Engineering:Test card

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Short description: Test signal in television broadcasting
SMPTE color bars: common NTSC test pattern
PM5544: common PAL test pattern
EBU colour bars (4:3)

A test card, also known as a test pattern or start-up/closedown test, is a television test signal, typically broadcast at times when the transmitter is active but no program is being broadcast (often at sign-on and sign-off).[1]

Used since the earliest TV broadcasts, test cards were originally physical cards at which a television camera was pointed, allowing for simple adjustments of picture quality.[2] Such cards are still often used for calibration, alignment, and matching of cameras and camcorders. From the 1950s, test card images were built into monoscope tubes which freed up the use of TV cameras which would otherwise have to be rotated to continuously broadcast physical test cards during downtime hours.

Electronically generated test patterns, used for calibrating or troubleshooting the downstream signal path, were introduced in the late-1960s. These are generated by test signal generators, which do not depend on the correct configuration (and presence) of a camera, and can also test for additional parameters such as correct color decoding, sync, frames per second, and frequency response.[3] These patterns are specially tailored to be used in conjunction with devices such as a vectorscope, allowing precise adjustments of image equipment.

The audio broadcast while test cards are shown is typically a sine wave tone, radio (if associated or affiliated with the television channel) or music (usually instrumental, though some also broadcast with jazz or popular music).

Digitally generated cards came later, associated with digital television, and add a few features specific of digital signals, like checking for error correction, chroma subsampling, aspect ratio signaling, surround sound, etc. More recently, the use of test cards has also expanded beyond television to other digital displays such as large LED walls and video projectors.[3]

Technical details

Test cards typically contain a set of patterns to enable television cameras and receivers to be adjusted to show the picture correctly (see SMPTE color bars). Most modern test cards include a set of calibrated color bars which will produce a characteristic pattern of "dot landings" on a vectorscope, allowing chroma and tint to be precisely adjusted between generations of videotape or network feeds. SMPTE bars—and several other test cards—include analog black (a flat waveform at 7.5 IRE, or the NTSC setup level), full white (100 IRE), and a "sub-black", or "blacker-than-black" (at 0 IRE), which represents the lowest low-frequency transmission voltage permissible in NTSC broadcasts (though the negative excursions of the colorburst signal may go below 0 IRE). Between the color bars and proper adjustment of brightness and contrast controls to the limits of perception of the first sub-black bar, an analog receiver (or other equipment such as VTRs) can be adjusted to provide impressive fidelity.

They are also used in the broader context of video displays for concerts and live events. There are a variety of different test patterns, each testing a specific technical parameter: gradient monotone bars for testing brightness and color; a crosshatch pattern for aspect ratio, alignment, focus, and convergence; and a single-pixel border for over-scanning and dimensions.[3]

History

The famous RCA Indian-head test pattern used mainly in North America from 1940 to the 1970s with its elements labelled, describing the use of each element in aligning a black & white analog TV receiver.
First RTF test card (1953) for the French 819-line TV system. Also used in French Algeria, with modifications also used by TMC in Monaco,[4] Telesaar in the Saar Protectorate,[5] and TVN in Chile [6]
A 1952 Philips TD1410U television set showing the optical monochrome Telefunken T05 test card.

Test cards are as old as TV broadcasts, with documented use by the BBC in the United Kingdom in its early 30-line mechanical Baird transmissions from 1934[7] as well as in Occupied France during World War II.[8] They evolved to include gratings for resolution testing, grids to assist with picture geometry adjustments, and grayscale for brightness and contrast adjustments. For example, all these elements can be seen in a Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française 819-line test card introduced in 1953.[8]

In North America, most test cards such as the famous Indian-head test pattern of the 1950s and 1960s have long since been relegated to history. The SMPTE color bars occasionally turn up, but with most North American broadcasters now following a 24-hour schedule, these too have become a rare sight.

With the introduction of color TV, electronically generated test cards were introduced. They are named after their generating equipment (ex: Grundig VG1000,[9][10] Philips PM5544,[11] Telefunken FuBK,[12] etc.), TV station (ex: BBC test card) or organization (ex: SMPTE color bars, EBU colour bars).

