remains on the original steep plain 1 in 40 gradient.[8][9]
- Spiral on the single track at Cougal [ ⚑ ] 28°21′16″S 152°57′51″E / 28.35439°S 152.964038°E on the North Coast railway line, New South Wales.[10][11]
Bulgaria
- Four Spirals on the Rhodope Mountain Line between Septemvri to Dobrinishte railway between Velingrad and Cherna Mesta at [ ⚑ ] 42°02′36″N 23°51′12″E / 42.04329°N 23.85336°E, [ ⚑ ] 42°02′27″N 23°50′30″E / 42.04074°N 23.84169°E, [ ⚑ ] 42°02′14″N 23°44′48″E / 42.03728°N 23.74671°E and [ ⚑ ] 42°02′53″N 23°44′10″E / 42.04814°N 23.73606°E.[5][12][13]:247
- Spiral just outside Klisura at [ ⚑ ] 42°42′02″N 24°27′35″E / 42.700687°N 24.459643°E on the Sofia to Tulovo railway.[14]:110[13]:244[15]
- Spiral just outside Radevtsi at [ ⚑ ] 42°47′46″N 25°32′38″E / 42.796201°N 25.544000°E on the Ruse to Dimitrovgrad railway.[14]:110[13]:244[15]
- Spiral and horseshoe bends just outside Raduntsi at [ ⚑ ] 42°40′37″N 25°35′41″E / 42.677007°N 25.594618°E on the Ruse to Dimitrovgrad railway.[12][14]:110[16][13]:244[15]
Canada
- Double spiral at Big Hill at [ ⚑ ] 51°25′28″N 116°25′17″W / 51.4245778°N 116.42142°W on the approach to Kicking Horse Pass on the Canadian Pacific Railway route.[17][18][19]
- There used to be a spiral at [ ⚑ ] 48°21′57″N 53°23′45″W / 48.3657°N 53.3958°W at Trinity, Newfoundland on the former Newfoundland Railway.[20][21][22]
- There used to be a spiral at Rogers Pass at [ ⚑ ] 51°18′05″N 117°47′29″W / 51.301389°N 117.7913966°W that was superseded when the Connaught Tunnel (British Columbia) was built.[23]
China
- Spiral between Qingshiya and Guanyinshan at [ ⚑ ] 34°16′43″N 106°59′12″E / 34.2787°N 106.9867°E on the Baoji–Chengdu Railway.[24]
- Six spirals on the Chengdu–Kunming Railway at:
- South of Baishiyan at [ ⚑ ] 28°46′05″N 102°34′25″E / 28.7680°N 102.5737°E.[25][26]
- Lewu at [ ⚑ ] 28°17′52″N 102°37′21″E / 28.2977°N 102.6226°E.[25][27]
- Wazu at [ ⚑ ] 28°11′54″N 102°33′58″E / 28.1983°N 102.5662°E.[25][28]
- Tiekou at [ ⚑ ] 28°13′49″N 102°31′54″E / 28.2304°N 102.5318°E.[25][29]
- Ananzhuang at [ ⚑ ] 25°26′53″N 101°49′16″E / 25.4481°N 101.8211°E.[30]
- Longgudian at [ ⚑ ] 25°25′29″N 101°46′34″E / 25.4248°N 101.7761°E.[31]
- Spiral at Shangshali at [ ⚑ ] 48°47′36″N 121°43′39″E / 48.7934°N 121.7274°E on the Harbin–Manzhouli Railway.[25]
- Spiral at Daheba at [ ⚑ ] 28°19′42″N 106°50′19″E / 28.3283°N 106.8385°E on the Sichuan–Guizhou railway.[32]
- Three spirals on the Liupanshui–Hongguo Railway at:
- Maocaoping at [ ⚑ ] 26°12′37″N 104°43′01″E / 26.2103°N 104.7170°E.[33]
- Duchuanzhai at [ ⚑ ] 26°10′20″N 104°43′51″E / 26.1722°N 104.7308°E.[34]
- Sanjiazhai at [ ⚑ ] 26°09′33″N 104°43′29″E / 26.1593°N 104.7246°E.[35]
