Unsolved:Tokoyo no kuni
Tokoyo (常世),[1] also known as Kakuriyo (隠世、幽世), or Taikaikan[2] is realm in Shinto. It is an "otherworld" though not necessarily seen as a place in the afterlife, but rather as a mythical realm with many interpretations. It is believed to be a place where various kami and spirits of ancestors live with eternal youth. Motoori Norinaga categorized three types of Tokoyo: a world of perpetual darkness, a world where people never grew old, and a world across the sea.[1]
Ne-no-kuni is sometimes considered to be identical to Tokoyo no Kuni, or alternatively Yomi the underworld.[3][4] There is no clear consensus on the relationship between these three realms.[3][4]
Various stories related to Tokoyo can be found in classics such as Kojiki and Nihongi, including the tale of Tajimamori travelling to Tokoyo in the reign of Emperor Suinin to help him become immortal. In the reign of Empress Kogyoku a fanatical cult dedicated to the god of Tokoyo was said to have emerged.[1]
Myth of Okuninushi
In the Kojiki, Ōkuninushi used to rule the world, but he relinquished control during the Kuni-yuzuri to transfer control to the Amatsukami. He made a request that a magnificent palace – rooted in the earth and reaching up to heaven – be built in his honor, and then withdrew himself into the "less-than-one-hundred eighty-road-bendings" (百不足八十坰手 momotarazu yasokumade, i.e. the unseen world of the spirit) and disappeared from the physical realm.[5][6]
The son of Amaterasu Ame no Hohi was sent to run Izumo Taisha for Susanoo when the transfer of land occurred as part of the agreement,[7] and his descendants became the Izumo clan who run the shrine today.[8][9][10][11]
Identification with Mount Penglai
In the story of Urashima Tarō Tokoyo is identified with Mount Penglai.[lower-alpha 1][12][13]
The Asteroid 162173 Ryugu has two fossae named after each one.[14]
See also
Notes
- ↑ It is written as Horai (Mount Penglai) in the straight Chinese text, but it is also annotated to indicate its should be read as Tokoyo-no-kuni.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Encyclopedia of Shinto" (in ja). https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=8740.
- ↑ "國學院デジタルミュージアム". 2018-02-19. http://k-amc.kokugakuin.ac.jp/DM/detail.do?class_name=col_eos&data_id=23640.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "根の国". https://kotobank.jp/word/根の国-595461.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (1991). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 270–271. ISBN 0-226-06456-5.
- ↑ Philippi, Donald L. (2015). Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 129–136.
- ↑ Chamberlain (1882). Section XXXII.—Abdication of the Deity Master-of-the-Great-Land.
- ↑ "Converting Japan, 1825–1875", The Origin of Modern Shinto in Japan : The Vanquished Gods of Izumo (Bloomsbury Academic): p. 32, 2016, doi:10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, ISBN 978-1-4742-7108-0, http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, retrieved 2023-10-24
- ↑ "Converting Japan, 1825–1875", The Origin of Modern Shinto in Japan : The Vanquished Gods of Izumo (Bloomsbury Academic): p. 38, 2016, doi:10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, ISBN 978-1-4742-7108-0, http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474271110.ch-004, retrieved 2023-10-24
- ↑ Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (2012-11-30) (in English). Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion (Illustrated ed.). Honolulu: Latitude 20. ISBN 978-0-8248-3713-6.
- ↑ Matsunaga, Naomichi. "Kuni no miyatsuko" (in en). https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=8839.
- ↑ Matsunaga, Naomichi. "Izumo kokusō" (in en). https://d-museum.kokugakuin.ac.jp/eos/detail/?id=8603.
- ↑ McKeon (1996), pp. 34, 65.
- ↑ Poulton, M. Cody (2001), Spirits of Another Sort: The Plays of Izumi Kyōka, Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan, p. 88, ISBN 9780939512010, https://books.google.com/books?id=3TlkAAAAMAAJ
- ↑ https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2020/07/aa37096-19.pdf
Bibliography
- Akima, Toshio (1993), "The Myth of the Goddess of the Undersea World and the Tale of Empress Jingu's Subjugation of Silla", Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 20 (2–3), doi:10.18874/jjrs.20.2-3.1993.95-185
- Ashiya, Shigetsune (蘆谷重常 ) (1936) (in ja), Kokka kyōkasho ni arawaretaru kokumin setsuwa no kenkyuū, Kyozaisha, pp. 179–215, http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1462184
- Aston, William George (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. 1. London: Japan Society of London. p. 368. ISBN 9780524053478. https://books.google.com/books?id=1IJrNAKBpycC&pg=PA368.
- Chamberlain, B. H. (1886), The Fisher-boy Urashima, Japanese Fairy Tale Series 8, Kobayashi Eitaku (illustr.), T. Hasegawa, Kōbunsha, https://archive.org/stream/fisherboyurashim00chamiala; alt copy @ Library of Congress
- Holmes, Yoshiko (2014). Chronological Evolution of the Urashima Tarō Story and its Interpretation (PDF) (M. A.). Victoria University of Wellington.
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- Hayashi, Kouhei (林晃平) (2011), "Iwayuru otogizōshi Urashimatarō no tenkai: kin'nen ni okeru shohon kenkyū to sono yukue wo meguri" (in ja), Bulletin of Tomakomai Komazawa University 24: 1–37, http://www.t-komazawa.ac.jp/university/bulletin/pdf/kiyou24.pdf
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- Makino, Yoko (牧野陽子) (2011), "Unasaka no fūkei:Hān to Chenbaren sorezore no Urashima densetsu (1)" (in ja), Seijo University Economic Papers 191: 138–116, https://seijo.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=2282&file_id=18&file_no=1
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