Biography:Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov

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For other people with the same name, see Gromov.
Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov
Gromov Mikhail Leonidovich.jpg
Mikhail Gromov in 2009
Born (1943-12-23) 23 December 1943 (age 80)
Boksitogorsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
NationalityRussian and French
Alma materLeningrad State University (PhD)
Known forGeometry
AwardsOswald Veblen Prize in Geometry (1981)
Wolf Prize (1993)
Kyoto Prize (2002)
Nemmers Prize in Mathematics (2004)
Bolyai Prize (2005)
Abel Prize (2009)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsInstitut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
New York University
Doctoral advisorVladimir Rokhlin
Doctoral studentsFrançois Labourie
Pierre Pansu
Mikhail Katz

Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov (also Mikhael Gromov, Michael Gromov or Mischa Gromov; Russian: Михаи́л Леони́дович Гро́мов; born 23 December 1943) is a Russian-French mathematician known for his work in geometry, analysis and group theory. He is a permanent member of IHÉS in France and a Professor of Mathematics at New York University.

Gromov has won several prizes, including the Abel Prize in 2009 "for his revolutionary contributions to geometry".

Biography

Mikhail Gromov was born on 23 December 1943 in Boksitogorsk, Soviet Union. His father Leonid Gromov and his Jewish[1] mother Lea Rabinovitz[2][3] were pathologists.[4] His mother was the cousin of chess-player Mikhail Botvinnik, as well as of the mathematician Isaak Moiseevich Rabinovich. [5] Gromov was born during World War II, and his mother, who worked as a medical doctor in the Soviet Army, had to leave the front line in order to give birth to him.[6] When Gromov was nine years old,[7] his mother gave him the book The Enjoyment of Mathematics by Hans Rademacher and Otto Toeplitz, a book that piqued his curiosity and had a great influence on him.[6]

Gromov studied mathematics at Leningrad State University where he obtained a master's degree in 1965, a Doctorate in 1969 and defended his Postdoctoral Thesis in 1973. His thesis advisor was Vladimir Rokhlin.[8]

Gromov married in 1967. In 1970, he was invited to give a presentation at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Nice, France. However, he was not allowed to leave the USSR. Still, his lecture was published in the conference proceedings.[9]

Disagreeing with the Soviet system, he had been thinking of emigrating since the age of 14. In the early 1970s he ceased publication, hoping that this would help his application to move to Israel.[7][10] He changed his last name to that of his mother.[7] When the request was granted in 1974, he moved directly to New York where a position had been arranged for him at Stony Brook.[9]

In 1981 he left Stony Brook University to join the faculty of University of Paris VI and in 1982 he became a permanent professor at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES) where he remains today. At the same time, he has held professorships at the University of Maryland, College Park from 1991 to 1996, and at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in New York since 1996.[3] He adopted French citizenship in 1992.[11]

Work

Gromov's style of geometry often features a "coarse" or "soft" viewpoint, analyzing asymptotic or large-scale properties.

Motivated by Nash and Kuiper's C1 embedding theorem and Stephen Smale's early results,[12] Gromov introduced in 1973 the method of convex integration and the h-principle, a very general way to solve underdetermined partial differential equations and the basis for a geometric theory of these equations. One application is the Gromov–Lees Theorem, named for him and Jack Alexander Lees, concerning Lagrangian immersions and a one-to-one correspondence between the connected components of spaces.[13]

In the 1980s, Gromov introduced the Gromov–Hausdorff metric, a measure of the difference between two compact metric spaces. In this context he proved Gromov's compactness theorem, stating that the set of compact Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature ≥ c and diameter ≤ D is relatively compact in the Gromov–Hausdorff metric. The possible limit points of sequences of such manifolds are Alexandrov spaces of curvature ≥ c, a class of metric spaces studied in detail by Burago, Gromov and Perelman in 1992. Gromov was also the first to study the space of all possible Riemannian structures on a given manifold.

