Unsolved:List of scientific debates
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This is a list of notable scientific debates in the history of science and mathematics.
Biology
- 1764–1778 Voltaire vs Needham, between Voltaire and John Needham and others on the validity of preformationism.[1]
- 1830 Cuvier–Geoffroy debate between Georges Cuvier and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire on animal structure.[2]
- 1860 Oxford evolution debate between several scientists on Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species.[3]
- 1860–1862 Great Hippocampus Question, between Thomas Henry Huxley and Richard Owen on the importance of hippocampus minor.[4]
Chemistry and nanoscience
- 2001–2003 Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler and Richard Smalley on the feasibility of molecular assemblers.[5]
Mathematics
- 1654–1665 problem of points, correspondence between Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat on games and the fair share of a prize pot.[6]
- 1655–1679 Hobbes–Wallis controversy, between Thomas Hobbes and John Wallis on geometry and other topics.[7]
- 1745 Leibniz–Bernoulli correspondence, between Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli on the logarithm of negative numbers.[8]
- 1902–1924 Nekrasov–Markov conflict, between Pavel Nekrasov and Andrey Markov on the relation between the law of large numbers and free will.[9]
- 1903–1912 Poincaré vs. Russell, between Henri Poincaré and Bertrand Russell on logicism and mathematical paradoxes.[10]
- 1907–1928 Brouwer–Hilbert foundational debate or Grundlagenstreit, between and L. E. J. Brouwer and David Hilbert on foundations of mathematics.[11]
Physics and astronomy
- 1715–1716 Leibniz–Clarke correspondence, between Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Samuel Clarke on space being absolute.[12]
- 1857–1901 Kelvin–Stokes aether drag debate, on whether the luminiferous aether was unstable when considered a perfect fluid. Debate between Lord Kelvin and George Stokes.[13][14]
- 1895 Lübeck Debate between Ludwig Boltzmann and Wilhelm Ostwald on the existence of atoms.[15]
- 1920 Great Debate between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis on the scale of spiral nebulae and the Universe.[16]
- 1920 Bad Nauheim Debate, between Philipp Lenard and Albert Einstein on the validity of general relativity.[17] See also Criticism of the theory of relativity.
- 1927–1935 Bohr–Einstein debates between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr on interpretations of quantum mechanics.[18]
- 1936–1944 Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute, between Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Arthur Eddington on the limits of star masses.[19]
- 1949–1964 Big Bang vs. steady-state, dispute between Fred Hoyle supporter of the steady-state model of the universe and George Gamow supporter of the Big Bang.[20]
Philosophy of science
- 1965 Kuhn–Popper debate between Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper on scientific research methodology.[21]
Theology and science
- 2014 Bill Nye–Ken Ham debate by Bill Nye and Ken Ham on science and creationism and evolution.[22]
See also
- List of scientific priority disputes
- Math wars
References
- ↑ Roe, Shirley A. (1985). "Voltaire Versus Needham: Atheism, Materialism, and the Generation of Life". Journal of the History of Ideas 46 (1): 65–87. doi:10.2307/2709776. ISSN 0022-5037. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709776?seq=1.
- ↑ Appel, Toby A. (1987-03-26) (in en). The Cuvier-Geoffrey Debate: French Biology in the Decades before Darwin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536480-4. https://www.google.fr/books/edition/The_Cuvier_Geoffrey_Debate/-BwUGDw1pQcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cuvier%E2%80%93Geoffroy+debate&printsec=frontcover.
- ↑ "The Great Debate" (in en). https://oumnh.ox.ac.uk/great-debate.
- ↑ "From the Archives: 'I’ll let him know his place in nature'" (in en). https://www.linnean.org/news/2022/06/29/from-the-archives-ill-let-him-know-his-place-in-nature.
