Biology:Tecemotide

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Short description: Chemical compound used in cancer therapy
Tecemotide
Vaccine description
Target diseaseMUC1
TypeProtein subunit
Clinical data
Other namesEmepepimut-S; Stimuvax; BLP25; EMD 531444; L-BLP25; BLP25 liposomal vaccine
Identifiers
CAS Number
UNII
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC124H203N33O38

Tecemotide (INN; emepepimut-S (USAN); formerly known as BLP25 or EMD 531444) is a synthetic lipopeptide that is used as antigen in an investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine (formerly known as Stimuvax, L-BLP25, BLP25 liposomal vaccine, or BLP25 liposome vaccine). The investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine is designed to induce a cellular immune response to cancer cells that express MUC1, a glycoprotein antigen that is widely over-expressed on common cancers such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer. The cellular immune response may lead to a rejection of tumor tissue expressing the MUC1 antigen.[1]

Collaboration

Tecemotide was developed – until Clinical trial phase II – by the Canadian biotech company Biomira Inc., which changed its company name to Oncothyreon Inc. in 2007.[2] Oncothyreon is now located in Seattle, Washington, and it changed its name to SGEN after a merger and acquisition in March 2018.[citation needed]

In 2001, Merck KGaA, of Darmstadt, Germany, entered into a collaboration and supply agreement with Biomira. In 2007, Merck KGaA acquired the exclusive worldwide marketing rights from Biomira, and Merck KGaA has since then been entirely responsible for the further clinical development of tecemotide.[3] In 2008, Merck KGaA acquired the manufacturing rights for tecemotide from Oncothyreon.[4] In 2011, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, of Japan, acquired a co-development and co-marketing license for tecemotide in Japan; Ono paid Merck KGaA 5 million euros.[5]

Composition

Tecemotide is a synthetic lipopeptide that is 27 amino acids long. Its molecular formula is C
124H
203N
33O
38, and its amino acid sequence is S T A PPAH G VTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPKG. The first 25 amino acids of tecemotide are derived from the mucin 1 (MUC1, carcinoma-associated mucin, episialin, or CD227) sequence. The 26th modified amino acid, K, is palmityl-lysine (N6-(1-oxohexadecyl)-L-lysine), and the 27th is glycine.[6]

Structure of the cancer vaccine

Structure of the cancer vaccine. The antigen tecemotide (orange) and the adjuvant MPL (dark blue) are anchored in the membrane of the liposome. The liposome is formed by the lipids (light blue).[1]

In the investigational therapeutic cancer vaccine (formerly known as Stimuvax, L-BLP25, BLP25 liposomal vaccine or BLP25 liposome vaccine), the antigen tecemotide is anchored — together with the adjuvant 3-O-deacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) — in the membrane of the liposome made from the lipids cholesterol, dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. MPL is a derivative of the lipid A molecule found in the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria used as an adjuvant to initiate a non-specific immune stimulus, thereby stimulating the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) as well as macrophages. MPL is also used as an adjuvant in other vaccines, like Cervarix, a vaccine against certain types of cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV).[1]

The precise mixture of lipids in the vaccine, as well as providing the structure of the liposome, is also formulated to enhance the uptake of the vaccine by the aforementioned antigen-presenting cells.[7]

The cancer vaccine is a lyophilized powder, which is formulated to contain 300 μg of tecemotide and 150 μg of MPL per vial.[1]

Clinical trials

Overview and results of all trials

Tecemotide clinical trials (as of September 2, 2014)[8] sorted by (estimated) primary completion date:[9]

Clinical trials:

Lung cancer, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Colorectal cancer, and Multiple myeloma

