Time-sharing system evolution: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|none}}
{{Original research|date=May 2024}}
This article covers the '''evolution of time-sharing systems''', providing links to major early [[Time-sharing|time-sharing]] operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution.
This article covers the '''evolution of time-sharing systems''', providing links to major early [[Time-sharing|time-sharing]] operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution.
The meaning of the term ''time-sharing'' has shifted from its original usage. From 1949 to 1960, time-sharing was used to refer to multiprogramming; it evolved to mean multi-user interactive computing.
The meaning of the term ''time-sharing'' has shifted from its original usage. From 1949 to 1960, time-sharing was used to refer to multiprogramming; it evolved to mean multi-user interactive computing.


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{{Main|Time-sharing}}
{{Main|Time-sharing}}


Time-sharing was first proposed in the mid- to late-1950s and first implemented in the early 1960s. The concept was born out of the realization that a single expensive computer could be efficiently utilized by enabling multiprogramming, and, later, by allowing multiple users simultaneous [[Interactive computing|interactive access]].<ref name="Lee1992">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=J.A.N. |last2=Rosin |first2=Robert F |date=1992 |title=Time-Sharing at MIT |url=https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1109/85.145316 |s2cid=30976386 |access-date=October 3, 2022}}</ref> In 1984, [[Biography:Christopher Strachey|Christopher Strachey]] wrote he considered the change in the meaning of the term ''time-sharing'' to be a source of confusion and not what he meant when he wrote his original paper in 1959.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=J.A.N. |date=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit |title=Claims to the Term "Time-Sharing" |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.1109/85.145316 |s2cid=30976386 |access-date=October 3, 2022 |quote=I did not envisage the sort of console system which is now so confusingly called time-sharing.}}</ref><ref name="ctsspg">{{cite book |first1=F. J. |last1=Corbató |first2=M. M. |last2=Daggett |first3=R. C. |last3=Daley |first4=R. J. |last4=Creasy |first5=J. D. |last5=Hellwig |first6=R. H. |last6=Orenstein |first7=L. K. |last7=Korn |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/ctss/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide.pdf |title=The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide |publisher=MIT Press |date=1963 |isbn=978-0-262-03008-3 |quote=To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting.}}</ref>
Time-sharing was first proposed in the mid- to late-1950s and first implemented in the early 1960s. The concept was born out of the realization that a single expensive computer could be efficiently utilized by enabling multiprogramming, and, later, by allowing multiple users simultaneous [[Interactive computing|interactive access]].<ref name="Lee1992">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=J.A.N. |last2=Rosin |first2=Robert F |date=1992 |title=Time-Sharing at MIT |url=https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1109/85.145316 |s2cid=30976386 |access-date=October 3, 2022}}</ref> Years later [[Biography:Christopher Strachey|Christopher Strachey]] wrote he considered the change in the meaning of the term ''time-sharing'' to be a source of confusion and not what he meant when he wrote his original paper in 1959.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=J.A.N. |date=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit |title=Claims to the Term "Time-Sharing" |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.1109/85.145316 |s2cid=30976386 |access-date=October 3, 2022 |quote=I did not envisage the sort of console system which is now so confusingly called time-sharing.}}</ref><ref name="ctsspg">{{cite book |first1=F. J. |last1=Corbató |first2=M. M. |last2=Daggett |first3=R. C. |last3=Daley |first4=R. J. |last4=Creasy |first5=J. D. |last5=Hellwig |first6=R. H. |last6=Orenstein |first7=L. K. |last7=Korn |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/ctss/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide.pdf |title=The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide |publisher=MIT Press |date=1963 |isbn=978-0-262-03008-3 |quote=To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting.}}</ref>


