Unsolved:Grape therapy
Grape therapy or grape diet, also known as ampelotherapy, is a diet that involves heavy consumption of grapes, including seeds, and parts of the vine, including leaves, that is a form of alternative medicine. The concept was developed in the 19th century Germany in spas, like Bad Duerkheim or Merano.[1] The concept has no scientific basis and is regarded as quackery by scientific institutions like the American Cancer Society.[2]
Background
An assumption of some of grape therapy is that consuming grape constituents would provide unusual therapeutic or nutritional benefits. However, consuming grapes has unknown effects against cardiovascular diseases and other diseases, such as metabolic syndrome.[3] Alternative medicine practitioners have recommended grapes and parts of the vine for treating various diseases, but there is no clinical evidence for any such effects.[2][3]
Grape pomace contains various micronutrients,[4] but the resulting flour from pomace has variable nutrient contents due to processing, drying, and storage conditions.[5] Raw grapes are mostly devoid of nutritional benefit, except for moderate amounts of carbohydrates and vitamin K (see grape nutrition).
Proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins and resveratrol extracted from grape seeds and grape skins are under basic research for their possible biological effects.[3] Pomace also contains organic acids (tartaric, malic, citric, tannic),[4] but there is no evidence for health effects from these phytochemicals.[3]
History
The documentation of a grape diet was first seen in a publication by Dr. Veit Kaufmann, a family docter in the viticultural city of Bad Duerkheim, Germany, called “Die Traubenkur in Dürkheim a.d. Haardt” (The Grape Treatment Course in Duerkheim at Haardt River) (1856).[1] Kaufmann was well known locally, and a personal friend of Rudolph Virchow, who underwent the treatment regularly.
In the USSR, the principles of a grape cure were developed in the 1920s by a group of physicians of the Semashko Institute (Yalta), headed by A.V. D'iakov.[6] Ampelotherapy is offered in alternative medicine clinics and spas, particularly in Europe,[7] together with vinotherapy, a cosmetic treatment that involves rubbing grapes into the skin.
Johanna Brandt, a South African author, popularized the grape diet as a treatment for cancer from 1925. She published about twenty pamphlets on the subject of natural remedies for health problems with her book The Grape Cure, which is said to have been written after Brandt had cured herself of stomach cancer by following the diet.[8] The book was republished in 1989 as How to Conquer Cancer, Naturally, including an endorsement of Brandt's work by Benedict Lust, who is commonly referred to as "the father of naturopathy".
Although commonly used as a dietary supplement and studied in human trials at an amount much higher than can be consumed from drinking red wine, there is no high-quality evidence that resveratrol provides any benefits for cardiovascular risk factors.[9] Advocates of grape therapy argue that grape phytochemicals inhibit the development of cancer, arthritis or diabetes, but there is no scientific evidence for such effects.[2][3]
Treatments
The diet proposed by Veit Kaufmann recommended the consumption of several pounds of freshly picked grapes a day, spread over 4 portions, combined with walks, sports and light healthy meals, over a course of three to six weeks in a spa, overseen by medical personnel.[1] The diet proposed by Johanna Brandt recommended fasting for two or three days, consuming only cold water, followed by a diet of only grapes and water for one to two weeks, with seven meals a day. Fresh fruits, tomatoes, and sour milk or cottage cheese are then introduced to the diet followed by raw vegetables.[2]
Criticisms
Available scientific evidence does not support claims that a diet of grapes is effective for treating cancer or any other disease.[2] The Brandt diet, in particular, has been described as “quackery” by Barrett who notes that the American Cancer Society reviewed The Grape Cure in 1965, 1971, 1974, and 2000 and found no evidence of benefit against human cancer or any other disease.[2] Grape seed extract has been identified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a "fake cancer 'cure'".[10]
See also
- Urine therapy
- Gerson therapy
- List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kaufmann, Veit (1854). Die Traubenkur in Dürkheim a.d. Haardt. Mannheim: J. Bensheimer. https://rlp.museum-digital.de/singleimage?resourcenr=3322.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Barrett, Stephen (18 September 2001). "The Grape Cure". Quack Watch. http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Cancer/grape.html.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Woerdeman, J; van Poelgeest, E; Ket, J C F; Eringa, E C; Serné, E H; Smulders, Y M (1 January 2017). "Do grape polyphenols improve metabolic syndrome components? A systematic review". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (12): 1381–1392. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.227. ISSN 0954-3007. PMID 28145414.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Castro Sousa, Eldina; and 11 others (Jan 2014). "Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.), Benitaka variety, grown in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil". Food Science and Technology 34 (1). http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-20612014000100020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ↑ Brazinha, Carla; Cadima, Mafalda; Crespo, João G. (2014). "Optimization of Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Different Types of Grape Pomace Produced at Wineries and Distilleries". Journal of Food Science 79 (6): E1142–E1149. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12476. ISSN 0022-1147. PMID 24891032.
- ↑ "Grape Cure". The Free Dictionary. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Grape+Cure.
- ↑ Maillard, Catherine. "Treat your skin to grape therapy". The Grape Cure. http://beauty.doctissimo.com/facial-care/skin-treatments/treat-your-skin-to-grape-therapy.html.
- ↑ Brandt, Johanna (2012). The grape cure (Special pocket-size ed.). Yonkers, N.Y.: Ehret Literature Publishing. ISBN 978-1570672798.
- ↑ "Lack of efficacy of resveratrol on C-reactive protein and selected cardiovascular risk factors--Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Int. J. Cardiol. 189: 47–55. 2015. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.008. PMID 25885871.
- ↑ "187 Fake Cancer 'Cures' Consumers Should Avoid". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/EnforcementActivitiesbyFDA/ucm171057.htm.
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