In developed countries such as Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , the financial imperatives of commercial television broadcasting mean that air-time is now typically filled with programmes and commercials (such as infomercials) 24 hours a day, and non-commercial broadcasters have to match this.

A late test card design, introduced in 2005 and fully adapted for HD, SD, 16:9 and 4:3 broadcasts, is defined on ITU-R Rec. BT.1729.[13] It offers markings specificity design to test format conversions, chroma sampling, etc.

Formerly a common sight, test cards are now only rarely seen outside of television studios, post-production, and distribution facilities. In particular, they are no longer intended to assist viewers in calibration of television sets. Several factors have led to their demise for this purpose:

  • Modern microcontroller-controlled analogue televisions rarely if ever need adjustment, so test cards are much less important than previously. Likewise, modern cameras and camcorders seldom need adjustment for technical accuracy, though they are often adjusted to compensate for scene light levels, and for various artistic effects.
  • Use of digital interconnect standards, such as CCIR 601 and SMPTE 292M, which operate without the non-linearities and other issues inherent to analog broadcasting, do not introduce color shifts or brightness changes; thus the requirement to detect and compensate for them using this reference signal has been virtually eliminated. (Compare with the obsolescence of stroboscopes as used to adjust the speed of record players.) On the other hand, digital test signal generators do include test signals which are intended to stress the digital interface, and many sophisticated generators allow the insertion of jitter, bit errors, and other pathological conditions that can cause a digital interface to fail.
  • Likewise, use of digital broadcasting standards, such as DVB and ATSC, eliminates the issues introduced by modulation and demodulation of analog signals.
  • Test cards including large circles were used to confirm the linearity of the set's deflection systems. As solid-state components replaced vacuum tubes in receiver deflection circuits, linearity adjustments were less frequently required (few newer sets have user-adjustable "VERT SIZE" and "VERT LIN" controls, for example). In LCD and other deflectionless displays, the linearity is a function of the display panel's manufacturing quality; for the display to work, the tolerances will already be far tighter than human perception.

For custom-designed video installations, such as LED displays in buildings or at live events, some test images are custom-made to fit the specific size and shape of the setup in question. These custom test images can also be an opportunity for the technicians to hide inside jokes for the crew to see while installing equipment for a show.[3]

Monoscope

Rather than physical test cards, which had to be televised using a camera, television stations often used a special purpose camera tube which had the test pattern painted on the inside screen of the tube. Each tube was only capable of generating the one test image, hence it was called a monoscope.

Monoscopes were similar in construction to an ordinary cathode ray tube (CRT), only instead of displaying an image on its screen it scanned a built-in image. The monoscope contained a formed metal target in place of the phosphor coating at its "screen" end and as the electron beam scanned the target, rather than displaying an image, a varying electrical signal was produced generating a video signal from the etched pattern. Monoscope tubes had the advantage over test cards that a full TV camera was not needed, and the image was always properly framed and in focus. They fell out of use in the 1960s as they were not able to produce color images.

  • Close-up of the test-card image from a monoscope

Other uses

The test card bundled with the Links web browser since 2001

A lesser-known kind of test pattern is used for the calibration of photocopiers.[14][15] Photocopier test patterns are physical sheets that are photocopied, with the difference in the resulting photocopy revealing any telltale deviations or defects in the machine's ability to copy.

There are also test patterns kits and software developed specifically for many consumer electronics. The B&K Television Analyst was developed in the 1960s for testing monochrome TV sets in the NTSC standard and was later modified for European and Australian PAL standards. Among other uses, it consisted of a flying spot scanner on which a test pattern printed on a cellulose acetate slide was shown.[16]

When CRT monitors were still commonly used on personal computers, specific test patterns were created for proper calibration of such monitors in the cases whereby multimedia images could not be shown properly on said monitors.[17] Some VCD and DVD lens cleaner discs, such as the Kyowa Sonic lens cleaning kits from 1997–2001, also included test patterns as well.[18]