- There are four spirals on the Southern Xinjiang Railway at [ ⚑ ] 42°51′35″N 87°31′52″E / 42.8596°N 87.5310°E, [ ⚑ ] 42°50′05″N 87°17′14″E / 42.8346°N 87.2871°E, [ ⚑ ] 42°52′58″N 86°32′35″E / 42.8828°N 86.5431°E and [ ⚑ ] 42°51′37″N 86°27′43″E / 42.8604°N 86.4619°E on a by-passed section between Yu'ergou and Hejing that is now freight only. This line was rebuilt on a shorter route in 2014.[36]
- There used to be a spiral at Guanjiao at [ ⚑ ] 37°05′04″N 98°52′25″E / 37.08442°N 98.873591°E on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway, it was replaced by a tunnel in 2014. (see photo).[37]
Costa Rica
Replica of the Brusio Spiral Viaduct at [ ⚑ ] 10°28′44″N 84°49′25″W / 10.47900°N 84.82374°W on the Tren Turistico Arenal, 10 km east of Nuevo Arenal, Guanacaste.[38][39]
Croatia
- Spiral between Rijeka-Brajdica and Sušak-Pećine at [ ⚑ ] 45°19′27″N 14°27′45″E / 45.3241°N 14.4625°E on the Rijeka–Karlovac railway, part of International corridor V. The spiral is mainly in a 1838 m long tunnel.[40]:215
Eritrea
- Spiral between Asmara and Arbaroba at [ ⚑ ] 15°21′17″N 38°59′07″E / 15.35475°N 38.98535°E on Eritrean Railways. This spiral pushes the definition of a spiral as the line crosses itself but then immediately crosses back, and it does this in a tunnel.[citation needed]
France
- Three spirals on the Col de Tende line between Ventimiglia to Cuneo as it passes through France, a further spiral on this line is in Italy.[41][42]:155[43][44]
- Just north of Fontan at [ ⚑ ] 44°00′58″N 7°33′58″E / 44.016°N 7.566°E.
- Saint Dalmas-de-Tende at [ ⚑ ] 44°03′28″N 7°35′38″E / 44.0577°N 7.5938°E.
- Tende at [ ⚑ ] 44°05′55″N 7°35′44″E / 44.0987°N 7.5955°E.
- Spiral at Moûtiers at [ ⚑ ] 45°29′08″N 6°32′26″E / 45.485628°N 6.540444°E between Albertville and Bourg-Saint-Maurice used by TGV.[44][45][46]
- Spiral partly in a tunnel at Claveisolles at [ ⚑ ] 46°05′20″N 4°29′07″E / 46.0888°N 4.4853°E on the Paray-le-Monial to Lozanne line (between Saint-Nizier-d'Azergues and Poule-les-Écharmeaux).[47][48]
- Spiral north of L'Hospitalet près l'Andorre at [ ⚑ ] 42°36′18″N 1°48′55″E / 42.605°N 1.8153°E on the line between Latour-de-Carol and Ax-les-Thermes.[49]:51[50]
- There used to be a spiral in the Sayerce tunnel at [ ⚑ ] 42°50′54″N 0°32′46″W / 42.8483°N 0.546°W on the former Pau–Canfranc railway line between Pau and Zaragoza (Spain) in the Pyrenees. This spiral is now a footpath.[51][44]
- The proposed spirals between The Gravenne and Montpezat at [ ⚑ ] 44°41′42″N 4°13′05″E / 44.695047°N 4.21797°E on the partly completed Transcevenole line between Le Puy-en-Velay and Lalevade-d'Ardèche in the Cévennes were never constructed.
