Terabit Ethernet

From HandWiki
Short description: Ethernet with speeds above 100 Gbit/s


Terabit Ethernet or TbE is Ethernet with speeds above 100 Gigabit Ethernet. 400 Gigabit Ethernet (400G, 400GbE) and 200 Gigabit Ethernet (200G, 200GbE)[1] standards developed by the IEEE P802.3bs Task Force using broadly similar technology to 100 Gigabit Ethernet[2][3] were approved on December 6, 2017.[4][5] In 2016, several networking equipment suppliers were already offering proprietary solutions for 200G and 400G.[5]

Some industry experts speculated that speeds of 800 Gbit/s and 1.6 Tbit/s would become an IEEE standard between about 2023 and 2025.[6] Doubling to 800 GbE is expected to occur after 112 Gbit/s SerDes become available. The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) has already announced five new projects at 112 Gbit/s which would also make 4th generation (single-lane) 100 GbE links possible.[7] The IEEE P802.3df Task Force started work in January 2022 to standardize 800 Gbit/s and 1.6 Tbit/s Ethernet. [8]

History

Facebook and Google, among other companies, have expressed a need for TbE.[9] While a speed of 400 Gbit/s is achievable with existing technology, 1 Tbit/s (1000 Gbit/s) would require different technology.[2][10] Accordingly, at the IEEE Industry Connections Higher Speed Ethernet Consensus group meeting in September 2012, 400 GbE was chosen as the next generation goal.[2] Additional 200 GbE objectives were added in January 2016.

The University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) attracted help from Agilent Technologies, Google, Intel, Rockwell Collins, and Verizon Communications to help with research into next generation Ethernet.[11]

As of early 2016, chassis/modular based core router platforms from Cisco, Juniper and other major manufacturers support 400 Gbit/s full duplex data rates per slot. One, two and four port 100 GbE and one port 400 GbE line cards are presently available. As of early 2019, 200 GbE line cards became available after 802.3cd standard ratification.[12][13]

200G Ethernet uses PAM4 signaling which allows 2 bits to be transmitted per clock cycle, but at a higher implementation cost.[14]

Standards development

The IEEE formed the "IEEE 802.3 Industry Connections Ethernet Bandwidth Assessment Ad Hoc", to investigate the business needs for short and long term bandwidth requirements.[15][16][17]

IEEE 802.3's "400 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group" started working on the 400 Gbit/s generation standard in March 2013.[18] Results from the study group were published and approved on March 27, 2014. Subsequently, the IEEE 802.3bs Task Force[19] started working to provide physical layer specifications for several link distances.[20]

The IEEE 802.3bs standard was approved on December 6, 2017[4] and is available online.[21]

The IEEE 802.3cd standard was approved on December 5, 2018.

The IEEE 802.3cn standard was approved on December 20, 2019.

The IEEE 802.3cm standard was approved on January 30, 2020.

The IEEE 802.3cu standard was approved on February 11, 2021.

The IEEE 802.3ck and 802.3db standards were approved on September 21, 2022.

In November 2022 the IEEE 802.3df project objectives were split in two, with 1.6T and 200G/lane work being moved to the new IEEE 802.3dj project

IEEE project objectives

Like all speeds since 10 Gigabit Ethernet, the standards support only full-duplex operation. Other objectives include:[20]

  1. Support MAC data rates of 400 Gbit/s and 200 Gbit/s[1]
  2. Preserve the Ethernet frame format utilizing the Ethernet MAC
  3. Preserve minimum and maximum frame size of current Ethernet standard
  4. Support a bit error ratio (BER) of 10−13, which is an improvement over the 10−12 BER that was specified for 10GbE, 40GbE, and 100GbE.
  5. Support for OTN (transport of Ethernet across optical transport networks), and optional support for Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE).