More recent examples include the THX Optimizer which can be accessed in the setup menu in almost every THX-certified DVD,[19][20] as well as well as the "HDR sRGB Graphics Test (400 nits)" and "Test Patterns" series available on Netflix[21] meant to test out streaming bandwidth on Internet-enabled devices,[22] especially on widescreen smart HDR TVs, 4K and 8K displays and also used to sync audio and video feeds, which can be affected, among other factors, by Bluetooth and Internet latency.[23]

Test patterns are also used to calibrate medical displays for telemedicine and medical diagnostic purposes, such as the SMPTE RP-133 medical diagnostic imaging test pattern specification for medical and surgical displays, created around 1983[24]–86;[25][26] as well as a later derivative called the TG18-QC test pattern created by the AAPM in 2001.[27][28] Test patterns to calibrate X-ray machines, in particular those manufactured by Leeds Test Objects in England, also exist as well.[29][30]

In numismatics

Television has had such an impact in today's life that it has been the main motif for numerous collectors' coins and medals. One of the most recent examples is The 50 Years of Television commemorative coin minted on 9 March 2005, in Austria. The obverse of the coin shows the centre portion of the Telefunken T05 test card, while the reverse shows several milestones in the history of television.[31]

In popular culture

The Philips Pattern is widely recognised as one of the iconic popular culture symbols of the 1980s and 1990s. Numerous novelty and collectible items has been patterned after the famous test card, including wall clocks, bedsheets, wristwatches, and clothing.

The BBC Test Card F features throughout 2006-07 TV sci-fi detective series Life on Mars.[32][33]

Test card music

In Britain, music rather than radio sound was usually played with the test card. The music played by the BBC, and afterwards ITV, was library music, which was licensed on more favourable terms for frequent use than commercially available alternatives.[34] Later, Channel 4 used UK library LPs from publishers like KPM, Joseph Weinberger and Ready Music.[35]

Until September 1955, the BBC used live playing 78 RPM commercial records as an audio background to the test cards. After that date, they switched to using recorded music on tape.[36] The following year, the BBC began to build up its own library of specially produced music for the half hour tapes – initially three tunes in similar style, followed by an identification sign (the three notes B-B-C played on celesta). ITV (which began its first trade transmissions in 1957) continued to use commercially available recordings until the late 1960s, when it also began to make specially produced tapes.[36]

For rights reasons, much of the music was recorded by light music orchestras in France and Germany, though sometimes by British musicians, or top international session players using pseudonyms, such as The Oscar Brandenburg Orchestra (an amalgamation of Neil Richardson, Alan Moorhouse and Johnny Pearson) or the Stuttgart Studio Orchestra.[37] Other composers and bandleaders commissioned for this type of work included Gordon Langford, Ernest Tomlinson. Roger Roger, Heinz Kiessling, Werner Tautz, Frank Chacksfield and Syd Dale.[38]

During the 1980s, the test card was gradually seen less and less - it was pushed out first by Teletext pages, then extended programme hours. The same tapes were used to accompany both the test card and Ceefax on BBC channels, but some fans argue that new tapes introduced after Ceefax became the norm in 1983 were less musically interesting.[36]