Gromov introduced geometric group theory, the study of infinite groups via the geometry of their Cayley graphs and their word metric. In 1981 he proved Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth: a finitely generated group has polynomial growth (a geometric property) if and only if it is virtually nilpotent (an algebraic property). The proof uses the Gromov–Hausdorff metric mentioned above. Along with Eliyahu Rips he introduced the notion of hyperbolic groups.

Gromov founded the field of symplectic topology by introducing the theory of pseudoholomorphic curves. This led to Gromov–Witten invariants, which are used in string theory, and to his non-squeezing theorem.

Gromov is also interested in mathematical biology,[12] the structure of the brain and the thinking process, and the way scientific ideas evolve.[9]

Prizes and honors

Prizes

  • Prize of the Mathematical Society of Moscow (1971)
  • Oswald Veblen Prize in Geometry (AMS) (1981)
  • Prix Elie Cartan de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris (1984)
  • Prix de l'Union des Assurances de Paris (1989)
  • Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1993)
  • Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research (AMS) (1997)
  • Lobachevsky Medal (1997)
  • Balzan Prize for Mathematics (1999)
  • Kyoto Prize in Mathematical Sciences (2002)
  • Nemmers Prize in Mathematics (2004)[14]
  • Bolyai Prize in 2005
  • Abel Prize in 2009 “for his revolutionary contributions to geometry”[15]

Honors

  • Invited speaker to International Congress of Mathematicians: 1970 (Nice), 1978 (Helsinki), 1982 (Warsaw), 1986 (Berkeley)
  • Foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences (1989), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1989), the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and the Royal Society (2011)[16]
  • Member of the French Academy of Sciences (1997)[17]
  • Delivered the 2007 Paul Turán Memorial Lectures.[18]

See also


Books

  • Ballmann, Werner; Gromov, Mikhael; Schroeder, Viktor: Manifolds of nonpositive curvature. Progress in Mathematics, 61. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1985. vi+263 pp. ISBN:0-8176-3181-X[19]
  • Gromov, Mikhael Structures métriques pour les variétés riemanniennes. (French) [Metric structures for Riemann manifolds] Edited by J. Lafontaine and P. Pansu. Textes Mathématiques [Mathematical Texts], 1. CEDIC, Paris, 1981. iv+152 pp. ISBN:2-7124-0714-8
  • Gromov, Misha: Metric structures for Riemannian and non-Riemannian spaces. Based on the 1981 French original. With appendices by M. Katz, P. Pansu and S. Semmes. Translated from the French by Sean Michael Bates. Progress in Mathematics, 152. Birkhäuser Boston, Inc., Boston, MA, 1999. xx+585 pp. ISBN:0-8176-3898-9[20]
  • Gromov, Mikhael: Partial differential relations. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (3) [Results in Mathematics and Related Areas (3)], 9. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986. x+363 pp. ISBN:0-387-12177-3[21]