802.3bs project

Define physical layer specifications supporting:[20]

  • 400 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • at least 100 m over multi-mode fiber (400GBASE-SR16) using 16 parallel strands of fiber each at 25 Gbit/s[22][23]
    • at least 500 m over single-mode fiber (400GBASE-DR4) using 4 parallel strands of fiber each at 100 Gbit/s[24][25]
    • at least 2 km over single-mode fiber (400GBASE-FR8) using 8 parallel wavelengths (CWDM) each at 50 Gbit/s[24][26][27]
    • at least 10 km over single-mode fiber (400GBASE-LR8) using 8 parallel wavelengths (CWDM) each at 50 Gbit/s[24][27][28]
    • 8 and 16 lane chip-to-chip/chip-to-module electrical interfaces (400GAUI-8 and 400GAUI-16)
  • 200 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • at least 500 m over single-mode fiber (200GBASE-DR4) using 4 parallel strands of fiber each at 50 Gbit/s[29][30]
    • at least 2 km over single-mode fiber (200GBASE-FR4) using 4 parallel wavelengths (CWDM) each at 50 Gbit/s[1][30]
    • at least 10 km over single-mode fiber (200GBASE-LR4) using 4 parallel wavelengths (CWDM) each at 50 Gbit/s[1][30]
    • 4 or 8 lane chip-to-chip/chip-to-module electrical interfaces (200GAUI-4 and 200GAUI-8)

802.3cd project

  • Define four-lane 200 Gbit/s PHYs for operation over:
    • copper twin-axial cables with lengths up to at least 3 m (200GBASE-CR4).
    • printed circuit board backplane with a total channel insertion loss of ≤ 30 dB at 13.28125 GHz (200GBASE-KR4).
  • Define 200 Gbit/s PHYs for operation over MMF with lengths up to at least 100 m (200GBASE-SR4).

802.3ck project

  • 200 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • Define a two-lane 200 Gbit/s Attachment Unit interface (AUI) for chip-to-module applications, compatible with PMDs based on 100 Gbit/s per lane optical signaling (200GAUI-2 C2M)
    • Define a two-lane 200 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) for chip-to-chip applications (200GAUI-2 C2C)
    • Define a two-lane 200 Gbit/s PHY for operation over electrical backplanes an insertion loss ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz (200GBASE-KR2)
    • Define a two-lane 200 Gbit/s PHY for operation over twin axial copper cables with lengths up to at least 2 m (200GBASE-CR2)
  • 400 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • Define a four-lane 400 Gbit/s Attachment Unit interface (AUI) for chip-to-module applications, compatible with PMDs based on 100 Gbit/s per lane optical signaling (400GAUI-4 C2M)
    • Define a four-lane 400 Gbit/s Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) for chip-to-chip applications (400GAUI-4 C2C)
    • Define a four-lane 400 Gbit/s PHY for operation over electrical backplanes an insertion loss ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz (400GBASE-KR4)
    • Define a four-lane 400 Gbit/s PHY for operation over twin axial copper cables with lengths up to at least 2 m (400GBASE-CR4)

802.3cm project

  • 400 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • Define a physical layer specification supporting 400 Gbit/s operation over 8 pairs of MMF with lengths up to at least 100 m (400GBASE-SR8)
    • Define a physical layer specification supporting 400 Gbit/s operation over 4 pairs of MMF with lengths up to at least 100 m (400GBASE-SR4.2)

802.3cn project

  • 200 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • Provide a physical layer specification supporting 200 Gbit/s operation over four wavelengths capable of at least 40 km of SMF (200GBASE-ER4) [31]
  • 400 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • Provide a physical layer specification supporting 400 Gbit/s operation over eight wavelengths capable of at least 40 km of SMF (400GBASE-ER8)[31]

802.3cu project

  • Define a four-wavelength 400 Gbit/s PHY for operation over SMF with lengths up to at least 2 km (400GBASE-FR4)
  • Define a four-wavelength 400 Gbit/s PHY for operation over SMF with lengths up to at least 6 km (400GBASE-LR4-6) [32]

802.3cw project

  • Provide a physical layer specification supporting 400 Gbit/s operation on a single wavelength capable of at least 80 km over a DWDM system (400GBASE-ZR)[33] Dual polarization 16-state quadrature amplitude modulation (DP-16QAM) with coherent detection is proposed.[34]