Germany
- Spiral, known as the Rendsburg Loop, on the northern approach to the Rendsburg High Bridge, a railway viaduct and transporter bridge crossing the Kiel Canal in Rendsburg, Schleswig-Holstein at [ ⚑ ] 54°17′58″N 9°40′37″E / 54.2995046°N 9.6769807°E.[14]:43[52][53]:95
- Spiral on the Wutach Valley Railway at [ ⚑ ] 47°47′30″N 8°30′07″E / 47.7916136°N 8.5019723°E. The line was built partly for strategic reasons and had to be built to a reasonable gradient in order to haul heavy military trains over it. The alternative, shorter Singen–Waldshut route was not available for this traffic, since it crossed Swiss territory. The line is now a heritage railway.[14]:58[54]
India
- There are currently three spirals on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway:
- Chunbati Loop at [ ⚑ ] 26°50′30″N 88°20′28″E / 26.8416944°N 88.3410351°E.[55]
- Agony Point at [ ⚑ ] 26°51′28″N 88°19′40″E / 26.8576792°N 88.3277078°E.[55]
- Batasia Loop at [ ⚑ ] 27°01′00″N 88°14′50″E / 27.0167882°N 88.2471805°E.[55]
The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway originally had five or six spirals but only five in operation at any one time. The line also has six reverses or zig-zags.[56][57]
- There used to be a spiral at Dhulghat at [ ⚑ ] 21°16′58″N 76°45′41″E / 21.2827°N 76.7615°E between Khandwa and Hingoli on the metre gauge railway, the spiral was apparently removed[citation needed] when the track was upgraded to broad gauge.[58]:41
Iran
- Spirals near Dowgal station at [ ⚑ ] 35°52′34″N 52°57′20″E / 35.8762337°N 52.9554674°E and extensive horseshoe curves in the Alborz Mountains on the Trans-Iranian Railway.[5][59]
Ireland
- The St. James's Gate Brewery, Dublin, Ireland formerly had an internal 1 ft 10 in (559 mm) gauge railway with a loop in a tunnel to gain height between buildings.[60][61]
Italy
- Spiral at Bortigiadas [ ⚑ ] 40°53′31″N 9°03′23″E / 40.8918324°N 9.0563916°E on the Sassari-Palau railway on Sardinia.[62]:179[63]
- Spiral near Lanusei [ ⚑ ] 39°52′21″N 9°32′27″E / 39.872545°N 9.540812°E on the Mandas–Gairo–Arbatax railway on Sardinia.[62]:190[63]
- Varzo Spiral Tunnel near Iselle di Trasquera [ ⚑ ] 46°12′45″N 8°13′37″E / 46.2125°N 8.2270°E on the Swiss Federal Railways just south of the Southern Portal of the Simplon Tunnel.[12][41][62]:9[64]
- Spiral near Vernante [ ⚑ ] 44°14′12″N 7°32′25″E / 44.2368°N 7.5404°E on the Col de Tende railway from Ventimiglia to Cuneo. There are a further three spirals on this line in French territory.[62]:60[42]:155[43]
- Spiral close to Savona at [ ⚑ ] 44°19′45″N 8°26′51″E / 44.3293°N 8.4476°E on the Savona–Altare line.[65][62]:62[42]:155
- Spiral just north of Salerno at [ ⚑ ] 40°41′45″N 14°45′59″E / 40.6957°N 14.7665°E on the Salerno–Mercato San Severino railway.[14]:86[62]:129[42]:164
- Spiral at Ragusa at [ ⚑ ] 36°55′11″N 14°44′12″E / 36.9198°N 14.7368°E on the approach to Ragusa from Modica on Sicily.[66][42]:168
- Spiral between Medaglie d'Oro and Salvator Rosa at [ ⚑ ] 40°50′52″N 14°13′52″E / 40.8478°N 14.2312°E on Line 1 of Naples Metro. Vanvitelli and Quattro Giornale stations are on the loop itself.[67]:112[68]
- Spiral at Casole Bruzio [ ⚑ ] 39°16′42″N 16°20′22″E / 39.278195°N 16.339308°E on the Cosenza to San Giovanni in Fiore line (line exists but is not in service).[14]:87
- There were three spirals at [ ⚑ ] 42°44′29″N 12°46′58″E / 42.7413°N 12.7828°E Caprareccia and [ ⚑ ] 42°44′29″N 12°49′12″E / 42.7415°N 12.8199°E and [ ⚑ ] 42°44′45″N 12°49′13″E / 42.7458°N 12.8204°E near San Martino on the former Spoleto–Norcia line.[69]
Japan