NCT Number /
Title		 Other IDs Start Date (Estimated) Primary Completion Date Recruitment Conditions Interventions Phases Enrollment (Patients) Sponsor / Collaborators
Clinical trial number NCT00157209 for "Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Study of BLP25 Liposome Vaccine for Immunotherapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov B25-LG-304 / EMR 63325-005 August 2000 March 2006 Completed Lung Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung Biological: BLP25 Liposome Vaccine plus best supportive care; Other: Best Supportive Care (BSC) Phase 2 171 Merck KGaA
Results: A Phase IIb clinical trial of 171 patients with inoperable stage IIIb non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), in which tecemotide showed a trend towards extending median overall survival from 13.3 months for patients receiving best supportive care (BSC) to 30.6 months for patients receiving tecemotide plus BSC. Although this represents a subgroup analysis that is not statistically significant (with a nonsignificant P-value: p = 0.16), the magnitude of the difference and its durability over a prolonged period of follow up suggest an efficacy signal for the vaccine and would support further testing of tecemotide in a definitive phase III trial. Reported side effects included mild-to-moderate flu-like symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, and mild injection-site reactions.[10]"Updated survival analysis in patients with stage IIIB or IV non-small-cell lung cancer receiving BLP25 liposome vaccine (L-BLP25): phase IIB randomized, multicenter, open-label trial". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 137 (9): 1337–1342. September 2011. doi:10.1007/s00432-011-1003-3. PMID 21744082. 
NCT00157196
Safety Study of BLP25 Liposome Vaccine in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Unresectable Stage III Disease		 B25-LG-305 / EMR 63325-006 April 2005 September 2009 Completed Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Lung Neoplasms Biological: BLP25 Liposome Vaccine Phase 2 22 Merck KGaA
NCT00925548
STRIDE - STimulating Immune Response In aDvanced brEast Cancer		 STRIDE, EMR 200038–010, 2008-005544-17 September 2009 August 2010 Terminated Breast Cancer Biological: Tecemotide (L-BLP25) and Hormonal Treatment, Biological: Placebo of tecemotide (L-BLP25) and Hormonal Treatment, Drug: cyclophosphamide, Drug: sodium chloride (NaCl) Phase 3 16 EMD Serono
A thirty-site phase III trial (STRIDE) began in September 2009 on 900 women. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the addition of tecemotide to hormonal treatment is effective in prolonging progression-free survival in postmenopausal women with endocrine-sensitive inoperable locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic breast cancer.[11][12]

Results: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) put the Phase III STRIDE trial on hold in March 2010 after a patient participating in a Phase II clinical trial with tecemotide in patients with multiple myeloma developed encephalitis.[13] The study was terminated in August 2010 (16 patients were enrolled in the study).

NCT01094548
Study of Stimuvax in Patients With Slowly Progressive Multiple Myeloma With no Symptoms and Who Have Had no Chemotherapy		 EMR63325-008 February 2008 February 2011 Completed Multiple Myeloma Biological: L-BLP25, cyclophosphamide prior to first vaccination, Biological: L-BLP25 Phase 2 34 Merck KGaA
NCT00409188
Cancer Vaccine Study for Unresectable Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer		 START, EMR 63325-001 January 2007 August 2012 Completed Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Biological: Tecemotide (L-BLP25), Biological: Placebo Phase 3 1513 EMD Serono, Merck KGaA
Results: The primary endpoint of overall survival was not met in the START trial.[14] However, the exploratory subgroup analysis in the START trial generated a reasonable hypothesis to warrant additional study."Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours towards cancer screening in indigenous populations: a systematic review". The Lancet. Oncology 15 (11): e504–e516. October 2014. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70508-X. PMID 25281469. 
NCT01731587
Anti-cancDer MUC1-specific Immunotherapy for Unresectable Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer		 FINGERPRINT, EMR 63325–019, 2012-001435-31 Withdrawn Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Stage III Other: Biological: MUC1 peptide specific immunotherapy, Drug: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) Phase 1 0 Merck KGaA
NCT00960115
Study of EMD531444 in Subjects With Stage III Unresectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Following Primary Chemoradiotherapy		 EMR063325-009 December 2008 May 2014 Completed Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Biological: cyclophosphamide + EMD531444 + BSC, Biological: Saline + Placebo + BSC Phase 1, Phase 2 205 Merck KGaA, Merck Serono Co., Ltd., Japan
Results: The analysis of EMR 63325–009, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase I/II study in Japanese patients with Stage III unresectable, locally advanced NSCLC who had received concurrent or sequential chemoradiotherapy (CRT), with a minimum of two cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy and radiation dose ≥50 Gy shows the following results: Of the patients included in the Phase II part of the study, the majority had received concurrent CRT. The results indicate that no effect has been observed for either the primary endpoint, overall survival (OS), or any of the secondary endpoints (progression-free survival [PFS], time to progression [TTP], and time to treatment failure). An analysis of the reported adverse events has not identified a clinically meaningful difference in the frequency between treatment groups. Merck Serono made the recommendation to stop the investigational treatment for patients in the EMR 63325-009 study in Japan.[15]
EudraCT: 2011-004822-85
A prospective, open, randomized, phase-II study of a therapeutic cancer vaccine (L-BLP25, Stimuvax) in the pre-operative treatment of women with primary breast cancer		 ABCSG-34 / EMR 63325-603 Jan 2012 May 2014 Active, not recruiting Breast Cancer L-BLP25 (Stimuvax), Cyclophosphamide (CPA), LETROZOLE, EPIRUBICIN, DOCETAXEL Phase 2 400 ABCSG (Austrian Breast & Colorectal Cancer Study Group)
Results:

8 May 2012[16]

  • Enrollment expected to be completed in May 2014
  • First results available end of 2014

26 Sept 2014[17]

  • Enrollment of 400 patients completed
NCT01507103
Tecemotide (L-BLP25) in Rectal Cancer		 SPRINT, EMR063325-013, 2011-000847-25 February 2012 June 2014 Active, not recruiting Rectal Cancer Cyclophosphamide (CPA), Tecemotide (L-BLP25) Phase 2 124 Merck KGaA
NCT00828009
BLP25 Liposome Vaccine and Bevacizumab After Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Newly Diagnosed Stage IIIA or Stage IIIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer That Cannot Be Removed by Surgery		 CDR0000632611, E6508 December 2010 January 2016 Recruiting Lung Cancer Biological: bevacizumab, Biological: emepepimut-S, Drug: carboplatin, Drug: cyclophosphamide, Drug: paclitaxel, Radiation: radiation therapy Phase 2 55 Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NCT01462513
L-BLP25 in Patients With Colorectal Carcinoma After Curative Resection of Hepatic Metastases		 LICC01 August 2011 September 2016 Recruiting Colon Carcinoma, Rectum Carcinoma Biological: L-BLP25, Biological: Placebo Phase 2 159 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Dr. Carl Schimanski
NCT01496131
Tecemotide (L-BLP25) in Prostate Cancer		 EMR 63325–015, BB-IND 7787 October 2011 August 2017 Recruiting Prostate Cancer Radiation: Radiation therapy, Drug: Goserelin, Drug: Cyclophosphamide, Drug: Tecemotide (L-BLP25) Phase 2 48 EMD Serono, National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NCT02049151
Tecemotide Following Concurrent Chemo-radiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer		 START2, EMR 63325–021, 2013-003760-30 March 2014 July 2018 Recruiting Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung Drug: Tecemotide, Drug: Placebo, Drug: Cyclophosphamide (CPA), Drug: Saline (sodium chloride) Phase 3 1002 EMD Serono
NCT01423760
Collect Long-term Data on Subjects Following Participation in Previous EMD 531444 (L-BLP25 or BLP25 Liposome Vaccine) Clinical Trials		 EMR 63325-011 January 2012 December 2019 Enrolling by invitation Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Multiple Myeloma Biological: Tecemotide, Other: No intervention 262 Merck KGaA
NCT01015443
Cancer Vaccine Study for Stage III, Unresectable, Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in the Asian Population		 INSPIRE, EMR63325-012 December 2009 May 2020 Recruiting Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Biological: Tecemotide (L-BLP25), Biological: Placebo Phase 3 500 Merck KGaA
Note: Merck KGaA and Oncothyreon are not reporting in their annual reports on colorectal cancer trials and prostate cancer trials[18][19]

Overview of completed trials

Overview of completed tecemotide trials (as of September 2, 2014)[20] where results have been published, sorted by primary completion date:[21]

ID Phase Indication Start Primary
Completion
Date		 Summary of the results[22]
EMR 63325-005 2 NSCLC August 2000 March 2006 Subgroup analysis favorable.
START, EMR 63325-001 3 NSCLC January 2007 August 2012 Primary endpoint not met. Subgroup analysis favorable.
EMR 63325-009 (Japan study) 1, 2 NSCLC December 2008 May 2014 Primary endpoint and secondary endpoints not met. Subgroup analysis not favorable.