802.3db project

  • 200 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • Define a physical layer specification that supports 200 Gbit/s operation over 2 pairs of MMF with lengths up to at least 50 m (200GBASE-VR2)
    • Define a physical layer specification that supports 200 Gbit/s operation over 2 pairs of MMF with lengths up to at least 100 m (200GBASE-SR2)
  • 400 Gbit/s Ethernet
    • Define a physical layer specification that supports 400 Gbit/s operation over 4 pairs of MMF with lengths up to at least 50 m (400GBASE-VR4)
    • Define a physical layer specification that supports 400 Gbit/s operation over 4 pairs of MMF with lengths up to at least 100 m (400GBASE-SR4)

'IEEE P802.3db 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and 400 Gb/s Short Reach Fiber Task Force'

802.3df project

  • Adds 800G Ethernet rate and specifies port types using existing 100G per lane technology

IEEE P802.3df Objectives for 800Gbit/s Ethernet and 400G and 800G PHYs using 100Gbit/s lanes

802.3dj project

  • Adds 1.6T Ethernet rate and specifies port types using new 200G per lane technology[35]

200G port types

Legend for fibre-based TP-PHYs[36]
MMF
FDDI
62,5/125 µm
(1987) 		MMF
OM1
62,5/125 µm
(1989) 		MMF
OM2
50/125 µm
(1998) 		MMF
OM3
50/125 µm
(2003) 		MMF
OM4
50/125 µm
(2008) 		MMF
OM5
50/125 µm
(2016) 		SMF
OS1
9/125 µm
(1998) 		SMF
OS2
9/125 µm
(2000)
160 MHz·km
@850 nm 		200 MHz·km
@850 nm 		500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		1500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		3500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		3500 MHz·km
@850 nm &
1850 MHz·km
@950 nm 		1 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm 		0.4 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm
Name Standard Status Media Connector Transceiver
Module 		Reach
in m 		#
Media
(⇆) 		#
Lambdas
(→) 		#
Lanes
(→) 		Notes
200 Gigabit Ethernet (200 GbE) (1st Generation: 25GbE-based) - (Data rate: 200 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × NRZ - Line rate: 8x 26.5625 GBd = 212.5 GBd - Full-Duplex) [37][38][39]
200GAUI-8 802.3bs-2017
(CL120B/C) 		current Chip-to-chip/
Chip-to-module interface 		N/A N/A 0.25 16 N/A 8 PCBs
200 Gigabit Ethernet (200 GbE) (2nd Generation: 50GbE-based) - (Data rate: 200 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 4x 26.5625 GBd x2 = 212.5 GBd - Full-Duplex) [37][38][39]
200GAUI-4 802.3bs-2017
(CL120D/E) 		current Chip-to-chip/
Chip-to-module interface 		N/A N/A 0.25 8 N/A 4 PCBs
200GBASE-KR4 802.3cd-2018
(CL137) 		current Cu-Backplane N/A N/A 1 8 N/A 4 PCBs;
total insertion loss of ≤ 30 dB at 13.28125 GHz
200GBASE-CR4 802.3cd-2018
(CL136) 		current twinaxial
copper
cable 		QSFP-DD,
QSFP56,
microQSFP,
OSFP 		N/A 3 8 N/A 4 Data centres (in-rack)
200GBASE-SR4 802.3cd-2018
(CL138) 		current Fibre
850 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12) 		QSFP56 OM3: 70 8 1 4 uses four fibers in each direction
OM4: 100
200GBASE-DR4 802.3bs-2017
(CL121) 		current Fibre
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12) 		QSFP56 OS2: 500 8 1 4 uses four fibers in each direction
200GBASE-FR4 802.3bs-2017
(CL122) 		current Fibre
1271 – 1331 nm 		LC QSFP56 OS2: 2k 2 4 4 WDM
200GBASE-LR4 802.3bs-2017
(CL122) 		current Fibre
1295.56 – 1309.14 nm 		LC QSFP56 OS2: 10k 2 4 4 WDM
200GBASE-ER4 802.3cn-2019
(CL122) 		current Fibre
1295.56 – 1309.14 nm 		LC QSFP56 OS2: 40k 2 4 4 WDM
200 Gigabit Ethernet (200 GbE) (3rd Generation: 100GbE-based) - (Data rate: 200 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 2x 53.1250 GBd x2 = 212.5 GBd - Full-Duplex) [37][38][39]
200GAUI-2 802.3ck-2022
(CL120F/G) 		current Chip-to-chip/
Chip-to-module interface 		N/A N/A 0.25 4 N/A 2 PCBs
200GBASE-KR2 802.3ck-2022
(CL163) 		current Cu backplane N/A N/A 1 4 N/A 2 PCBs;
total insertion loss of ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz
200GBASE-CR2 802.3ck-2022
(CL162) 		current twinaxial copper cable QSFP-DD,
QSFP112,
SFP-DD112,
DSFP,
OSFP 		N/A 2 4 N/A 2
200GBASE-VR2 802.3db-2022
(CL167) 		current Fiber
850 nm 		MPO
(MPO-12) 		QSFP
QSFP-DD
SFP-DD112 		OM3: 30 4 1 2
OM4: 50
200GBASE-SR2 802.3db-2022
(CL167) 		current Fiber
850 nm 		MPO
(MPO-12) 		QSFP
QSFP-DD
SFP-DD112 		OM3: 60 4 1 2
OM4: 100