List of TV test cards

A newly built television set undergoing image calibration using a test card at a Grundig factory in Nuremburg, West Germany (December 1959)
A 1940s-style "bullseye" test pattern exhibited at the Early Television Museum in Hilliard, Ohio (June 2022)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "TCC - A Very Concise History of Test Cards". http://www.testcardcircle.org.uk/tchistory.html. 
  2. ↑ "TEST CARD | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/test-card. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Claiborne, Vickie (9 November 2019). "Video Testing Images". https://plsn.com/articles/video-digerati/video-testing-images/. 
  4. ↑ https://forum.retrotechnique.org/t/mires-tv-francaises-anciennes/81275?page=2
  5. ↑ https://saar-nostalgie.de/Telesaar.htm
  6. ↑ https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Technology/Technology-All-Eras/Archive-Practical-Television-IDX/70s/Television-Servicing-UK-1974-02-OCR-Page-0033.pdf
  7. ↑ "BBC Tuning Signals". Meldrum. 29 March 2000. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090223154155/http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/testcard/bbc_tune.html. Retrieved 13 February 2022. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Rétrospective : la mire à la télévision (1953 – 2002)". January 5, 2012. https://www.vivelapub.fr/retrospective-la-mire-tv/. 
  9. ↑ "Test signal generator". https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0122124A3/zh. 
  10. ↑ "Grundig 72010-016.80 TV Service manual PDF View/Download, Page # 30". https://all-guidesbox.com/manual/370365/grundig-72010-016-80-network-card-52.html?page=30. 
  11. ↑ "Combined colour/monochrome pattern generator PM 5544". https://frank.pocnet.net/other/sos/Philips_PM5544_PM3400_Publication.pdf#page=3. 
  12. ↑ Union, European Broadcasting (February 6, 1988). "EBU Review". Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union. https://books.google.com/books?id=J61AAQAAIAAJ&q=%22FuBK%22+-wikipedia. 
  13. ↑ "ITU-R Rec. BT.1729". https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1729-0-200504-I!!PDF-E.pdf. 
  14. ↑ "Samsung SF531P PCSTATS Review – Printer Test Patterns". Pcstats.com. 2007-10-15. http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=1339&page=4. 
  15. ↑ "Projection: Room A / Room B". Thing.net. http://www.thing.net/~grist/cyano/jangva/roomecho.htm. 
  16. ↑ "B&K 1076 Television Analyst". https://www.cool386.com/b&k_1076/b&k1076.html. 
  17. ↑ "Monitor Settings Test". Underground History. 2003-05-16. https://underground-history.co.uk/tests/index.html. Retrieved 2022-08-09. 
  18. ↑ "Lens Cleaner VCD". YouTube. 2021-02-27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mrLBrz_7dVA&list=PLzhFkX1U-Ec3rS6goiN17_zbffA4t4Ejp. Retrieved 2022-08-09. 
  19. ↑ "How to set-up your TV with the THX Optimizer disc | What Hi-Fi?". Whathifi.com. 19 September 2009. https://www.whathifi.com/us/news/how-to-set-your-tv-thx-optimizer-disc. Retrieved 2022-08-09. 
  20. ↑ "THX Optimizer.". AVForums. https://www.avforums.com/threads/thx-optimizer.1726639/. Retrieved 2022-08-09. 
  21. ↑ "The 10 Weirdest Things Hiding On Netflix | HuffPost Life". Huffpost.com. 19 June 2019. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/weird-things-netflix-shows_l_5d092d18e4b0e560b70a3eae. Retrieved 2022-08-09. 
  22. ↑ "Netflix Test Patterns". https://forum.xda-developers.com/t/netflix-test-patterns.3818828/.  [user-generated source]
  23. ↑ "NETFLIX is offering Test Patterns to configure your HDR display!". https://www.avsforum.com/threads/netflix-is-offering-test-patterns-to-configure-your-hdr-display.2714953/.  [user-generated source]
  24. ↑ "IMAGE: SMTPE test pattern". Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE). https://www.dclunie.com/images/smpte.512.512.8.gif. 
  25. ↑ "SMPTE RP-133:1991 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors | SMPTE". https://members.smpte.org/store/product/smpte-rp-1331991-specifications-medical-diagnostic-imaging-test-pattern-television. 