- Spiral South of Echigo-Nakazato at [ ⚑ ] 36°53′49″N 138°50′08″E / 36.896908°N 138.8356393°E on the Tokyo bound Jōetsu Line.[70][71]:53[72]
- Spiral at Shimizu Tunnel at [ ⚑ ] 36°48′21″N 138°59′33″E / 36.805837°N 138.9923663°E on the Tokyo-bound Jōetsu Line.[70][71]:53[72]
- Spiral South of Tsuruga Station at [ ⚑ ] 35°36′43″N 136°04′15″E / 35.6118281°N 136.07083°E on the Hokuriku Main Line to Shin-Hikida Station.[70][71]:73
- Spiral at Okoba Station at [ ⚑ ] 32°09′57″N 130°46′52″E / 32.165707°N 130.7810953°E on the Hisatsu Line. Okoba Station is situated on a zig zag part way around the loop.[71]:131
- Spiral on the Nakamura Line just after its junction with the Yodo Line at [ ⚑ ] 33°09′35″N 133°05′27″E / 33.159697°N 133.0907083°E.[71]:122
- Spiral on the western approach to the Rainbow Bridge at [ ⚑ ] 35°38′15″N 139°45′15″E / 35.637366°N 139.7541263°E on New Transit Yurikamome automated transit service in Tokyo.[67]:43[71]:149
Kenya
There are three spirals on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) gauge railway line from Kenya to Uganda. This railway has been superseded by the Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway, which has removed the need for spirals by constructing tunnels and bridges.[73][74][75][76]
- Spiral South of Mazeras at [ ⚑ ] 3°59′44″S 39°32′39″E / 3.995608°S 39.5441203°E near Mombasa.
- Spiral near Makutano station at : [ ⚑ ] 0°02′36″S 35°38′29″E / 0.043457°S 35.641461°E.
- Spiral near Equator station at [ ⚑ ] 0°00′26″S 35°33′04″E / 0.007183°S 35.551033°E.
Madagascar
- Spiral at Anjiro at [ ⚑ ] 18°51′57″S 47°58′00″E / 18.8657°S 47.9668°E on the main line from Antananarivo to Toamasina.[77]
Mexico
- Spiral between Creel and San Rafael at [ ⚑ ] 27°39′17″N 107°44′21″W / 27.6548°N 107.7391°W on the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico.[78][79][80]
Myanmar
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- One spiral on the Burma Mines Railway at [ ⚑ ] 23°06′13″N 97°19′23″E / 23.103540°N 97.323176°E.[81][82][83]
- One spiral close to Shwenyaung at [ ⚑ ] 20°44′06″N 96°51′48″E / 20.7349°N 96.8633113°E on the Thazi-Taunggyi line.[84]
New Zealand
- Raurimu Spiral at [ ⚑ ] 39°07′13″S 175°24′04″E / 39.120337°S 175.4010443°E on the North Island Main Trunk. The line is single track and involves two short tunnels around a suitable hill.[85][86]
- Spiral on the Driving Creek Railway at [ ⚑ ] 36°44′07″S 175°30′20″E / 36.73535°S 175.50551°E. This railway also has several reverses or zig-zags.[87]
- There used to be a spiral at [ ⚑ ] 38°42′25″S 175°21′56″E / 38.706870°S 175.365488°E on the Ellis and Burnand Tramway, Ongarue, which closed in 1958 and is now part of the Timber Trail.[88]
Norway
- Spiral on the Flåm Line between Myrdal and Flåm at [ ⚑ ] 60°44′38″N 7°07′53″E / 60.744°N 7.1315°E.[47][89]
- Spiral on the Vestfold Line around the town of Tønsberg at [ ⚑ ] 59°16′43″N 10°24′30″E / 59.2787°N 10.4082°E.[90]
Peru
- Spiral between San Bartolome and Matucana at [ ⚑ ] 11°52′01″S 76°25′15″W / 11.8669°S 76.4207°W on the Central Railway.[citation needed]
Russia
- Spiral just north of Indyuk at [ ⚑ ] 44°14′48″N 39°14′32″E / 44.2466227°N 39.2422978°E on the North Caucasus Railway route from Tuapse (Tуапсе) through Gornyy to Belorechensk (Белореченск).[91][92]
- There used to be a spiral at "Devil's Bridge", [ ⚑ ] 46°59′14″N 142°06′54″E / 46.9871792°N 142.1150693°E on the now abandoned line from Kholmsk to Yushno-Sakhalinsk on Sakhalin Island.[citation needed]
Serbia
- Spiral at Jatare at [ ⚑ ] 43°48′03″N 19°31′11″E / 43.800867°N 19.5198113°E on the Šargan Eight Heritage Railway in Western Serbia between from Mokra Gora and Šargan Vitasi.[47][40]:222