400G port types

Legend for fibre-based TP-PHYs[36]
MMF
FDDI
62,5/125 µm
(1987) 		MMF
OM1
62,5/125 µm
(1989) 		MMF
OM2
50/125 µm
(1998) 		MMF
OM3
50/125 µm
(2003) 		MMF
OM4
50/125 µm
(2008) 		MMF
OM5
50/125 µm
(2016) 		SMF
OS1
9/125 µm
(1998) 		SMF
OS2
9/125 µm
(2000)
160 MHz·km
@850 nm 		200 MHz·km
@850 nm 		500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		1500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		3500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		3500 MHz·km
@850 nm &
1850 MHz·km
@950 nm 		1 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm 		0.4 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm
Name Standard Status Media Connector Transceiver
Module 		Reach
in m 		#
Media
(⇆) 		#
λ
(→) 		#
Lanes
(→) 		Notes
400 Gigabit Ethernet (400 GbE) (1st Generation: 25GbE-based) - (Data rate: 400 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × NRZ - Line rate: 16x 26.5625 GBd = 425 GBd - Full-Duplex) [37]
400GAUI-16 802.3bs-2017
(CL120B/C) 		current Chip-to-chip/
Chip-to-module interface 		N/A N/A 0.25 32 N/A 16 PCBs
400GBASE-SR16 802.3bs-2017
(CL123) 		current Fibre
850 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-32) 		CFP8 OM3: 70 32 1 16
OM4: 100
OM5: 100
400 Gigabit Ethernet (400 GbE) (2nd Generation: 50GbE-based) - (Data rate: 400 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 8x 26.5625 GBd x2 = 425.0 GBd - Full-Duplex) [37]
400GAUI-8 802.3bs-2017
(CL 120D/E) 		current Chip-to-chip/
Chip-to-module interface 		N/A N/A 0.25 16 N/A 8 PCBs
400GBASE-KR8 proprietary
(ETC) (CL120) 		current Cu-Backplane N/A N/A 1 8 N/A 8 WDM
400GBASE-SR8 802.3cm-2020
(CL138) 		current Fiber
850 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-16) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OM3: 70 16 1 8
OM4: 100
OM5: 100
400GBASE-SR4.2
(Bidirectional) 		802.3cm-2020
(CL150) 		current Fiber
850 nm
912 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12) 		QSFP-DD OM3: 70 8 2 8 Bidirectional WDM
OM4: 100
OM5: 150
400GBASE-FR8 802.3bs-2017
(CL122) 		current Fibre
1273.54 – 1309.14 nm 		LC QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OS2: 2k 2 8 8 WDM
400GBASE-LR8 802.3bs-2017
(CL122) 		current Fibre
1273.54 – 1309.14 nm 		LC QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OS2: 10k 2 8 8 WDM
400GBASE-ER8 802.3cn-2019
(CL122) 		current Fibre
1273.54 – 1309.14 nm 		LC QSFP-DD OS2: 40k 2 8 8 WDM
400 Gigabit Ethernet (400 GbE) (3rd Generation: 100GbE-based) - (Data rate: 400 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 4x 53.1250 GBd x2 = 425.0 GBd - Full-Duplex) [37]
400GAUI-4 802.3ck-2022
(CL120F/G) 		current Chip-to-chip/
Chip-to-module interface 		N/A N/A 0.25 8 N/A 4 PCBs
400GBASE-KR4 802.3ck-2022
(CL163) 		current Cu-Backplane N/A N/A 1 8 N/A 4 PCBs;
total insertion loss of ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz
400GBASE-CR4 802.3ck-2022
(CL162) 		current twinaxial
copper
cable 		QSFP-DD,
QSFP112,
OSFP 		N/A 2 8 N/A 4 Data centres (in-rack)
400GBASE-VR4 802.3db-2022
(CL167) 		current Fibre
850 nm 		MPO
(MPO-12) 		QSFP-DD OM3: 30 8 1 4
OM4: 50
OM5: 50
400GBASE-SR4 802.3db-2022
(CL167) 		current Fibre
850 nm 		MPO
(MPO-12) 		QSFP-DD OM3: 60 8 1 4
OM4: 100
OM5: 100
400GBASE-DR4 802.3bs-2017
(CL124) 		current Fibre
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OS2: 500 8 1 4
400GBASE-DR4-2 802.3df
(CL124) 		development Fibre
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OS2: 2k 8 1 4
400GBASE-XDR4
400GBASE-DR4+ 		proprietary
(non IEEE) 		current Fibre
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OSx: 2k 8 1 4
400GBASE-FR4 802.3cu-2021
(CL151) 		current Fibre
1271−1331 nm 		LC QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OS2: 2k 2 4 4 Multi-Vendor Standard[40]
400GBASE-LR4-6 802.3cu-2021
(CL151) 		current Fibre
1271−1331 nm 		LC QSFP-DD OS2: 6k 2 4 4
400GBASE-LR4-10 proprietary
(MSA, Sept 2020) 		current Fibre
1271−1331 nm 		LC QSFP-DD OSx: 10k 2 4 4 Multi-Vendor Standard[41]
400GBASE-ZR 802.3cw
(CL155/156) 		development Fibre LC QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OSx: 80k 2 1 2 59.84375 Gigabaud (DP-16QAM)