Without time-sharing, an individual user would enter bursts of information followed by long pauses; but with a group of users working at the same time, the pauses of one user would be filled by the activity of the others. Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to other users. Given an optimal group size, the overall process could be very efficient.{{Refn|Application of this concept to [[Data communication|data communication]] led Donald Davies to the idea of [[Packet switching|packet switching]] after seminar he gave on time-sharing in the Autumn of 1965, attended by several people working on Project MAC at MIT.<ref name=Roberts1978>{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|title=The Evolution of Packet Switching|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html|access-date=5 September 2017|date=November 1978|quote=Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html|archive-date=March 24, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Roberts1995>{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|title=The ARPANET & Computer Networks|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|access-date=13 April 2016|date=May 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|archive-date=March 24, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group=note}}
Without time-sharing, an individual user would enter bursts of information followed by long pauses; but with a group of users working at the same time, the pauses of one user would be filled by the activity of the others. Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to other users. Given an optimal group size, the overall process could be very efficient.{{Refn|Application of this concept to [[Data communication|data communication]] led [[Biography:Donald Davies|Donald Davies]] to the idea of [[Packet switching|packet switching]] after seminar he gave on time-sharing in the Autumn of 1965, attended by several people working on Project MAC at MIT.<ref name=Roberts1978>{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|title=The Evolution of Packet Switching|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html|access-date=5 September 2017|date=November 1978|quote=Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html|archive-date=March 24, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Roberts1995>{{cite web|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|title=The ARPANET & Computer Networks|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|access-date=13 April 2016|date=May 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|archive-date=March 24, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>|group=note}}