Slovakia
- Spiral at Telgártska slučka at [ ⚑ ] 48°51′18″N 20°11′28″E / 48.855024°N 20.1912296°E on the Brezno to Gelnica Line. The spiral is constructed of two viaducts and a 1,200m tunnel.[47]
South Africa
- Spiral near Komga at [ ⚑ ] 32°32′04″S 27°59′32″E / 32.5343497°S 27.9921599°E on the branch line to Mthatha as it descends to the Great Kei River.[93][94][95]
- Spiral at Van Reenen's Pass at [ ⚑ ] 28°22′15″S 29°23′17″E / 28.3707°S 29.3881°E on the line from Harrismith to Ladysmith.[96][97][98]
South Korea
Geumdae 2nd Tunnel in Jungang Line, South Korea
- Spiral at Hambaek 1st Tunnel at [ ⚑ ] 37°13′19″N 128°42′10″E / 37.2219°N 128.7027°E between Hambaek station and Jodong station on the Hambaek Line;– one loop, single track.[99]
- Spiral at Solan Tunnel at [ ⚑ ] 37°09′31″N 129°01′51″E / 37.1585°N 129.0308°E between East Baeksan station and Dogye station on the Yeongdong Line. There is one loop on a single track railway but double track is installed in the middle of the tunnel to enable trains from opposing directions to pass each other.[100][101]
- There used to be a spiral at Daegang Tunnel at [ ⚑ ] 36°55′15″N 128°22′46″E / 36.9209°N 128.3795°E between Danseong station and Jungnyeong station on the Jungang Line;– one loop, single track.[99] A new double track tunnel has opened which by-passes the line with the spiral, which has since closed.[citation needed]
- There used to be a spiral at Ddwari Tunnel at [ ⚑ ] 37°16′26″N 128°01′18″E / 37.2738°N 128.0216°E between Geumgyo station and Chiak station on Jungang Line. A new double track tunnel has opened which by-passes the line with the spiral, which has since closed.[102]
Spain
- Spiral near Toses at [ ⚑ ] 42°19′31″N 2°01′51″E / 42.3252°N 2.0307°E on the Ripoll to Latour-de-Carol, France line.[12][103]:30
- Spiral at La Granja de San Vicente at [ ⚑ ] 42°36′18″N 6°17′18″W / 42.605°N 6.2883°W on the Palencia to A Coruña line.[103]:18[104]
Sri Lanka
- Spiral at Demodara railway station at [ ⚑ ] 6°54′10″N 81°03′47″E / 6.902874°N 81.062919°E on the line from Bandarawela to Badulla. Demodara railway station is located above the spiral tunnel.[105][106]
Switzerland
- The Gotthard railway has spirals and horseshoe curves or bends mostly in tunnels on its standard gauge, double track line. The spirals are:
- North of Wassen at Pfaffensprung on the Northern approach at [ ⚑ ] 46°43′19″N 8°36′34″E / 46.722034°N 8.6095033°E, this loop is followed by two horseshoe bends around Wassen.[86][107]:143
- Piottino spirals on the Southern approach at [ ⚑ ] 46°29′41″N 8°44′13″E / 46.494787°N 8.7370045°E and at [ ⚑ ] 46°29′11″N 8°46′08″E / 46.486278°N 8.7688043°E.[86][107]:143
- Biaschina double spiral near Anzonico at [ ⚑ ] 46°25′25″N 8°51′43″E / 46.423613°N 8.861917°E.[86][107]:149
- RhB Albulabahn has four spirals, mainly in tunnels, on its metre gauge single track. The spirals are at:
- Filisur at [ ⚑ ] 46°40′31″N 9°41′07″E / 46.675145°N 9.6851513°E.[86][107]:144[108]
- South of Bergün at [ ⚑ ] 46°36′11″N 9°43′03″E / 46.603132°N 9.7176171°E.[86][107]:144[108]
- Double spiral North of Preda at [ ⚑ ] 46°35′47″N 9°44′33″E / 46.596291°N 9.7425725°E.[86][107]:144[108]
- It could also be argued that the horseshoe curves immediately South of Bergün at [ ⚑ ] 46°37′17″N 9°45′09″E / 46.621283°N 9.7524213°E also form a spiral as it appears that one curve overlaps the other.[86][107]:144[108]
- Brusio spiral viaduct at [ ⚑ ] 46°15′05″N 10°07′15″E / 46.251333°N 10.1209571°E on RhB Berninabahn. This is a fine example of an open spiral mainly on the Brusio spiral viaduct on a metre gauge single track railway.[107]:145