Discontinued development

On August 18 and September 12, 2014, Oncothyreon[23] and Merck KGaA, respectively, reported that a randomized Phase 1/2 study, EMR 63325–009, of tecemotide compared to a placebo in Japanese patients with Stage III non-small cell lung cancer did not meet its primary endpoint of an improvement in overall survival, and no treatment effect was seen in any of the secondary endpoints (progression-free survival, time to progression, or time to failure). Merck made the recommendation to stop the investigational treatment of patients in the EMR 63325-009 study in Japan.

Furthermore, Merck KGaA announced its decision to discontinue the Phase III START2 and INSPIRE studies, and all other Merck-sponsored clinical trials with tecemotide in NSCLC, worldwide. Merck will continue to supply tecemotide for ongoing investigator-sponsored trials in other indications in accordance with their agreements with the sponsors of these studies.[24]

Drug development risks

Risks that could affect the further development of tecemotide published in the annual reports of Oncothyreon (grantor of the license) and Merck KGaA (license holder; responsible for clinical development, marketing and manufacturing) are listed in the following sections.[citation needed]

Efficacy

As published so far, primary end points have not been met in the clinical studies, and tecemotide has shown treatment effects only in statistical analyses of certain subgroups.[25]

Patent situation

Oncothyreon's patent protection for tecemotide in the U.S. was scheduled to expire in 2018.[26]

Human resources

In 2013, Merck KGaA reported problems with recruiting and retaining qualified employees: "Sourcing, recruiting and retaining specialists and talent at Merck are among the company's top priorities. Nevertheless, employee-related risks that affect business activities are likely, even though their impact is difficult to assess. Merck rates this as a medium risk."[27]

Merck KGaA further reported with respect to its pharma division, Merck Serono: "Over 80% of the Merck Serono senior management positions [have been] replaced since 2011 [as of September 2014]."[28]

Novel technologies

Tecemotide is based on novel technologies, which may raise new regulatory issues that could delay or complicate regulatory approval. Additionally, as of 2013, the FDA had approved for commercial sale in the United States only one active vaccine designed to stimulate an immune response against cancer. Consequently, there is limited precedent for the successful development or commercialization of products based on these technologies in this area.[29]

Manufacture

Merck KGaA currently relies on third-party manufacturers to supply the product candidate: On Baxter International for the manufacture of tecemotide, and on GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) for the manufacture of the adjuvant in tecemotide, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). As of 2013, there was a risk that if tecemotide were not approved by 2015, GSK could terminate its obligation to supply MPL. In this case, Oncothyreon would have had to retain the necessary licenses from GSK required to have the adjuvant MPL manufactured, but the transfer of the process to a third party would delay the development and commercialization of tecemotide.[30]

Competition

There are currently two products approved as maintenance therapy following treatment of inoperable locoregional Stage III NSCLC with induction chemotherapy: Tarceva (erlotinib), a targeted small molecule from Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, and Alimta (pemetrexed), a chemotherapeutic from Eli Lilly and Company. Tecemotide has not been tested in combination with or in comparison to these products. It is possible that other existing or new agents will be approved for this indication. In addition, there are at least two vaccines in development for the treatment of NSCLC, including GSK's MAGE A3 vaccine in Phase 3 and Transgene's TG-4010 in Phase 2/3. TG-4010 also targets MUC1, although using technology different from tecemotide.[31]

Drug development cost

The costs spent on tecemotide development – beginning in the late 1990s – have not been published in detail by the companies Biomira/Oncothyreon, Merck KGaA, and Ono Pharmaceutical. Additionally, the estimation of the full cost of bringing a new drug to market – from discovery through clinical trials to approval – is complex and controversial.[citation needed]

However, a cautious estimate of the tecmotide development cost spent until 2014 ranges from 300 to 500 million euros (390 to 650 million US$;[citation needed] for more information see Drug development).