Each user would use their own [[Computer terminal|computer terminal]], initially electromechanical [[Engineering:Teleprinter|teleprinter]]s such as the [[Engineering:Teletype Model 33|Teletype Model 33]] ASR or the [[Engineering:Friden Flexowriter|Friden Flexowriter]]; from about 1970 these were progressively superseded by [[Engineering:Cathode-ray tube|CRT]]-based units such as the [[Company:Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[Engineering:VT05|VT05]], [[Engineering:Datapoint 2200|Datapoint 2200]] and [[Company:Lear Siegler|Lear Siegler]] [[Engineering:ADM-3A|ADM-3A]].
Each user would use their own [[Computer terminal|computer terminal]], initially electromechanical [[Engineering:Teleprinter|teleprinter]]s such as the [[Engineering:Teletype Model 33|Teletype Model 33]] ASR or the [[Engineering:Friden Flexowriter|Friden Flexowriter]]; from about 1970 these were progressively superseded by [[Engineering:Cathode-ray tube|CRT]]-based units such as the [[Company:Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[Engineering:VT05|VT05]], [[Engineering:Datapoint 2200|Datapoint 2200]] and [[Company:Lear Siegler|Lear Siegler]] [[Engineering:ADM-3A|ADM-3A]].
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==Family tree of major systems==
==Family tree of major systems==
See details and additional systems in the table below. Relationships shown here are for the purpose of grouping entries and do not reflect all influences. The Cambridge Multiple-Access System<ref>{{Citation | last = Hartley | first = D. F. |  title = The Cambridge multiple-access system: user's reference manual | place = Cambridge  | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0901224002 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Wilkes | first = M. | author-link = Maurice Wilkes | last2 = Needham | first2 = R. |  title = The Design of Multiple-Access Computer Systems: Part 2 | journal = The Computer Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 315–320 | year = 1968 | url = http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4/315.full.pdf | doi=10.1093/comjnl/10.4.315| doi-access = free }}</ref> was the first time-sharing system developed outside the United States.
See details and additional systems in the table below. Relationships shown here are for the purpose of grouping entries and do not reflect all influences. The Cambridge Multiple-Access System<ref>{{Citation | last = Hartley | first = D. F. |  title = The Cambridge multiple-access system: user's reference manual | place = Cambridge  | publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0901224002 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last1 = Wilkes | first1 = M. | author-link1 = Maurice Wilkes | last2 = Needham | first2 = R. |  title = The Design of Multiple-Access Computer Systems: Part 2 | journal = The Computer Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 315–320 | year = 1968 | url = http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4/315.full.pdf | doi=10.1093/comjnl/10.4.315| doi-access = free }}</ref> was the first time-sharing system developed outside the United States.
{| style="border:2px solid; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; margin:6pt; padding:6pt"
{| style="border:2px solid; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; margin:6pt; padding:6pt"
|+ Family tree of major [[Time-sharing|time-sharing]] operating system families<br>Influences:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ⇶ derivation&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ⇉ strong influence&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → some influence/precedence
|+ Family tree of major [[Time-sharing|time-sharing]] operating system families<br>Influences:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ⇶ derivation&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ⇉ strong influence&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → some influence/precedence
Line 39: Line 43:
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;MUSIC/SP
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;MUSIC/SP
|-
|-
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;ORVYL
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Software:ORVYL and WYLBUR|ORVYL]]
|-
|-
| colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid" | <br>•'''''DTSS/MULTICS/UNIX family:'''''
| colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid" | <br>•'''''DTSS/Multics family:'''''
|-
|-
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Software:Dartmouth Time Sharing System|Dartmouth Time Sharing System]] (DTSS)
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Software:Dartmouth Time-Sharing System|Dartmouth Time-Sharing System]] (DTSS)
|-
|-
|-
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;MULTICS → [[Software:Unix|UNIX family]] &mdash; see also '''''UNIX'''''<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;MULTICS → [[Software:PRIMOS|PRIMOS]] → Domain/OS<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;MULTICS ⇉ [[Software:Stratus VOS|Stratus VOS]]
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;MULTICS → UNIX family ⇉ [[Software:Linux|Linux]]<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;MULTICS → [[Software:PRIMOS|PRIMOS]] → Domain/OS<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;MULTICS ⇉ [[Software:Stratus VOS|Stratus VOS]]
|-
|-
| colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid" | <br>•'''''[[Company:Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] systems:'''''
| colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid" | <br>•'''''[[Company:Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] systems:'''''
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|-
|-
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Software:Incompatible Timesharing System|Incompatible Timesharing System]] (ITS)
| colspan="99" | &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Software:Incompatible Timesharing System|Incompatible Timesharing System]] (ITS)
|-
| colspan="99" style="border-bottom:1px solid" | <br>•'''''[[Software:Unix|UNIX]]:'''''
|-
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|-
|-