- Spiral South of Gletsch at [ ⚑ ] 46°33′28″N 8°21′18″E / 46.5577°N 8.3550773°E on the former Furka Oberalp Bahn, now Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke Heritage Railway. This is a single track partial rack railway with the catenary equipment removed.[109]
- Spiral East of Grengiols at [ ⚑ ] 46°22′41″N 8°05′42″E / 46.378156°N 8.0948933°E on the former Furka Oberalp Bahn, now Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn, between Grengiols and Lax.[107]:148
Taiwan
- Triple spiral at Dulishan at [ ⚑ ] 23°32′11″N 120°36′07″E / 23.5363374°N 120.6019135°E on the Alishan Forest Railway.[110][111]
Uganda
- There used to be a spiral at Circle Hill [ ⚑ ] 0°11′25″N 30°21′48″E / 0.1902°N 30.3634°E on the Western Uganda Extension of the Kenya to Uganda Railway Line to Kasese.[112]
United Kingdom
- Spiral around Dduallt railway station at [ ⚑ ] 52°57′37″N 3°58′07″W / 52.9602°N 3.9686°W on the Ffestiniog Railway in Wales.[113][108][114]
- The line at [ ⚑ ] 50°26′43″N 4°28′37″W / 50.4451597°N 4.4768321°W from Moorswater cement terminal, through Coombe Junction and Liskeard on the Looe Valley Line and on over Moorswater Viaduct forms a complete spiral, climbing up to join the main line at Liskeard. Not all parts are used by passenger trains.[115][114]
United States
- Tehachapi Loop, at Tehachapi, California at [ ⚑ ] 35°12′03″N 118°32′13″W / 35.200833°N 118.536944°W on the former Southern Pacific Railroad, now part of Union Pacific Railroad.[116][117]
- Williams Loop, east of East Quincy, California at [ ⚑ ] 39°54′36″N 120°48′29″W / 39.910131°N 120.807949°W on the former Western Pacific Railroad now part of Union Pacific Railroad.[118]
- Hiwassee Loop, also known as the Hook and Eye; 2 miles NNE of Farner, Tennessee at [ ⚑ ] 35°10′53″N 84°17′59″W / 35.181257°N 84.299707°W on the former Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railway now operated as a heritage railroad by the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, which operates excursion trains from Etowah, Tennessee to Copperhill, Tennessee via the loop, as well as trains just to the loop and back from Etowah.[119]
- Georgetown Loop, at Georgetown, Colorado at [ ⚑ ] 39°42′02″N 105°42′32″W / 39.7005794°N 105.7087871°W on the former Colorado Central Railroad. The spiral was completed in 1884, abandoned and dismantled in 1939, rebuilt between 1972 and 1984 and is now owned by History Colorado and operated as the Georgetown Loop Railroad.[120]
- The MAX Red Line, a light rail line in Portland, Oregon , loops over itself at [ ⚑ ] 45°31′51″N 122°33′49″W / 45.5307°N 122.5636°W in the vicinity of the Gateway Transit Center.[121]
- In the Loop District of the Alaska Railroad at [ ⚑ ] 60°39′36″N 149°02′29″W / 60.660062°N 149.041251°W between mileposts 48 and 51 northeast of Seward, Alaska, there was a spiral and a horseshoe curve both on an extensive range of timber trestles up to 106 feet high. Track relocation in 1951 removed all of this but added a new horseshoe at milepost 48. [122]
- Abandoned spiral at Riflesight Notch Loop at Rollinsville, Colorado at [ ⚑ ] 39°54′00″N 105°42′47″W / 39.9001°N 105.7130°W on the former Denver and Salt Lake Railway route over Rollins Pass. The spiral was bypassed by the Moffat Tunnel built in 1928, and was dismantled in 1935.[123]
- Abandoned spiral called Double Circle, or Double Loop, or The Golden Circle, at [ ⚑ ] 39°59′07″N 112°02′39″W / 39.985246°N 112.044138°W east of Eureka, Utah on the former Tintic branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. It was bypassed in 1940 and the branch removed in 1943.[124][125][126]
