Engineering:Shenyang J-11

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Short description: Chinese air superiority fighter
J-11
J-11BChel.jpg
A PLAAF J-11B
Role Air superiority fighter
National origin China / Soviet Union
Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
First flight 1998
Introduction 1998
Status Active service
Primary user People's Liberation Army Air Force

People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force

Produced 1998–present
Number built 440 ((As of 2019))[1]
Developed from Sukhoi Su-27
Developed into Shenyang J-15

Shenyang J-16

The Shenyang J-11 (Chinese: 歼-11) is a twin-engine jet fighter of the People's Republic of China whose airframe is derived from the Soviet-designed Sukhoi Su-27. It is manufactured by the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation (SAC). The aircraft is operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and the People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF).

Development

Proposed J-11

Based on experience from the Vietnam War, the PLAAF issued a requirement in 1969 for a STOL light fighter to replace the Shenyang J-6 and Nanchang Q-5. The proposal from the Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute and Shenyang Aircraft Factory was designated "J-11"; it resembled a French Dassault Mirage F1 and was powered by a British Rolls-Royce Spey 512 engine. The project was abandoned as no suitable engine could be procured, and the competing Nanchang J-12 was far more advanced.[2]

Su-27 purchase

China was the Su-27's first export customer.[3] China turned to the Soviet Union for weapons following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and the resulting Western arms embargo. China selected the Su-27 over the Mikoyan MiG-29. Three orders were made in the 1990s, and the deliveries of 36 Su-27SKs and 42 Su-27UBKs started in 1992 and continued into the 2000s.[4]

J-11

In 1996, China Rosoboronexport entered a $1.2 billion agreement[5] permitting SAC to produce 200 Su-27UBKs[4] under license. Production would start using kits manufactured by Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant (KnAPPO.) Subsystems (avionics, radars and engines) would be imported from Russia and not be produced under license.[5] Furthermore, the agreement prohibited China from exporting its production.[4] Production began in 1997.[5] The first two were completed in December 1998 but were poorly assembled and required Russian assistance to rebuild.[4] Five were built by 2000, and another 20 by 2003, by which time production was of high quality and incorporated local airframe parts; Russia did not object to local airframe parts, which allowed KnAPPO to reduce the contents of the kits supplied.[6] Russia resisted China's demands for upgraded avionics, eventually upgrading the obsolescent N001 pulse-Doppler radar with the improved N001V. Production of the J-11A, an "indigenous" variant, began in 2000. By 2006, at least 105 J-11 and J-11As had been produced with improved domestic avionics.[4]

Co-production reportedly ended in 2004 with the development the J-11B "Flaming Dragon"[7] - a variant with domestic subsystems - in violation of the co-production agreement.[6][8] However, through 2009 China continued to hold licenses to produce Russian aircraft and components, which included previously-confidential provisions concerning intellectual property (IP). The original licence did not officially include carrier-capable aircraft (eg. Sukhoi Su-33) or variants (eg. Shenyang J-15).[9]

By 2015, J-11s were upgraded with Chinese-made missile approach warning systems (MAWS). Unconfirmed upgrades included improved cockpit displays, and fire control systems for R-77 or PL-10 missiles.[10]

J-11B

The J-11B is a multirole variant of the J-11 incorporating Chinese subsystems. It was conceived as a way to remove the J-11's dependency on Russia.[6] SAC unveiled a J-11B mockup in mid-2002. Three prototypes were delivered to the PLAAF for testing in 2006.[7] The two-seater J-11BS followed two years after the J-11B.[6] By 2011, reportedly 90% of the J-11B was based on subsystems and parts designed in China, with the engine presumably being a major part of the remainder.[6][11] Many domestic subsystems are improvements of those found on the Su-27SK.[11]

Chinese subsystems on the J-11B include Type 1474 radar, 3-axis data system, power supply system, emergency power unit, brake system, hydraulic system, fuel system, environment control system, molecular sieve oxygen generation systems,[6] digital flight control system, and glass cockpit.[7] The airframe is slightly lighter due to greater use of composites.[12]

The J-11B may carry the PL-12[6] and PL-15 air-to-air missiles[13][better source needed]

