Earth:Active volcano

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Short description: Geological feature
World map of active volcanoes and plate boundaries
Kīlauea's lava entering the sea
Lava flows at Holuhraun, Iceland, September 2014

An active volcano is a volcano that has erupted during the Holocene (the current geologic epoch of last 10,000 years), is currently erupting, or has the potential to erupt in the future.[1] A volcano that is not currently erupting but could erupt in the future is known as a dormant volcano.[1] Volcanoes that will not erupt again are known as extinct volcanoes.[1]

Overview

There are 1,350 potentially active volcanoes around the world, 500 of which have erupted in historical time.[2] Many active volcanoes are located along the Pacific Rim, also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire.[2][3] An estimated 500 million people live near active volcanoes.[3]

Historical time (or recorded history) is another timeframe for active.[4][5] The span of recorded history differs from region to region. In China and the Mediterranean, it reaches back nearly 3,000 years, but in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada, it reaches back less than 300 years, and in Hawaii and New Zealand it is only around 200 years.[4] The incomplete Catalogue of the Active Volcanoes of the World, published in parts between 1951 and 1975 by the International Association of Volcanology, uses this definition, by which there are more than 500 active volcanoes.[4][6] (As of March 2021), the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program recognizes 560 volcanoes with confirmed historical eruptions.[7]

Countries with the most Holocene volcanoes, according to the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Global Volcanism Program:[8]

  1. United states: 165
  2. Japan: 122
  3. Russia: 117
  4. Indonesia 117
  5. Chile: 91

Countries with the most volcanoes active since 1960:[9]

  1. Indonesia: 55
  2. Japan: 40
  3. US: 39 (mostly volcanic areas in and around Hawaii, Alaska, and Pacific territories)
  4. Russia: 27
  5. Chile: 19
  6. Papua New Guinea: 13
  7. Ecuador: 12

As of 2013, the following are considered Earth's most active volcanoes:[10]

(As of 2010), the longest ongoing (but not necessarily continuous) volcanic eruptive phases are:[11]

Other highly active volcanoes include:

Holocene volcanoes with large populations within 5 km:

Michoacan-Guanajuato volcano in Mexico and Tatun Volcanic Group in Taiwan both have more than 5 million people living within 5 kilometers of the volcano. Campi Flegrei in Italy and Ilopango in El Salvador both have populations of over 2 million people living within 5 kilometers of the volcanoes. Hainan Volcanic Field in China, San Pablo Volcanic Field in the Philippines, Ghegham Volcanic Ridge in Armenia, Dieng Volcanic Complex, in Indonesia, and Auckland Volcanic Field in New Zealand all have over 1 million people living within 5 kilometers of each volcano.[13]

By country

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica

Costa Rica

Iceland's Fagradalsfjall volcano
Hekla, stratovolcano in Iceland

Iceland

Source:[14]

  • Askja, a stratovolcano
  • Bardarbunga, a stratovolcano
  • Brennisteinsfjoll, crater rows
  • Eldey, fissure vent
  • Esjufjoll, stratovolcano
  • Eyjafjallajokull, stratovolcano
  • Fagradalsfjall, fissure vent
  • Fremrinamar, stratovolcano
  • Grimsnes, volcanic field
  • Grimsvotn, caldera
  • Heidarspordar, fissure vent
  • Hekla, stratovolcano
  • Helgrindur, volcanic field
  • Hengill, crater rows
  • Hofsjokull, fissure vent
  • Hromundartindur, stratovolcano
  • Katla, fissure vent
  • Kolbeinsey Ridge, fissure vent
  • Krafla, caldera
  • Krysuvik-Trolladyngja, crater rows
  • Kverkfjoll, stratovolcano
  • Ljosufjoll, volcanic field
  • Oddnyjarhnjukur-Langjokull, fissure vent
  • Oraefajokull, stratovolcano
  • Prestahnukur, fissure vent
  • Reykjanes, crater rows
  • Snaefell, stratovolcano
  • Snaefellsjokull, stratovolcano
  • Theistareykir, shield volcano
  • Thordarhyrna, stratovolcano
  • Tindfjallajokull, stratovolcano
  • Tjornes Fracture Zone, fissure vent
  • Torfajokull, stratovolcano
  • Tungnafellsjokull, stratovolcano
  • Vestmannaeyjar, fissure vents
Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast)
Mount Etna in Italy