- Abandoned spiral on the Roaring Camp Railroad at [ ⚑ ] 37°02′33″N 122°03′54″W / 37.0426°N 122.0649°W. The spiral was completed in 1963. The spiral was bypassed by two switchbacks after a trestle fire in 1976.[127]
See also
- Spiral bridge - road equivalent
- Hairpin turn
- List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways
- Zig Zag Railways
References
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- ↑ S. M. Yameen Nachsch (1972). Railway Engineering. Caravan Book House. https://books.google.com/books?id=rpd1b5JsAlgC.
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- ↑ Ellison, Paul (December 1968). "Guinness Brewery Tramways". The Industrial Railway Society. pp. 337–347. http://www.irsociety.co.uk/Archives/22/Guinness.htm.
- ↑ Peaty, Ian P. (1985). Brewery Railways. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-7153-8605-0.
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- ↑ Template:Encyclopedia of North American Railroads
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- ↑ Openbare Werke, Anleg, en Vervoer. Thomson Publications.. 1959. https://books.google.com/books?id=EEUlAQAAIAAJ.
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- ↑ Lee, Myung-woo (23 June 2020). "중앙선 원주~제천 복선전철 시운전 돌입…연말 개통". https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=087&aid=0000803653.
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- ↑ Ian Allan Publishing (1982). Pre-Grouping Railway Junction Diagrams 1914. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-1256-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=oBMMAAAAYAAJ.
- ↑ P. R. Griswold (1992). Railroads of California: Seeing the State by Rail. American Traveler Press. ISBN 978-1-55838-121-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=iD9aa7Hh2eMC&pg=PA37.
- ↑ J. David Ingles (2001). Guide to North American Railroad Hot Spots. Kalmbach Publishing, Co.. ISBN 978-0-89024-373-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=1pniJRlKXMQC&pg=PA31.
- ↑ Brian Solomon (2003). Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-1-61060-361-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=S2ktV7MzsE4C&pg=PA271.
- ↑ Maury Klein (1972). History of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2915-X. https://books.google.com/books?id=rCr24DyEDjgC&pg=PA309.
- ↑ Phelps R. Griswold; Bob Griswold (1988). Railroads of Colorado: A Guide to Modern and Narrow Gauge Trains. American Traveler Press. ISBN 978-1-55838-088-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=cprhvrhZK88C&pg=PA20.
- ↑ John William Howard (October 26, 2017). "TriMet considering expansion of MAX Red Line to county fairgrounds". Portland Tribune. https://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/376668-262405-trimet-considering-expansion-of-max-red-line-to-county-fairgrounds.
- ↑ Prince, B.D.The Alaska Railroad in Pictures 1914-1964; Ken Wray's Print Shop, Anchorage, 1964
- ↑ R. A. LeMassena (June 1984). Colorado's mountain railroads. Smoking Stack Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=1-S3AAAAIAAJ.
- ↑ "D&RGW Tintic Branch History". http://www.drgw.net/info/TinticBranch.
- ↑ "Railroads and Mining at Tintic". http://utahrails.net/articles/tintic.php.
- ↑ "Eureka Ghost Rail: Tintic Range Railroad". http://www.expeditionutah.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5086.
- ↑ Beniam Kifle; Nathan Goodman (2013). Roaring Camp Railroads. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-2996-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=x-mCwXEWwP8C&pg=PA69.
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