| [[APL (programming language)|APL]] ("A Programming Language," also "Iverson's Language")
| [[APL (programming language)|APL]] ("A Programming Language," also "Iverson's Language")
| System/360, others later<ref>{{cite web |last1=McDonnell |first1=Eugene |title=The Socio-Technical Beginnings of APL |url=http://www.jsoftware.com/papers/eem/socio.htm |accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref>
| System/360, others later<ref>{{cite web |last1=McDonnell |first1=Eugene |title=The Socio-Technical Beginnings of APL |url=https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/eem/socio.htm |accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref>
| 1964–present
| 1964–present
| Kenneth Iverson
| Kenneth Iverson
| Mathematically-oriented language and interactive environment, noted for incredible terseness and powerful set processing operators
| Mathematically oriented language and interactive environment, noted for incredible terseness and powerful set processing operators
|
|
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| [[Software:Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]] ("Compatible Time Sharing System")
| [[Software:Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]] ("Compatible Time Sharing System")
| modified IBM 7094
| modified IBM 7090 and modified IBM 7094
| 1961–1973
| 1961–1973
| MIT Computation Center
| MIT Computation Center
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| [[Software:History of IBM mainframe operating systems#FORTRAN Monitor System|FMS]]→ <br> ⇉ [[IBM CP-40|CP-40]]<br> ⇉ [[Software:Multics|Multics]]<br> ⇉ [[Software:Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]]<br>→ [numerous other systems]
| [[Software:History of IBM mainframe operating systems#FORTRAN Monitor System|FMS]]→ <br> ⇉ [[IBM CP-40|CP-40]]<br> ⇉ [[Software:Multics|Multics]]<br> ⇉ [[Software:Incompatible Timesharing System|ITS]]<br>→ [numerous other systems]
|-
|-
| [[Software:Dartmouth Time Sharing System|DTSS]] ("Dartmouth Time Sharing System")
| [[Software:Dartmouth Time-Sharing System|DTSS]] ("Dartmouth Time Sharing System")
| [[Engineering:GE-200 series|GE 200]], GE 635, Honeywell 6000 series
| [[Engineering:GE-200 series|GE 200]], GE 635, Honeywell 6000 series
| 1963–1999
| 1963–1999
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| ubiquitous
| ubiquitous
| 1991–present
| 1991–present
| Linus Torvalds, GNU project, [[Open source|open source]]
| [[Biography:Linus Torvalds|Linus Torvalds]], GNU project, [[Open source|open source]]
| Operating system dominating current open source activities
| Operating system dominating current open source activities
| UNIX ⇉<br>[[Software:Minix|minix]] ⇉<br>→ [numerous other systems]
| UNIX ⇉<br>[[Software:Minix|minix]] ⇉<br>→ [numerous other systems]
|-
|-
| [[Software:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]]<br>(Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition)
| [[Software:Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows]]<br>([[Software:Remote Desktop Services|Remote Desktop Services]])
| [[X86|x86]], [[Engineering:IA-64|IA-64]], others
| [[X86|x86]], [[Engineering:IA-64|IA-64]], others
| 1985–present
| 1985–present
| [[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]]
| [[Company:Microsoft|Microsoft]]
| Ubiquitous GUI operating system
| Ubiquitous GUI operating system
| [[Software:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] ⇉<br>OS/2 ⇉<br>[[Software:OpenVMS|VMS]] ⇉<br>[[Software:DEC MICA|MICA]] ⇉<br>[[Smalltalk]] ⇉
| [[Software:MS-DOS|MS-DOS]] ⇉<br>OS/2 ⇉<br>[[Software:OpenVMS|VMS]] ⇉ [[Software:DEC MICA|MICA]] ⇉<br>[[Smalltalk]] ⇉
|-
|-
| [[Software:Michigan Terminal System|MTS (Michigan Terminal System)]]
| [[Software:Michigan Terminal System|MTS (Michigan Terminal System)]]
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| [[Software:Michigan Terminal System#MTS Consortium|University of Michigan and 7 other universities]]
| [[Software:Michigan Terminal System#MTS Consortium|University of Michigan and 7 other universities]]
| First (Nov. 1967) OS to use the [[Virtual memory|virtual memory]] features of the S/360-67. Early (Sept. 1968) S/360-67 [[Multiprocessing|multiprocessor]] support.
| First (Nov. 1967) OS to use the [[Virtual memory|virtual memory]] features of the S/360-67. Early (Sept. 1968) S/360-67 [[Multiprocessing|multiprocessor]] support.
| [[Software:Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]]→<br>[[Software:Dartmouth Time Sharing System|DTSS]]→<br>→ UNIX (BSD)
| [[Software:Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]]→<br>[[Software:Dartmouth Time-Sharing System|DTSS]]→<br>→ UNIX (BSD)
|-
|-
| [[Software:Multics|Multics]]
| [[Software:Multics|Multics]]
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| 1976-??
| 1976-??
| [[Company:Control Data Corporation|Control Data Corporation]]
| [[Company:Control Data Corporation|Control Data Corporation]]
| System used on most CDC machines<ref name="cdc_os_history">{{cite web |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/CDC_Operating_System_History_Mar76.pdf |title=A partial history of CDC Operating Systems |date=March 1976}}</ref>
| System used on most CDC machines<ref name="cdc_os_history">{{cite web |url=https://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/CDC_Operating_System_History_Mar76.pdf |title=A partial history of CDC Operating Systems |date=March 1976}}</ref>
| MACE→⇶ [[Software:CDC Kronos|Kronos]] ⇉
| MACE→⇶ [[Software:CDC Kronos|Kronos]] ⇉
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| [[Software:ORVYL and WYLBUR|ORVYL]]
| [[Software:ORVYL and WYLBUR|ORVYL]]
| IBM 9672
| IBM System/360 Model 67, IBM System/370, and successors
| 1967-??
| 1967-??
| [[Organization:Stanford University|Stanford University]]
| [[Organization:Stanford University|Stanford University]]
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| ⇶ IAS<br> ⇉ [[Software:OpenVMS|VMS]]
| ⇶ IAS<br> ⇉ [[Software:OpenVMS|VMS]]
|-
|-
| [[Smalltalk]]{{fact|date=December 2019}}
| [[Engineering:Xerox Alto|Xerox Alto]], later made portable
| [[Engineering:Xerox Alto|Xerox Alto]], later made portable
| 1972–present
| 1972–present
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Time-sharing operating systems}}