Engine replacement

By 2004, the J-11 was being tested with the Shenyang WS-10.[14] Testing may have started as early as 2002; an image from the 2002 China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition allegedly depicted a J-11 with one engine replaced with a WS-10.[15] WS-10 development proved difficult. One regiment converted to WS-10-powered J-11Bs in 2007, but was grounded for an extended period due to poor operational reliability.[16] The WS-10A reportedly matured enough after 2009 to power the J-11B Block 02 aircraft,[17] and Jane's reported the J-11B as powered by the WS-10 in 2014.[18]

Operational history

PLAAF J-11Bs participated in Shaheen 1, a joint Sino-Pakistani exercise, in March 2011. This was the first time the PLAAF conducted "operational" aerial maneuvers in Pakistan with the PAF.[19]

P-8 interception

A J-11BH with two PL-8 and two PL-12 missiles as seen from a P-8.

On 19 August 2014 a J-11B intercepted a U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine warfare aircraft that was over the South China Sea.[20]

The U.S. Department of Defense released details at a press conference on 22 August 2014 with Admiral John Kirby as spokesperson. According to Kirby, the incident occurred 135 miles (217 km) east of Hainan Island, in international airspace. The Chinese jet "crossed under the aircraft with one pass having only 50–100 feet [15–30 m] separation. The Chinese jet also passed the nose of the P-8 at 90 degrees with its belly toward the P-8 Poseidon, believed to be displaying its weapons load-out. Afterwards, the J-11 flew directly under and alongside the P-8, bringing their wingtips, as I said, to within 20 feet [6 m]. And then conducted a roll over the P-8, passing within 45 feet [14 m]." He said the "unprofessional" and "unsafe" actions of the Chinese pilot was "not keeping with the kind of military-to-military relationship" the U.S. sought to establish with China. An official complaint was sent to China through regular diplomatic channels.[21][22] The Pentagon commented further that: "Military activities may be conducted within the Exclusive Economic Zone of another nation as an exercise of the freedoms of navigation and overflight."[20]

In response, the Chinese Ministry of National Defense spokesman Yang Yujun said that the U.S. criticisms were "totally groundless" as the Chinese pilot professionally maintained a safe distance. Furthermore, he blamed the "massive and frequent close-in surveillance" by the U.S. as the root cause, and called for the end of surveillance flights to improve bilateral military ties.[23]

Variants

  • J-11: License-produced Su-27UBKs from Russian-provided kits.[4]
  • J-11A: J-11s produced with greater domestic content and improved avionics and cockpit displays. Some older J-11s and J-11As were upgraded to similar standard.[4]
  • J-11B (Flanker-L[24][25]): Chinese-developed variant with domestic subsystems[6] including Type 1493 radar and an added internal ECM system.[4] Block 02 was powered by Shenyang WS-10 turbofan.[17][18]
  • J-11BS (Flanker-L[24]): A twin-seat version of the J-11B.[10] In 2012, the number of J-11B and J-11BS in service was over 120.[26]
  • J-11BH: Naval version of the J-11B.[12][27] It was first sighted in May 2010.[12][28]
  • J-11BSH: Naval version of the J-11BS.[12][27]
  • J-11BG: Image first shown in September 2019 of an upgraded variant with light-grey radome.[29] Further information confirmed the existence of the J-11BG upgrade including AESA radar, avonics upgrade, helmet-mounted sight, and the capability to launch PL-10 and PL-15 missiles.[30][31]
  • J-11BGH: Upgrade of J-11BH, the naval version of the J-11BG.[32]
  • J-11D: Variant possibly equipped with fixed electronically scanned array radar, IRST, and capability to fire heavier imaging/infrared (IIR) air-to-air missiles. The airframe makes greater use of composite materials, especially in the engine intakes for lower radar observability. The wings have three hardpoints each. Unconfirmed reports claim it has a new fly-by-wire control system, glass cockpit, improved EW systems, and an improved version of the WS-10A engine.[33]

Operators

 People's Republic of China

Specifications (J-11A/J-11)