  26. ↑ Gray, J. E.; Lisk, K. G.; Anderson, W.; Harshbarger, J. H.; Schwenker, R.; Uzenoff, R. A. (1990). "Acceptance and Use of the SMPTE Medical Diagnostic Imaging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-Copy Recording Cameras". SMPTE Journal 99 (12): 1001–1007. doi:10.5594/J02540. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7229162. 
  27. ↑ Soh, Baolin Pauline; Lee, Warwick; Diffey, Jennifer L.; McEntee, Mark F.; Kench, Peter L.; Reed, Warren M.; Brennan, Patrick C. (2013). "Breast Screen New South Wales Generally Demonstrates Good Radiologic Viewing Conditions". Journal of Digital Imaging 26 (4): 759–767. doi:10.1007/s10278-013-9571-1. PMID 23319112. PMC 3705022. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234134075. 
  28. ↑ Silosky, Michael S.; Marsh, Rebecca M.; Scherzinger, Ann L. (2016). "Imaging acquisition display performance: An evaluation and discussion of performance metrics and procedures". Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 17 (4): 334–341. doi:10.1120/jacmp.v17i4.6220. PMID 27455501. 
  29. ↑ "Resolution Test Patterns". https://www.leedstestobjects.com/index.php/phantom/resolution-test-patterns/. 
  30. ↑ Costa, Milton Melciades Barbosa; Nova, João Luiz Leocadio da; Canevaro, Lucía Viviana (2009). "Efeito da filtração adicional nas doses de radiação e na qualidade das imagens nos exames videofluoroscópicos". Radiologia Brasileira 42 (6): 379–387. doi:10.1590/S0100-39842009000600012. 
  31. ↑ "Austrian Mint - Bimetal Coins". 2010-09-24. http://austrian-mint.at/bimetallmuenzen?l=en&muenzeSubTypeId=113&muenzeId=218. 
  32. ↑ "Life on Mars questions". BBC Drama. http://www.bbc.co.uk/lifeonmars/backstage/questions_plot.shtml. 
  33. ↑ Griffiths, Nick (1 April 2007). "Did you spot the clues?". The Radio Times. http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/life-on-mars/did-you-spot-the-clues/. 
  34. ↑ Into the Music Library, BBC Radio documentary, presenter Jonny Trunk, producer Simon Hollis, Brook Lapping Productions, April 2011
  35. ↑ "Currie, Tony. 'The Girl, The Doll, The Music' (1998), essay included as the notes for Test Card Classics, Chandos CD FBCD 2000". https://www.chandos.net/chanimages/Booklets/FBCD2000.pdf. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Roberts, Neville. A History of Test Card Music
  37. ↑ "Royal Daffodil - Gordon Langford - Stuttgart Studio Orchestra/Ralph Elman - CBL 024". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bJRJBHUbJE. 
  38. ↑ Lomax, Oliver: The Mood Modern: The story of two of the world's greatest recorded music libraries: KPM (1956-1977) and Bruton Music (1978-1980), Vocalion (2018)
  39. ↑ "The Early History of Television Through Visual Images!". https://framemaster.tripod.com/oldindex.html. 
  40. ↑ "RCA'S FIRST ICONOSCOPE CAMERAS & THE PROTOTYPE". https://eyesofageneration.com/rcas-first-iconoscope-cameras-the-prototype/. 
  41. ↑ "RCA's Television Field Trials". https://www.earlytelevision.org/rca_field_trls.html. 
  42. ↑ "RCA / NBC test pattern #1 - Newly established 441-line system (up from the 343-lines of 1936)". http://www.tvhistory.tv/1938-July-ELECTRONICS-Test-Pattern.JPG. 
  43. ↑ "TCNJ2 – An NBC test card in a monoscope (S.371) allowed stations to broadcast a test pattern without tying up another camera. From: "Item of the Week: Indian-Head Test Card | the Sarnoff Collection"". https://davidsarnoff.tcnj.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/06/S.371_TCNJ_2.jpg. 
  44. ↑ "1938 December - RCA / NBC Test Pattern #2". http://www.tvhistory.tv/1938-RCA-Test-Pattern.jpg. 
  45. ↑ "Television Graphics Around the World". http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/testcard/around_world.html. 
  46. ↑ "Test pattern? - Videokarma.org TV - Video - Vintage Television & Radio Forums". Videokarma.org. http://www.videokarma.org/showthread.php?t=252977. Retrieved 2022-07-24. 
