Biology:FANCL

From HandWiki
Revision as of 20:16, 28 June 2023 by S.Timg (talk | contribs) (url)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase FANCL is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FANCL gene.[1]

Function

Recombinational repair of DNA double-strand damage - some key steps. ATM (ATM) is a protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks. DNA double-strand damages also activate the Fanconi anemia core complex (FANCA/B/C/E/F/G/L/M).[2] The FA core complex monoubiquitinates the downstream targets FANCD2 and FANCI.[3] ATM activates (phosphorylates) CHEK2 and FANCD2[4] CHEK2 phosphorylates BRCA1.[5] Ubiquinated FANCD2 complexes with BRCA1 and RAD51.[6] The PALB2 protein acts as a hub,[7] bringing together BRCA1, BRCA2 and RAD51 at the site of a DNA double-strand break, and also binds to RAD51C, a member of the RAD51 paralog complex RAD51B-RAD51C-RAD51D-XRCC2 (BCDX2). The BCDX2 complex is responsible for RAD51 recruitment or stabilization at damage sites.[8] RAD51 plays a major role in homologous recombinational repair of DNA during double strand break repair. In this process, an ATP dependent DNA strand exchange takes place in which a single strand invades base-paired strands of homologous DNA molecules. RAD51 is involved in the search for homology and strand pairing stages of the process.

The clinical phenotype of mutational defects in all Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation groups is similar. This phenotype is characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, cancer proneness and typical birth defects.[9] The main cellular phenotype is hypersensitivity to DNA damage, particularly inter-strand DNA crosslinks.[10] The FA proteins interact through a multi-protein pathway. DNA interstrand crosslinks are highly deleterious damages that are repaired by homologous recombination involving coordination of FA proteins and breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1).

The Fanconi Anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway is essential for the recognition and repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL). A critical step in the pathway is the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 by the RING E3 ligase FANCL. FANCL comprises 3 domains, a RING domain that interacts with E2 conjugating enzymes, a central domain required for substrate interaction, and an N-terminal E2-like fold (ELF) domain that interacts with FANCB.[11] The ELF domain of FANCL is also required to mediate a non-covalent interaction between FANCL and ubiquitin. The ELF domain is required to promote efficient DNA damage-induced FANCD2 monoubiquitination in vertebrate cells, suggesting an important function of FANCB and ubiquitin binding by FANCL in vivo.[12]

A nuclear complex containing FANCL (as well as FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG and FANCM) is essential for the activation of the FANCD2 protein to the mono-ubiquitinated isoform.[2] In normal, non-mutant, cells FANCD2 is mono-ubiquinated in response to DNA damage. Activated FANCD2 protein co-localizes with BRCA1 (breast cancer susceptibility protein) at ionizing radiation-induced foci and in synaptonemal complexes of meiotic chromosomes (see Figure: Recombinational repair of double strand damage).

References

  1. ↑ "Entrez Gene: FANCL Fanconi anemia, complementation group L". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=55120. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Susceptibility pathways in Fanconi's anemia and breast cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (20): 1909–19. 2010. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0809889. PMID 20484397. 
  3. ↑ "The Fanconi anemia protein FANCM is controlled by FANCD2 and the ATR/ATM pathways". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (38): 25560–8. 2009. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.007690. PMID 19633289. 
  4. ↑ "Coordinated action of the Fanconi anemia and ataxia telangiectasia pathways in response to oxidative damage". DNA Repair (Amst.) 10 (5): 518–25. 2011. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.02.007. PMID 21466974. 
  5. ↑ "Tumor suppressor CHK2: regulator of DNA damage response and mediator of chromosomal stability". Clin. Cancer Res. 17 (3): 401–5. 2011. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1215. PMID 21088254. 
  6. ↑ "S-phase-specific interaction of the Fanconi anemia protein, FANCD2, with BRCA1 and RAD51". Blood 100 (7): 2414–20. 2002. doi:10.1182/blood-2002-01-0278. PMID 12239151. 
  7. ↑ "PALB2: the hub of a network of tumor suppressors involved in DNA damage responses". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1846 (1): 263–75. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.06.003. PMID 24998779. 
  8. ↑ "Rad51 paralog complexes BCDX2 and CX3 act at different stages in the BRCA1-BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination pathway". Mol. Cell. Biol. 33 (2): 387–95. 2013. doi:10.1128/MCB.00465-12. PMID 23149936. 
  9. ↑ Walden, Helen; Deans, Andrew J. (2014). "The Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway: structural and functional insights into a complex disorder". Annual Review of Biophysics 43: 257–278. doi:10.1146/annurev-biophys-051013-022737. ISSN 1936-1238. PMID 24773018. 
  10. ↑ Deans, Andrew J.; West, Stephen C. (2011-06-24). "DNA interstrand crosslink repair and cancer". Nature Reviews. Cancer 11 (7): 467–480. doi:10.1038/nrc3088. ISSN 1474-1768. PMID 21701511. 
  11. ↑ van Twest, Sylvie; Murphy, Vincent J.; Hodson, Charlotte; Tan, Winnie; Swuec, Paolo; O'Rourke, Julienne J.; Heierhorst, Jörg; Crismani, Wayne et al. (2017-01-19). "Mechanism of Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination in the Fanconi Anemia Pathway". Molecular Cell 65 (2): 247–259. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.11.005. ISSN 1097-4164. PMID 27986371. 
  12. ↑ "The Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway Is Regulated by an Interaction between Ubiquitin and the E2-like Fold Domain of FANCL". J. Biol. Chem. 290 (34): 20995–1006. 2015. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.675835. PMID 26149689. 

Further reading




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:FANCL&oldid=3113357"