Data from [36][37]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 21.9 m (71 ft 10 in)
  • Wingspan: 14.7 m (48 ft 3 in)
  • Height: 5.92 m (19 ft 5 in)
  • Wing area: 52.84 m2 (568.8 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 16,380 kg (36,112 lb) [38]
  • Gross weight: 23,926 kg (52,748 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 33,000 kg (72,753 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 9,400 kg (20,700 lb) internal fuel[39]
  • Powerplant: 2 × Shenyang WS-10A "Taihang" afterburning turbofans, 132 kN (30,000 lbf) thrust each (J-11B Block 02[17][18])

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 2.35 (2,500 km/h, 1,553 mph) at altitude
  • Range: 3,530 km (2,190 mi, 1,910 nmi)
  • Combat range: 1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi) ~[40]
  • Service ceiling: 19,000 m (62,000 ft)
  • g limits: +9
  • Rate of climb: 300 m/s (59,000 ft/min) [41]

Armament

  • Guns: 1× 30 mm (1.18 in) Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-30-1 cannon with 150 rounds
  • Hardpoints: 10: 2 under fuselage, 2 under air ducts, 4 under wings, 2 on wingtips with provisions to carry combinations of:
    • Missiles:
      • PL-15 (Later B models and J-11D only)
      • PL-12
      • PL-10 (Later B and D models)
      • PL-9
      • PL-8
      • Vympel R-77
      • Vympel R-27
      • Vympel R-73
  • Rockets: Unguided rocket launcher
  • Bombs: Free-fall cluster bombs

Avionics

  • Fire-control radar: NIIP Tikhomirov N001VE Myech coherent pulse Doppler radar, or Type 1474 radar (J-11B)[6]
  • OEPS-27 electro-optic system
  • NSts-27 helmet-mounted sight (HMS)
  • Gardeniya ECM pods