Major publications

  • Gromov, M. Almost flat manifolds. J. Differential Geometry 13 (1978), no. 2, 231–241.
  • Gromov, Mikhael; Lawson, H. Blaine, Jr. The classification of simply connected manifolds of positive scalar curvature. Ann. of Math. (2) 111 (1980), no. 3, 423–434.
  • Gromov, Michael. Curvature, diameter and Betti numbers. Comment. Math. Helv. 56 (1981), no. 2, 179–195.
  • Gromov, Mikhael. Groups of polynomial growth and expanding maps. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. Publ. Math. No. 53 (1981), 53–73.
  • Gromov, M. Hyperbolic manifolds, groups and actions. Riemann surfaces and related topics: Proceedings of the 1978 Stony Brook Conference (State Univ. New York, Stony Brook, N.Y., 1978), pp. 183–213, Ann. of Math. Stud., 97, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J., 1981.
  • Cheeger, Jeff; Gromov, Mikhail; Taylor, Michael. Finite propagation speed, kernel estimates for functions of the Laplace operator, and the geometry of complete Riemannian manifolds. J. Differential Geometry 17 (1982), no. 1, 15–53.
  • Gromov, Mikhael. Filling Riemannian manifolds. J. Differential Geom. 18 (1983), no. 1, 1-147.
  • Gromov, Michael. Volume and bounded cohomology. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. Publ. Math. No. 56 (1982), 5–99 (1983).
  • Gromov, M.; Milman, V.D. A topological application of the isoperimetric inequality. Amer. J. Math. 105 (1983), no. 4, 843–854.
  • Gromov, Mikhael; Lawson, H. Blaine, Jr. Positive scalar curvature and the Dirac operator on complete Riemannian manifolds. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. Publ. Math. No. 58 (1983), 83–196 (1984).
  • Gromov, M. Pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectic manifolds. Invent. Math. 82 (1985), no. 2, 307–347.
  • Cheeger, Jeff; Gromov, Mikhael. Collapsing Riemannian manifolds while keeping their curvature bounded. I. J. Differential Geom. 23 (1986), no. 3, 309–346.
  • Cheeger, Jeff; Gromov, Mikhael. L2-cohomology and group cohomology. Topology 25 (1986), no. 2, 189–215.
  • Gromov, M. Hyperbolic groups. Essays in group theory, 75–263, Math. Sci. Res. Inst. Publ., 8, Springer, New York, 1987.
  • Eliashberg, Yakov; Gromov, Mikhael. Convex symplectic manifolds. Several complex variables and complex geometry, Part 2 (Santa Cruz, CA, 1989), 135–162, Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., 52, Part 2, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1991.
  • Gromov, M. Kähler hyperbolicity and L2-Hodge theory. J. Differential Geom. 33 (1991), no. 1, 263–292.
  • Burago, Yu.; Gromov, M.; Perelʹman, G. A.D. Aleksandrov spaces with curvatures bounded below. (Russian) Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 47 (1992), no. 2(284), 3–51, 222; translation in Russian Math. Surveys 47 (1992), no. 2, 1–58
  • Gromov, Mikhail; Schoen, Richard. Harmonic maps into singular spaces and p-adic superrigidity for lattices in groups of rank one. Inst. Hautes Études Sci. Publ. Math. No. 76 (1992), 165–246.
  • Gromov, M. Asymptotic invariants of infinite groups. Geometric group theory, Vol. 2 (Sussex, 1991), 1–295, London Math. Soc. Lecture Note Ser., 182, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1993.[22]
  • Gromov, Mikhael. Carnot–Carathéodory spaces seen from within. Sub-Riemannian geometry, 79–323, Progr. Math., 144, Birkhäuser, Basel, 1996.
  • Gromov, Misha. Spaces and questions. GAFA 2000 (Tel Aviv, 1999). Geom. Funct. Anal. 2000, Special Volume, Part I, 118–161.
  • Gromov, M. Endomorphisms of symbolic algebraic varieties. J. Eur. Math. Soc. (JEMS) 1 (1999), no. 2, 109–197.
  • Gromov, M. Isoperimetry of waists and concentration of maps. Geom. Funct. Anal. 13 (2003), no. 1, 178–215.
  • Gromov, Mikhaïl. On the entropy of holomorphic maps. Enseign. Math. (2) 49 (2003), no. 3-4, 217–235.
  • Gromov, M. Random walk in random groups. Geom. Funct. Anal. 13 (2003), no. 1, 73–146.