[[Category:History of software]]
[[Category:History of software]]

Latest revision as of 16:42, 24 May 2026

Short description: none

This article covers the evolution of time-sharing systems, providing links to major early time-sharing operating systems, showing their subsequent evolution.

The meaning of the term time-sharing has shifted from its original usage. From 1949 to 1960, time-sharing was used to refer to multiprogramming; it evolved to mean multi-user interactive computing.

Time-sharing

Main article: Time-sharing

Time-sharing was first proposed in the mid- to late-1950s and first implemented in the early 1960s. The concept was born out of the realization that a single expensive computer could be efficiently utilized by enabling multiprogramming, and, later, by allowing multiple users simultaneous interactive access.[1] Years later Christopher Strachey wrote he considered the change in the meaning of the term time-sharing to be a source of confusion and not what he meant when he wrote his original paper in 1959.[2][3]

Without time-sharing, an individual user would enter bursts of information followed by long pauses; but with a group of users working at the same time, the pauses of one user would be filled by the activity of the others. Similarly, small slices of time spent waiting for disk, tape, or network input could be granted to other users. Given an optimal group size, the overall process could be very efficient.[note 1]

Each user would use their own computer terminal, initially electromechanical teleprinters such as the Teletype Model 33 ASR or the Friden Flexowriter; from about 1970 these were progressively superseded by CRT-based units such as the DEC VT05, Datapoint 2200 and Lear Siegler ADM-3A.

Terminals were initially linked to a nearby computer via current loop or serial cables, by conventional telegraph circuits provided by PTTs and over specialist digital leased lines such T1. Modems such as the Bell 103 and successors, allowed remote and higher-speed use over the analogue voice telephone network.

Family tree of major systems

See details and additional systems in the table below. Relationships shown here are for the purpose of grouping entries and do not reflect all influences. The Cambridge Multiple-Access System[6][7] was the first time-sharing system developed outside the United States.

Family tree of major time-sharing operating system families
Influences:     ⇶ derivation     ⇉ strong influence     → some influence/precedence
CTSS  →  
•IBM mainframes:
CP-40/CMS ⇶ CP[-67]/CMS ⇶    VM/370 ⇶ VM/SE versions ⇶ VM/SP versions ⇶ VM/XA versions ⇶ VM/ESA ⇶ z/VM
 VP/CSS
TSS/360
OS/360 MVT-TSO ⇶ OS/VS2 SVS-TSO ⇶ MVS-TSO ⇶ OS/390-TSO ⇶ z/OS-TSO
Transactional systems: CICS, TPF ⇶ z/TPF

•IBM mainframes with non-IBM operating systems:
  Michigan Terminal System (MTS)
  MUSIC/SP
  ORVYL

•DTSS/Multics family:
  Dartmouth Time-Sharing System (DTSS)
  MULTICS → UNIX family — see also UNIX
  MULTICS → PRIMOS → Domain/OS
  MULTICS ⇉ Stratus VOS

•DEC systems:
  BBN Time-Sharing System
  TOPS-10 → TENEX  ⇉  TOPS-20
  RSTS/E
  RSX-11M ⇉ VMS ⇶ MICA
  Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS)

•UNIX:

System descriptions and relationships

Important time-sharing systems, 1960–1990 (and successors); listed alphabetically
Influences:    ⇶ derivation    ⇉ strong influence    → some influence/precedence
System Platform Dates in use Developer Description Influences: from→   →to
ACP S/360 and S/370 1965–1979 IBM High-performance mainframe transaction platform used in SABRE and PARS ⇶ TPF ⇶ z/TPF
APL ("A Programming Language," also "Iverson's Language") System/360, others later[8] 1964–present Kenneth Iverson Mathematically oriented language and interactive environment, noted for incredible terseness and powerful set processing operators
Berkeley Timesharing System SDS 940 1964–1972 Project Genie Early general-purpose ⇉ TENEX
Cambridge Multiple-Access System Titan, the prototype Atlas 2 1967–1973 University of Cambridge and Ferranti Multiple Access System Project MAC⇶ ⇶UNIX
CANDE Burroughs Large Systems, Burroughs Medium Systems 1965?–present Burroughs first IDE (separate evolution)
CICS S/3x0 1969–present IBM Ubiquitous mainframe transaction platform; often used with IBM 3270 terminals and COBOL
CP-40/CMS customized S/360-40 1967–1972? IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center First implementation of full virtualization CTSS→
⇶ CP-67
CP-67/CMS IBM System/360-67 1967–1975? IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center Influential precursor to IBM's VM series, widely distributed as open source CP-40 ⇶
⇶ VP/CSS
⇶ VM/370 ⇶ z/VM
CTSS ("Compatible Time Sharing System") modified IBM 7090 and modified IBM 7094 1961–1973 MIT Computation Center First-generation "grandfather" of time-sharing systems FMS→
⇉ CP-40
⇉ Multics
⇉ ITS
→ [numerous other systems]
DTSS ("Dartmouth Time Sharing System") GE 200, GE 635, Honeywell 6000 series 1963–1999 Dartmouth College Early time-sharing system running Dartmouth BASIC and other tools; became the first commercial time-sharing system through General Electric Information Services Division FMS→
⇉ CP-40
⇉ Multics
⇉ ITS
→ [numerous other systems]
ITS ("Incompatible Timesharing System") PDP-6, PDP-10 1967–1990 MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory "Subversive" operating system developed to counter direction of CTSS. The original platform for Macsyma, EMACS and other important applications. CTSS→
→ [numerous later systems]
JOSS ("JOHNNIAC Open Shop System") JOHNNIAC, PDP-6 1963–1971? RAND Corporation Lightweight, interactive computing language for non-specialists; did not distinguish operating system from language Highly regarded, but no obvious successors
Linux ubiquitous 1991–present Linus Torvalds, GNU project, open source Operating system dominating current open source activities UNIX ⇉
minix ⇉
→ [numerous other systems]
Microsoft Windows
(Remote Desktop Services) 		x86, IA-64, others 1985–present Microsoft Ubiquitous GUI operating system MS-DOS ⇉
OS/2 ⇉
VMS ⇉ MICA ⇉
Smalltalk ⇉
MTS (Michigan Terminal System) IBM S/360-67, S/370 1967–1999 University of Michigan and 7 other universities First (Nov. 1967) OS to use the virtual memory features of the S/360-67. Early (Sept. 1968) S/360-67 multiprocessor support. CTSS→
DTSS→
→ UNIX (BSD)
Multics GE 645, Honeywell 6180 1969–2000 Project MAC Rich, important system CTSS ⇉
⇉ UNIX
⇉ [many other systems]
MVS/TSO System/370 and successors 1971–present IBM Probably the most widely used version of TSO,
extended version TSO/E,
current version zOS-TSO 		CTSS→
TSS/360→
⇶ z/OS-TSO
NOS CDC 60-bit platforms 1976-?? Control Data Corporation System used on most CDC machines[9] MACE→⇶ Kronos ⇉
NOS/BE CDC 60-bit platforms 1976-?? Control Data Corporation System used on most CDC machines[9] COS ⇶ SCOPE →⇶
ORVYL IBM System/360 Model 67, IBM System/370, and successors 1967-?? Stanford University Early time-sharing system; source of the WYLBUR editor later used on System/370 platforms
OS/2 (as Citrix Multiuser) x86 1987–present IBM/Microsoft Joint OS effort, now moribund. Still available as eComStation and ArcaOS. DOS ⇶ Microsoft Windows ⇉ OS/2
⇶ eComStation
⇶ ArcaOS 5.0
ROSCOE System/360 and successors 1969–present Applied Data Research (ADR) Early time-sharing editor environment, often used as an alternative to TSO[10] ⇶ WRAP
RSTS/E PDP-11 1972–1992+ DEC General-purpose time-sharing for the PDP-11
RSX-11 PDP-11 1972-?? DEC Real-time operating system for the PDP-11 ⇶ IAS
⇉ VMS
Xerox Alto, later made portable 1972–present Xerox PARC, successors Seminal system for experimental programming, responsible for many modern user interface concepts ⇉ Apple Lisa
⇉ Apple Macintosh
⇉ Microsoft Windows
⇉ [all GUI platforms]
Stratus VOS i860, x86, PA-RISC, 68k 1980?–present Stratus Technologies High-availability fault-tolerant transaction processing MULTICS ⇉
TENEX PDP-10 1970?-?? Bolt Beranek and Newman Influential system widely used at research and government sites ⇉ TOPS-20
⇉ VMS
TOPS-10 PDP-10 1970–1988? (as TOPS-10)
1964–1970 (as PDP-6 Monitor) 		DEC Widely used at research and academic sites PDP-6 Monitor ⇶
→ TENEX
⇉ CP/M
TOPS-20 DECsystem 20 1976-?? DEC Successor to TOPS-10 but more like TENEX TENEX→
TOPS-10→
TPF S/3x0 1979–present (TPF)
2005–present(z/TPF) 		IBM High-performance mainframe transaction platform, successor to ACP, still available as z/TPF ACP ⇶
⇶ z/TPF
TSOS RCA Spectra 70 and successors 1968-today RCA Early general purpose mainframe OS
TSS-8 PDP-8 1967–?? DEC Simple minicomputer OS → RSTS/E
TSS/360
TSS/370 		IBM System/360-67 and successors 1967–1971? IBM IBM's original "official" time-sharing system; not a success CTSS→
⇶ TSS/370
Unisys/UNIVAC EXEC 8 UNIVAC 1108
and successors 		1964–present Sperry-Rand et al. Many universities
and government agencies were early users 		EXEC 8 ⇶ OS 1100 ⇶
OS 2200
UNIX and derivative systems ubiquitous 1969–present Bell Laboratories and successors Ultimately dominated operating system thought, in both proprietary and open-source descendants Multics ⇉
⇉ Linux
VM/370
VM/SE
VM/SP 		System/370 and successors 1972–1988
2000–present (z/VM) 		IBM Proprietary reimplementation of CP/CMS, still available as z/VM CP-40 ⇶ CP-67 ⇶
⇶ VM/ESA ⇶ z/VM
OpenVMS VAX, IA-64, DEC Alpha, x86-64 1977–present DEC Popular DEC operating system TENEX→
RSX-11M ⇉
⇉ MICA ⇉ Windows NT
VP/CSS IBM System/360-67, System/370 and successors 1968–1986? National CSS Proprietary fork of CP/CMS developed by a time-sharing vendor CP/CMS ⇶
WYLBUR System/370 and successors 1967–2009? Stanford University Popular editor system originally from ORVYL, used under OS/VS as an alternative to TSO ⇶ SuperWylbur