800G port types

Legend for fibre-based TP-PHYs[36]
MMF
FDDI
62,5/125 µm
(1987) 		MMF
OM1
62,5/125 µm
(1989) 		MMF
OM2
50/125 µm
(1998) 		MMF
OM3
50/125 µm
(2003) 		MMF
OM4
50/125 µm
(2008) 		MMF
OM5
50/125 µm
(2016) 		SMF
OS1
9/125 µm
(1998) 		SMF
OS2
9/125 µm
(2000)
160 MHz·km
@850 nm 		200 MHz·km
@850 nm 		500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		1500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		3500 MHz·km
@850 nm 		3500 MHz·km
@850 nm &
1850 MHz·km
@950 nm 		1 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm 		0.4 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm
Name Standard Status Media Connector Transceiver
Module 		Reach
in m 		#
Media
(⇆) 		#
λ
(→) 		#
Lanes
(→) 		Notes
800 Gigabit Ethernet (800 GbE) (100GbE-based) - (Data rate: 800 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 8x 53.1250 GBd x2 = 425.0 GBd - Full-Duplex) [37]
800GAUI-8 802.3df
(CL120F/G) 		development Chip-to-chip/
Chip-to-module interface 		N/A N/A 0.25 16 N/A 8 PCBs
800GBASE-KR8 802.3df
(CL163) 		development Cu-Backplane N/A N/A 1 16 N/A 8 PCBs;
total insertion loss of ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz
800GBASE-CR8 802.3df
(CL162) 		development twinaxial
copper
cable 		QSFP−DD800
OSFP 		N/A 2 16 N/A 8 Data centres (in-rack)
800GBASE-VR8 802.3df
(CL167) 		development Fibre
850 nm 		MPO
(MPO-16) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OM3: 30 16 1 8
OM4: 50
OM5: 50
800GBASE-SR8 802.3df
(CL167) 		development Fibre
850 nm 		MPO
(MPO-16) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OM3: 60 16 1 8
OM4: 100
OM5: 100
800GBASE-DR8 802.3df
(CL124) 		development Fibre
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-16) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OS2: 500 16 1 8
800GBASE-DR8-2 802.3df
(CL124) 		development Fibre
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm 		MPO/MTP
(MPO-16) 		QSFP-DD
OSFP 		OS2: 2k 16 1 8