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Citations
  1. ↑ Bronk, Justin (October 2020). Russian and Chinese Combat Air Trends (Report). Whitehall Report. 3-20. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. p. 35. https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/russian_and_chinese_combat_air_trends_whr_final_web_version.pdf. Retrieved 2 February 2021. 
  2. ↑ Gordon & Komissarov 2008, p. 92.
  3. ↑ Gordon & Komissarov 2008, p. 104.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Rupprecht, Andreas (3 January 2019). "The Chinese "Flanker" Story". https://www.key.aero/article/chinese-flanker-story. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Saunders et al., p. 35
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Saunders et al., p. 36
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "J-11B fighter". 4 November 2009. http://en.people.cn/90002/98666/98775/6803174.html. 
  8. ↑ Saunders et al., p. 46
  9. ↑ Rupprecht, Andreas (December 2011). "China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update". Combat Aircraft Monthly 12 (12): 40–42. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Fisher, Richard D., jr. (11 March 2015). "Images suggest upgrades to China's early series J-11s". http://www.janes.com/article/49903/images-suggest-upgrades-to-china-s-early-series-j-11s. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Saunders et al., p. 37
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Parsons, Ted (10 May 2010). "Chinese naval J-11s spotted in the open". http://www.janes.com/news/defence/jdw/jdw100510_2_n.shtml. 
  13. ↑ "我军歼11B首曝挂载Pl15导弹 或换装有源相控阵雷达". 27 March 2019. https://mil.sina.cn/sd/2019-03-27/detail-ihsxncvh5928361.d.html?from=wap. 
  14. ↑ Fisher, Richard Jr. (13 December 2004). "Report on the 5th Airshow China: Zhuhai, PRC, November 1-7, 2004". International Assessment and Strategy Center. http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.54/pub_detail.asp. 
  15. ↑ Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (7 October 2003). "New Developments in Russia-China Military Relations: A Report on the August 19-23 2003 Moscow Aerospace Salon (MAKS)". United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/reports/mair1.htm. 
  16. ↑ Pomfret, John (25 December 2010). "Military strength eludes China, which looks overseas for arms". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/24/AR2010122402788_2.html. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Rupprecht, Andreas (December 2011). "China's 'Flanker' gains momentum. Shenyang J-11 update.". Combat Aircraft Monthly 12 (12): 40–42. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Fisher, Richard D. Jr. (26 August 2014). "Chinese J-11BH 'aggressive' with USN P-8A, says DoD". Jane's Defence Weekly. http://www.janes.com/article/42322/chinese-j-11bh-aggressive-with-usn-p-8a-says-dod. 
  19. ↑ Zambelis, Chris (May 20, 2011). ""Shaheen 1" Exercise Signals Expansion of China-Pakistan Alliance". China Brief Volume: 11 Issue: 9. The Jamestown Foundation. https://jamestown.org/program/shaheen-1-exercise-signals-expansion-of-china-pakistan-alliance/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Capaccio and Greiling Keane, Tony and Angela (August 22, 2014). "Chinese Jet Barrel-Rolls Over U.S. Plane Bringing Protest". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-08-22/chinese-jet-barrel-rolls-over-u-s-plane-bringing-protest. 
  21. ↑ Keck, Zachary (August 23, 2014). "China's 'Dangerous Intercept' of US Spy Plane". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/chinas-dangerous-intercept-of-us-spy-plane/. 
  22. ↑ "Defense.gov Transcript: Department of Defense Press Briefing by Admiral Kirby in the Pentagon Briefing Room". http://www.defense.gov/Transcripts/Transcript.aspx?TranscriptID=5493. 
  23. ↑ "China urges U.S. to stop close-in surveillance". Xinhua. 23 August 2014. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-08/23/c_133578974.htm. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 The International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). "6 Asia". The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003400226. ISBN 9781003400226. 
  25. ↑ "Chinese Equipment Guide". https://www.oni.navy.mil/Portals/12/Intel%20agencies/China_Media/China_Equipment.pdf?ver=2015-12-10-103822-400. 
  26. ↑ Richard D. Fisher Jr. (2012-03-19). "China Modernizes Air Force On Dual Tracks". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_03_19_2012_p61-431709.xml. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Yeo, Mike (2 November 2015). "PLAN holds snap drills in South China Sea". http://www.janes.com/article/55696/plan-holds-snap-drills-in-south-china-sea. 
  28. ↑ "Can China Enforce a South China Sea ADIZ?". 18 July 2016. https://news.usni.org/2016/07/18/analysis-can-china-enforce-south-china-sea-air-defense-identification-zone. 
  29. ↑ "J-11B images fuel speculation about AESA radar upgrade". https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/j-11b-images-fuel-speculation-about-aesa-radar-upgrade. 
  30. ↑ "J-11BG". https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/j-11bg.htm. 
  31. ↑ "Top Five Most Dangerous Fighters the U.S. Air Force Could Face Today: From Chinese J-20s to Russian Su-35s". 14 May 2022. https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/top-five-most-dangerous-fighters-the-u-s-air-force-could-face-today-from-chinese-j-20s-to-russian-su-35s. 
  32. ↑ "First J-11BGH Fighters with AESA Radars Join Chinese Naval Aviation: What Makes Them So Dangerous?". 18 March 2022. https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/first-j-11bgh-fighters-with-aesa-radars-join-china-s-naval-aviation-how-capable-are-they. 
  33. ↑ Fisher, Richard D., jr. (5 May 2015). "Images show J-11D variant with possible new radar". http://www.janes.com/article/51160/images-show-j-11d-variant-with-possible-new-radar. 
  34. ↑ Rupprecht, Andreas (29 October 2018). Modern Chinese Warplane: Chinese Air Force - Aircraft and Units. Harpia Publishing. p. 46. ISBN 978-09973092-6-3. 
  35. ↑ Rupprecht, Andreas (2018). Modern Chinese Warplane: Chinese Naval Aviation - Aircraft and Units. Harpia Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-09973092-5-6. 
  36. ↑ Sukhoi Su-27SK . KNAAPO.
  37. ↑ "Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-27SК – Aircraft performance". Sukhoi.org. http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/lth/. 
  38. ↑ "Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker Specifications". Sinodefence.com. http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/fighter/su27specifications.asp. 
  39. ↑ "Sukhoi Company (JSC) – Airplanes – Military Aircraft – Su-27SÊ – Aircraft performance". http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/planes/military/su27sk/lth/. 
  40. ↑ "Chinese Aircraft - J-11 [Su-27 FLANKER"]. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/j-11.htm. 
  41. ↑ "Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker". Fighter-planes.com. http://www.fighter-planes.com/info/su27.htm. 
Bibliography

External links



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