Notes

  1. ↑ Masha Gessen (2011). Perfect Rigour: A Genius and the Mathematical Breakthrough of a Lifetime. Icon Books Ltd. 
  2. ↑ The International Who's Who, 1997–98. Europa Publications. 1997. pp. 591. ISBN 978-1-85743-022-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=4XNtwLEbl7wC. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gromov.html .
  4. ↑ Gromov, Mikhail. "A Few Recollections", in Helge Holden; Ragni Piene (3 February 2014). The Abel Prize 2008–2012. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 129–137. ISBN 978-3-642-39448-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=tEprnQEACAAJ.  (also available on Gromov's homepage: link)
  5. ↑ Воспоминания Владимира Рабиновича (генеалогия семьи М. Громова по материнской линии[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]. Лия Александровна Рабинович также приходится двоюродной сестрой известному рижскому математику, историку математики и популяризатору науки Исааку Моисеевичу Рабиновичу (род. 1911), автору книг «Математик Пирс Боль из Риги» (совместно с А. Д. Мышкисом и с приложением комментария М. М. Ботвинника «О шахматной игре П. Г. Боля», 1965), «Строптивая производная» (1968) и др. Троюродный брат М. Громова — известный латвийский адвокат и общественный деятель Александр Жанович Бергман (польск., род. 1925).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society, No. 73, September 2009, p. 19
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Foucart, Stéphane (2009-03-26). "Mikhaïl Gromov, le génie qui venait du froid" (in fr). Le Monde.fr. ISSN 1950-6244. http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2009/03/26/mikhail-gromov-le-genie-qui-venait-du-froid_1172835_3244.html. 
  8. ↑ http://cims.nyu.edu/newsletters/Spring2009.pdf
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Roberts, Siobhan (December 22, 2014). "Science Lives: Mikhail Gromov". Simons Foundation. https://www.simonsfoundation.org/science_lives_video/science-lives-mikhail-gromov/. 
  10. ↑ Ripka, Georges (2002-01-01) (in fr). Vivre savant sous le communisme. Belin. ISBN 9782701130538. https://books.google.com/?id=BoUFAQAAIAAJ&q=Vivre+savant+sous+le+communisme&dq=Vivre+savant+sous+le+communisme. 
  11. ↑ "Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov". abelprize.no. http://www.abelprize.no/c53859/binfil/download.php?tid=53784. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Interview with Mikhail Gromov", Notices of the AMS 57 (3): 391–403, March 2010, http://www.ams.org/notices/201003/rtx100300391p.pdf .
  13. ↑ Arnold, V. I.; Goryunov, V. V.; Lyashko, O. V.; Vasil'Ev, V. A. (6 December 2012). Singularity Theory I. ISBN 9783642580093. https://books.google.com/?id=Mz_1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA215&dq=Gromov-Lees+theorem#v=onepage&q=Gromov-Lees%20theorem&f=false. 
  14. ↑ Gromov Receives Nemmers Prize
  15. ↑ Abel Prize for 2009, Laureates 2009
  16. ↑ Professor Mikhail Gromov ForMemRS | Royal Society
  17. ↑ Mikhaël Gromov — Membre de l’Académie des sciences
  18. ↑ "Turán Memorial Lectures". https://old.renyi.hu/turanlectures_vk.html. 
  19. ↑ Heintze, Ernst (1987). "Review: Manifolds of nonpositive curvature, by W. Ballmann, M. Gromov & V. Schroeder". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 17 (2): 376–380. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1987-15603-5. http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1987-17-02/S0273-0979-1987-15603-5/S0273-0979-1987-15603-5.pdf. 
  20. ↑ Grove, Karsten (2001). "Review: Metric structures for Riemannian and non-Riemannian spaces, by M. Gromov". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 38 (3): 353–363. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-01-00904-1. http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2001-38-03/S0273-0979-01-00904-1/S0273-0979-01-00904-1.pdf. 
  21. ↑ McDuff, Dusa (1988). "Review: Partial differential relations, by Mikhael Gromov". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 18 (2): 214–220. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1988-15654-6. http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1988-18-02/S0273-0979-1988-15654-6/S0273-0979-1988-15654-6.pdf. 
  22. ↑ Toledo, Domingo (1996). "Review: Geometric group theory, Vol. 2: Asymptotic invariants of infinite groups, by M. Gromov". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 33 (3): 395–398. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-96-00669-6. http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1996-33-03/S0273-0979-96-00669-6/S0273-0979-96-00669-6.pdf. 

References

External links




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