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "IEEE 802.3 NGOATH SG Adopted Changes to 802.3bs Project Objectives". http://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/NGOATH_3bs_Objectives_16_0122.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Network boffins say Terabit Ethernet is TOO FAST: Sticking to 400Gb for now". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/09/28/terabit_ethernet_too_fast/. 
  3. ↑ On-board optics: beyond pluggables
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "[STDS-802-3-400G IEEE P802.3bs Approved!"]. IEEE 802.3bs Task Force. http://www.ieee802.org/3/400GSG/email/msg01519.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "High-Speed Transmission Update: 200G/400G". 2016-07-18. http://www.connectorsupplier.com/high-speed-transmission-update-200g400g/. 
  6. ↑ Jain, P. C. (2016). "Recent trends in next generation terabit Ethernet and gigabit wireless local area network". 2016 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC). IEEE. pp. 106–110. doi:10.1109/ICSPCom.2016.7980557. ISBN 978-1-5090-2684-5. 
  7. ↑ "OIF Launches CEI-112G Project for 100G Serial Electrical Links". Businesswire. 30 Aug 2016. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160830005339/en/OIF-Launches-CEI-112G-Project-100G-Serial-Electrical. 
  8. ↑ "802.3df Public Area". https://www.ieee802.org/3/df/public/index.html. 
  9. ↑ Feldman, Michael (February 3, 2010). "Facebook Dreams of Terabit Ethernet". HPCwire. Tabor Communications, Inc.. http://www.hpcwire.com/2010/02/03/facebook_dreams_of_terabit_ethernet/. 
  10. ↑ Matsumoto, Craig (March 5, 2010). "Dare We Aim for Terabit Ethernet?". Light Reading. UBM TechWeb. http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=188442&. 
  11. ↑ Craig Matsumoto (October 26, 2010). "The Terabit Ethernet Chase Begins". Light Reading. http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=199046&. 
  12. ↑ "Cisco 4 x 100 Gbit/s interface". http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/routers/carrier-routing-system/datasheet-c78-730788.html. 
  13. ↑ "Alcatel-Lucent boosts operator capacity to deliver big data and video over existing networks with launch of 400G IP router interface". https://networks.nokia.com/press/2015/alcatel-lucent-boosts-operator-capacity-deliver-big-data-and-video-over-existing-networks-launch. 
  14. ↑ Smith, Ryan. "Micron Spills on GDDR6X: PAM4 Signaling For Higher Rates, Coming to NVIDIA's RTX 3090". https://www.anandtech.com/show/15978/micron-spills-on-gddr6x-pam4-signaling-for-higher-rates-coming-to-nvidias-rtx-3090. 
  15. ↑ Stephen Lawson (May 9, 2011). "IEEE Seeks Data on Ethernet Bandwidth Needs". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/227446/article.html. Retrieved May 23, 2013. 
  16. ↑ "IEEE Industry Connections Ethernet Bandwidth Assessment". IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Working Group. July 19, 2012. http://www.ieee802.org/3/ad_hoc/bwa/BWA_Report.pdf. 
  17. ↑ Max Burkhalter Brafton (May 12, 2011). "Terabit Ethernet could be on its way". Perle. http://www.perle.com/articles/Terabit-Ethernet-could-be-on-its-way-800506465.shtml. 
  18. ↑ "400 Gb/s Ethernet Study Group". Group web site. IEEE 802.3. http://www.ieee802.org/3/400GSG/. 
  19. ↑ IEEE 802.3bs Task Force
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 "Objectives". IEEE 802.3bs Task Force. Mar 2014. http://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/Objectives_14_0320.pdf. 