Italy

Source:[15]

Nantai volcano, Tochigi-Nikko, Japan in 2013
Yotei Volcano on Hokkaido in Japan

Japan

See list of volcanoes in Japan for more information

Hokkaido

Honshū

Izu Islands

Kyūshū

Ryūkyū Islands

  • Submarine Volcano NNE of Iriomotejima, submarine volcano
  • Iōtorishima, volcanic island
  • Kikai Caldera, caldera
  • Kuchinoshima
  • Kuchinoerabujima
  • Nakanoshima, volcanic island
  • Suwanosejima
  • Yokoatejima, volcanic island
Colima volcano in Mexico
Popocatepetl volcano in Mexico

Mexico

Source:[16]

  • Los Atlixcos, shield volcano
  • Barcena, pyroclastic cone
  • Ceboruco, stratovolcano
  • Chichinautzin, volcanic field
  • El Chichon, lava dome
  • Cofre de Perote, compound
  • Colima, stratovolcano
  • Comondu-La Purisima, volcanic field
  • Coronado, stratovolcano
  • Las Cumbres, stratovolcano
  • Durango Volcanic Field, volcanic field
  • La Gloria, volcanic field
  • Guadalupe, shield volcano
  • Los Humeros, caldera
  • Isla Isabel, tuff cone
  • Iztaccihuatl, stratovolcano
  • Jaraguay Volcanic Field, volcanic field
  • Jocotitlan, stratovolcano
  • La Malinche, stratovolcano
  • Mascota Volcanic Field, volcanic field
  • Michoacan-Guanajuato, volcanic field
  • Naolinco Volcanic Field, volcanic field
  • Northern East Pacific Rise at 16°N, fissure vent
  • Northern East Pacific Rise at 17°N, fissure vent
  • Pico de Orizaba, stratovolcano
  • Pinacate, volcanic field
  • Popocatepetl, stratovolcano
  • Cerro Prieto, lava dome
  • San Borja Volcanic Field
  • Isla San Luis, tuff cone
  • San Martin, volcanic field
  • Sanganguey, stratovolcano
  • Serdan-Oriental, volcanic field
  • Socorro, shield volcano
  • Tacana, stratovolcano
  • Nevado de Toluca, stratovolcano
  • Isla Tortuga, shield volcano
  • Zitacuaro-Valle de Bravo, volcanic field
Mayon volcano in the Philippines
Taal volcano, Philippines

Philippines

Source:[17]

  • Ambalatungan Group, a volcanic compound
  • Apo, a stratovolcano
  • Babuyan Claro, a stratovolcano
  • Balut, a stratovolcano
  • Mount Banahaw, volcanic complex
  • Biliran, volcanic compound
  • Mount Bulusan, stratovolcano
  • Cabalían, stratovolcano
  • Cagua, stratovolcano
  • Camiguin, stratovolcano
  • Camiguin de Babuyanes, stratovolcano
  • Cuernos de Negros, volcanic complex
  • Didicas, volcanic compound
  • Iraya, stratovolcano
  • Iriga, stratovolcano
  • Isarog, stratovolcano
  • Kalatungan, stratovolcano
  • Kanlaon, stratovolcano
  • Laguna Caldera, a caldera
  • Leonard Range, stratovolcano
  • Mahagnao, stratovolcano
  • Makaturing, stratovolcano
  • Malindang, stratovolcano
  • Malindig, stratovolcano
  • Mandalagan, volcanic complex
  • Masaraga, stratovolcano
  • Matutum, stratovolcano
  • Mayon, stratovolcano
  • Musuan, a lava dome
  • Parker, stratovolcano
  • Patoc, stratovolcano
  • Pinatubo, stratovolcano
  • Pocdol Mountains, a volcanic compound
  • Ragang, stratovolcano
  • San Pablo Volcanic Field, a volcanic field
  • Silay, stratovolcano
  • Taal, a caldera