  47. ↑ "EEV Test Chart for CCTV Cameras". Electronics Australia (12): 57. 1970. https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-AUSTRALIA/IDX/Archive-Electronics-Australia-IDX/IDX/70s/Electronics-Australia-1970-12-OCR-Page-0057.pdf. 
  48. ↑ "ГОСТ 20466-75 - Таблица телевизионная испытательная универсальная ИТ-72. Диапозитивы. Общие технические условия". https://engenegr.ru/gost-20466-75. 
  49. ↑ "ГОСТ 28459-90 Таблица телевизионная испытательная универсальная 0286. Общие технические требования". https://allgosts.ru/33/160/gost_28459-90. 
  50. ↑ "DuMont Industrial Color System". https://www.earlytelevision.org/dumont_industrial_color.html. 
  51. ↑ "DDR Fernsehen Normenumstellung von OIRT auf CCIR". https://www.radiomuseum.org/forum/ddr_fernsehen_normenumstellung_von_oirt_auf_ccir.html. 
  52. ↑ "DFF Electronic Test Pattern". http://www.jeromeglick.net/img/tv/test-cards/dff-tp-elec.jpg. 
  53. ↑ "DFF Monochrome Test Pattern". http://www.jeromeglick.net/img/tv/test-cards/dff-tp-mono.jpg. 
  54. ↑ "DFF Color Test Pattern". http://www.jeromeglick.net/img/tv/test-cards/dff-tp-color.jpg. 
  55. ↑ Bowden-Smith, Kif. "Forward March". https://www.transdiffusion.org/2015/11/30/forward-march. 
  56. ↑ "UK Broadcasting History". https://www.ambisonic.net/arundercover.html. 
  57. ↑ Glick, Jerome. "Television & Video - Test Cards & Signals". http://www.jeromeglick.net/tv/test-cards.html. 
  58. ↑ Test Charts. Marconi. 1960. p. 60. http://marconiintelevision.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/84534898/Test%20Charts%20-%201960.pdf. 
  59. ↑ Limited, Alamy. "broadcast, television, test pattern, Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk (Northwest German Broadcasting, NWDR), circa 1952 Stock Photo - Alamy" (in en). https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-broadcast-television-test-pattern-nordwestdeutscher-rundfunk-northwest-24440833.html. 
  60. ↑ "Testbeelden van de Nederlandse Televisie". https://radio-tv-nederland.nl/historie/testbeeld/testbeeld.html. 
  61. ↑ "BBC Tuning Signals". Meldrum. 29 March 2000. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090223154155/http://www.meldrum.co.uk/mhp/testcard/bbc_tune.html. Retrieved 14 August 2009. 
  62. ↑ "Photographic Archive". July 5, 2012. https://stillslibrary.rte.ie/indexplus/image/2413/044.html. 
  63. ↑ "Philips PM 5534 Pal colour pattern generator.". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=14q5RilUvO0. 
  64. ↑ "Sweden". March 16, 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/tim_anderson/16836245641/. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Philips TV-Measuring Equipment, 1980". https://tubedata.altanatubes.com.br/other/sos/Philips_TV-MeasuringEquipment_1980.pdf. 
  66. ↑ "Philips PM5552 Test Pattern". http://www.jeromeglick.net/img/tv/test-cards/philips/pm5552.jpg. 
  67. ↑ "Test pattern? - Page 4 - Videokarma.org TV - Video - Vintage Television & Radio Forums". Videokarma.org. 2021-11-17. http://www.videokarma.org/showthread.php?t=252977&page=4. Retrieved 2022-07-24. 
  68. ↑ "Hungarian ETC's". http://ing-sat.what.hu/hun-monoszkop.htm. 
  69. ↑ "Czechoslovakia". August 11, 2012. https://www.flickr.com/photos/tim_anderson/16451478929/. 
  70. ↑ "CST EZO TEST PATTERN". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8-2h4UQYXk. 
  71. ↑ "MTN9 Griffith sign-off 1986". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-j1LOdiUuY. 
  72. ↑ "KCTV screencap". January 17, 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/138429075@N08/23825585754/. 
  73. ↑ "DPRK TV - Test Card". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YB3LY0y-Row. 
  74. ↑ SuperVisor Multi-Standard Display Processor Manual. Snell & Wilcox. 2001. https://wwwapps.grassvalley.com/docs/Manuals/sam/conversion_restoration/Supervisor_Operation.pdf. 
  75. ↑ "The Snell & Wilcox Test Chart #2 What is it?". https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/26361361/the-snell-wilcox-test-chart-2-what-is-it-the-snell-wilcox-2-is-. 
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