  21. ↑ IEEE Standard for Ethernet - Amendment 10: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, and Management Parameters for 200 Gb/S and 400 Gb/S Operation. IEEE 802.3bs Task Force. December 2017. 1–372. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2017.8207825. ISBN 978-1-5044-4450-7. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8207825. Retrieved 2023-04-14. 
  22. ↑ 100 m MMF draft proposal
  23. ↑ "400GBase-SR16 draft specifications". http://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/public/14_05/king_3bs_01a_0514.pdf. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Working Group Liaison letter to ITU-T Questions 6/15 and 11/15
  25. ↑ 400G-PSM4: A Proposal for the 500 m Objective using 100 Gbit/s per Lane Signaling
  26. ↑ 400Gb/s 8x50G PAM4 WDM 2km SMF PMD Baseline Specifications
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Baseline Proposal for 8 x 50G NRZ for 400GbE 2 km and 10 km PMD
  28. ↑ "400 GbE technical draft specifications". http://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/public/15_05/ghiasi_3bs_01b_0515.pdf. 
  29. ↑ IEEE 802.3 NGOATH SG Adopted Changes to 802.3bs Project Objectives Updated by IEEE 802.3 NGOATH Study Group, Mar 16, 2016, IEEE 802 Mar 2016 Plenary, Macau, China.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 IEEE 802.3bs 200/400 Gb/s Ethernet (Standards Informant)
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 http://www.ieee802.org/3/cn/proj_doc/3cn_Objectives_181113.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  32. ↑ https://www.ieee802.org/3/cu/Objectives_Approved_Sept_2019.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  33. ↑ http://www.ieee802.org/3/cw/proj_doc/3cw_Objectives_190911.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  34. ↑ https://www.ieee802.org/3/ct/public/tf_interim/20_0227/dambrosia_3cw_01_200227.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  35. ↑ IEEE P802.3dj Objectives for 1.6Tbit/s Ethernet and 200G, 400G 800 Gb/s, and 1.6 Tb/s PHYs using 200Gbit/s lanes
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Charles E. Spurgeon (2014). Ethernet: The Definitive Guide (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4493-6184-6. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 "Exploring The IEEE 802 Ethernet Ecosystem". IEEE. 2017-06-04. https://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/exploring_the_ieee_802_ethernet_ecosystem.pdf. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 "Multi-Port Implementations of 50/100/200GbE". Brocade. 2016-05-22. http://www.ieee802.org/3/cd/public/May16/kipp_3cd_01a_0516.pdf. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "100Gb/s Electrical Signaling". IEEE 802.3 NEA Ad hoc. https://ieee802.org/3/ad_hoc/ngrates/public/17_03/goergen_nea_01a_0317.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Nowell, Mark. "400G-FR4 Technical Specification". 100G Lambda MSA Group. http://100glambda.com/specifications/summary/2-specifications/7-400g-fr4-technical-spec-d2p0. 
  41. ↑ Nowell, Mark. "400G-LR4-10 Technical Specification". 100G Lambda MSA Group. http://100glambda.com/specifications/summary/2-specifications/10-400g-lr4-10-technical-spec-rev1-0. 

Further reading

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Terabit_Ethernet&oldid=3364382"