Timeline

Date Event
May 1998 Biomira files a BLP25 (tecemotide) patent[32]
May 2001 Biomira licenses BLP25 (tecemotide) to Merck KGaA
Aug 2001 Biomira publishes results of a Phase I study of the BLP25 (tecemotide)"Phase I study of the BLP25 (MUC1 peptide) liposomal vaccine for active specific immunotherapy in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer". Clinical Lung Cancer 3 (1): 49–57; discussion 58. August 2001. doi:10.3816/clc.2001.n.018. PMID 14656392. 
Mar 2006 Results of the Phase IIb Study (EMR 63325-005): Subgroup analysis favorable
Aug 2007 Merck KGaA acquires worldwide marketing rights for tecemotide from Oncothyreon and will be entirely responsible for the further clinical development of tecemotide
Sep 2007 Biomira changes company name to Oncothyreon
Dec 2008 Merck KGaA acquires manufacturing rights for tecemotide from Oncothyreon
Dec 2009 INSPIRE study (EMR63325-012) started. Estimated primary completion date is May 2020
Oct 2011 Ono Pharmaceutical acquires a co-development and co-marketing license for tecemotide in Japan
Dec 2012 Results of the START study (EMR 63325-001): Primary endpoint not met. Subgroup analysis favorable
Mar 2014 START2 study (EMR 63325-021) started. Estimated primary completion date is July 2018
Aug 2014 Results of the Japan study (EMR 63325-009): Primary endpoint and secondary endpoints not met. Subgroup analysis not favorable[33]
Sep 2014 Merck KGaA terminates the NSCLC development

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "BLP25 liposome vaccine (L-BLP25): long-term safety results from a phase IIb study of patients with stage IIIB and IV non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated for 2 years or more.". Journal of Thoracic Oncology (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 4 (9): S681. September 2009. http://oncothyreon.com/pdfs/tecemotide/world_conference_on_lung_cancer_aug2009.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Biomira announces plan to change name to Oncothyreon
  3. ↑ Aug 8, 2007, Biomira and Merck KGaA sign amended and restated collaboration and supply agreements related to Stimuvax
  4. ↑ Dec 18, 2008, Merck KGaA acquires manufacturing rights for Stimuvax from Oncothyreon
  5. ↑ Merck KGaA press release from October 4, 2011
  6. ↑ WHO Drug Information, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2012; Proposed INN: List 108
  7. ↑ "Tecemotide: an antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 10 (11): 3383–3393. 2015-01-27. doi:10.4161/hv.29836. PMID 25483673. 
  8. ↑ ClinicalTrials.gov
  9. ↑ The primary completion date is defined as the date when the final subject was examined or received an intervention for the purposes of final collection of data for the primary outcome.
  10. ↑ "Stimuvax (L-BLP25): a peptide vaccine strategy in non-small cell lung cancer: M17-03.". Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2 (Supplement 4): S199–201. August 2007. doi:10.1097/01.JTO.0000282977.65747.30. 
  11. ↑ Merck KGaA to test Stimuvax in breast cancer trial (FierceVaccines)
  12. ↑ UPDATE 2-Merck to test Stimuvax cancer drug in Phase III (Thomson Reuters)
  13. ↑ Merck KGaA press release from June 17, 2010
  14. ↑ Experimental Cancer Treatment L-BLP25 (Stimuvax) Did Not Meet Primary Endpoint of Improvement in Overall Survival in Pivotal Phase III Trial in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (Onco'Zine - The International Cancer Network)
  15. ↑ Merck Discontinues Clinical Development Program of Tecemotide as a Monotherapy in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - Merck KGaA Press release from 12 Sept 2014
  16. ↑ Startschuss für innovative Brustkrebs-Impfstudie ABCSG-34
  17. ↑ ABCSG 34: Randomisierung beendet!
  18. ↑ Merck KGaA Annual Report 2013
  19. ↑ Oncothyreon Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
  20. ↑ ClinicalTrials.gov
  21. ↑ The primary completion date is defined as the date when the final subject was examined or received an intervention for the purposes of final collection of data for the primary outcome.
  22. ↑ All references related to this table can be found in the section "Overview and results of all trials"
  23. ↑ Oncothyreon's 8-K SEC filing from Aug 18, 2014
  24. ↑ Merck Discontinues Clinical Development Program of Tecemotide as a Monotherapy in Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - Merck KGaA Press release from 12 Sept 2014
  25. ↑ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
  26. ↑ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
  27. ↑ Merck KGaA Annual Report 2013
  28. ↑ Merck Serono Investor & Analyst Day 2014 - Stefan Oschmann's presentation - Slide 6 - 18 Sept 2014
  29. ↑ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
  30. ↑ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
  31. ↑ Oncothyreon's Annual Report 2013 (Form 10-K)
  32. ↑ US Patent 6,600,012, Agrawal et al., Lipid-modified MUC-1 derivatives
  33. ↑ Oncothyreon's 8-K SEC filing from Aug 18, 2014



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