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Application of this concept to data communication led Donald Davies to the idea of packet switching after seminar he gave on time-sharing in the Autumn of 1965, attended by several people working on Project MAC at MIT.[4][5]

References

  1. ↑ Lee, J.A.N.; Rosin, Robert F (1992). "Time-Sharing at MIT". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 14 (1): 16. doi:10.1109/85.145316. https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit. Retrieved October 3, 2022. 
  2. ↑ Lee, J.A.N. (1992). "Claims to the Term "Time-Sharing"". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 14 (1): 17. doi:10.1109/85.145316. https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-at-mit. Retrieved October 3, 2022. "I did not envisage the sort of console system which is now so confusingly called time-sharing.". 
  3. ↑ Corbató, F. J.; Daggett, M. M.; Daley, R. C.; Creasy, R. J.; Hellwig, J. D.; Orenstein, R. H.; Korn, L. K. (1963). The Compatible Time-Sharing System A Programmer's Guide. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03008-3. http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/mit/ctss/CTSS_ProgrammersGuide.pdf. "To establish the context of the present work, it is informative to trace the development of time-sharing at MIT. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference, H.M. Teager and J. McCarthy delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the August 1959 ACM Meeting." 
  4. ↑ Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html. "Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system" 
  5. ↑ Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html. 
  6. ↑ Hartley, D. F. (1968), The Cambridge multiple-access system: user's reference manual, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0901224002 
  7. ↑ Wilkes, M.; Needham, R. (1968), "The Design of Multiple-Access Computer Systems: Part 2", The Computer Journal 10 (4): 315–320, doi:10.1093/comjnl/10.4.315, http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/4/315.full.pdf 
  8. ↑ McDonnell, Eugene. "The Socio-Technical Beginnings of APL". https://www.jsoftware.com/papers/eem/socio.htm. Retrieved 18 January 2019. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "A partial history of CDC Operating Systems". March 1976. https://bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/CDC_Operating_System_History_Mar76.pdf. 
  10. ↑ Oral History of Martin A. Goetz, co-founder of Applied Data Research (ADR), interviewed by: Burt Grad and Luanne Johnson, December 10, 1985 at Princeton, New Jersey, Computer History Museum Reference No. X4579.2008

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