- ↑ Bueno, Otávio (2006), "The drexler-smalley debate on nanotechnology: incommensurability at work?", Nanotechnology Challenges (WORLD SCIENTIFIC): pp. 29–48, doi:10.1142/9789812773975_0003, ISBN 978-981-256-729-1, https://worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812773975_0003, retrieved 2025-01-31
- ↑ "History of Probability | Research Starters | EBSCO Research" (in en). https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/mathematics/history-probability.
- ↑ Jesseph, Douglas (2018-10-10). "Geometry, religion and politics: context and consequences of the Hobbes–Wallis dispute". Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 72 (4): 469–486. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2018.0026. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0026.
- ↑ Goldstine, H. H. (2012-12-06) (in en). A History of Numerical Analysis from the 16th through the 19th Century. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4684-9472-3. https://www.google.fr/books/edition/A_History_of_Numerical_Analysis_from_the/r7ffBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=leibniz+and+bernoulli+negative+logarithms&pg=PA121&printsec=frontcover.
- ↑ "First Links in the Markov Chain" (in en). 2017-02-06. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/first-links-in-the-markov-chain.
- ↑ Hellman, Hal (2010-12-17) (in en). Great Feuds in Mathematics: Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever. Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-118-04011-9. https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Great_Feuds_in_Mathematics/UIDuEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0.
- ↑ Carl, J. Posy (1998). "Brouwer versus Hilbert: 1907–1928" (in en). Science in Context 11 (2): 291–325. doi:10.1017/S0269889700003021. ISSN 1474-0664. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/science-in-context/article/abs/brouwer-versus-hilbert-19071928/F4176AACA951F91DF54D853386C4DF6D.
- ↑ "20th WCP: Leibniz's Theory of Space in the Correspondence with Clarke and the Existence of Vacuums". https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Mode/ModeMalz.htm.
- ↑ Darrigol, Olivier (2005). Worlds of flow : a history of hydrodynamics from the Bernoullis to Prandtl. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856843-8. https://archive.org/details/worldsofflowhist0000darr/mode/2up?q=debate.
- ↑ Darrigol, Olivier (2002). "Stability and instability in nineteenth-century fluid mechanics" (in en). Revue d'histoire des mathématiques 8 (1): 5–65. ISSN 1777-568X. https://www.numdam.org/item/RHM_2002__8_1_5_0/.
- ↑ Lindley, David (2015-12-19) (in en). Boltzmanns Atom: The Great Debate That Launched A Revolution In Physics. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-4267-3. https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Boltzmanns_Atom/I3DkCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0.
- ↑ "This Month in Physics History" (in en). https://www.aps.org/archives/publications/apsnews/200004/history.cfm.
- ↑ Earman, John; Janssen, Michel; Norton, John D. (1993-12-01) (in en). The Attraction of Gravitation: New Studies in the History of General Relativity. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-8176-3624-1. https://www.google.fr/books/edition/The_Attraction_of_Gravitation/mCOtbqBPNhQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22bad+nauheim%22+lenard+gehrcke&pg=PA248&printsec=frontcover.
- ↑ Ball, Phillip (2024-04-10). "Entangled entities: Bohr, Einstein and the battle over quantum fundamentals" (in en-GB). https://physicsworld.com/a/entangled-entities-bohr-einstein-and-the-battle-over-quantum-fundamentals/.
- ↑ "Chandrasekhar Eddington" (in en). https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Chandrasekhar_Eddington/.
- ↑ Hiscott, Laura (2021-12-22). "Two scientists' debate over whether the universe had a beginning – and how the elements were created" (in en-GB). https://physicsworld.com/a/two-scientists-debate-over-whether-the-universe-had-a-beginning-and-how-the-elements-were-created/.
- ↑ Fuller, Steve (2006) (in en). Kuhn Vs Popper: The Struggle for the Soul of Science. Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-84046-722-2. https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Kuhn_Vs_Popper/AValPwAACAAJ?hl=en.
- ↑ Chappell, Bill (2014-02-06). "Who 'Won' The Creation Vs. Evolution Debate?" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/02/06/272535141/who-won-the-creation-vs-evolution-debate.
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