United States

Kilauea Fissure 8 cone erupting in Hawaii

Hawaii

Source:[18]

Mount Hood in Oregon
Mount Bachelor, Oregon

Oregon

Mount St. Helens, Washington
Mount Rainier, Washington

Washington

Mount Shasta, California

California

  • Mount Shasta, a stratovolcano
  • Shastina, a stratovolcano and flank cone of Mount Shasta
  • Hotlum Cone, a stratovolcanic cinder cone and most recent cone of Mount Shasta
  • Misery Hill (California), a stratovolcanic cone near the peak of Mount Shasta
  • Sargents Ridge, a stratovolcanic cone of Mount Shasta that is also in a volcano complex with Shastarama Point
  • Shastarama Point, a stratovolcanic cone of Mount Shasta that has a crater and lava dome and shares a volcano complex with Sargents Ridge
  • Black Butte (Siskiyou County, California), a group of overlapping lava domes that are also a smaller cone of Mount Shasta
  • Medicine Lake Volcano, a large shield volcano and caldera east to northeast of Mount Shasta
  • Brushy Butte, a poorly-known shield volcano with a cinder cone on its west flank called Timbered Crater
  • Chaos Crags, a group of lava domes northwest of Lassen Peak
  • Lassen Peak, a large lava dome
  • Lassen Volcanic National Park, a volcanic area and volcanic field
  • Clear Lake Volcanic Field, a volcanic field full of lava domes and cinder cones
  • Mount Konocti, a lava dome
  • Mono-Inyo Craters, a volcanic field and volcanic arc within the Sierra Nevada
  • Negit Island, an island with a volcanic cone on it
  • Paoha Island, an island with a volcanic cone on it
  • Panum Crater, a cinder cone with a lava dome
  • Mammoth Mountain, a large lava dome
  • Long Valley Caldera, a caldera and supervolcano
  • Little Walker Caldera, a caldera and possible supervolcano
  • Big Pine volcanic field, a volcanic field
  • Coso Volcanic Field, a volcanic field
  • Cima volcanic field, a volcanic field
  • Lavic Lake volcanic field, a volcanic field
  • Amboy Crater, a cinder cone
  • Pisgah Crater, a cinder cone
  • Aiken's Wash, a cinder cone
  • Salton Buttes, a group of short and small lava domes southeast of the Salton Sea
  • Red Island Volcano, a short lava dome

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Active, dormant, and extinct: Clarifying confusing classifications | U.S. Geological Survey". https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/news/active-dormant-and-extinct-clarifying-confusing-classifications. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "How many active volcanoes are there on Earth? | U.S. Geological Survey". https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-many-active-volcanoes-are-there-earth. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Volcanoes". European Space Agency. 2009. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Space_for_our_climate/SEM3XU2VQUD_0.html. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Decker, Robert Wayne; Decker, Barbara (1991). Mountains of Fire: The Nature of Volcanoes. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-31290-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=-P83AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7. 
  5. ↑ Tilling, Robert I. (1997). "Volcano environment". Volcanoes. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/environments.html. Retrieved August 16, 2012. "There are more than 500 active volcanoes (those that have erupted at least once within recorded history) in the world" 
  6. ↑ DeFelice, B.; Spydell, D.R.; Stoiber, R.E. (14 November 1997). "Catalogs of Active Volcanoes". The Electronic Volcano. Dartmouth College. https://www.dartmouth.edu/~volcano/EvA.html. 
  7. ↑ Venzke, E., ed (2013). "How many active volcanoes are there?". Global Volcanism Program Volcanoes of the World (version 4.9.4). Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/faq/index.cfm?question=activevolcanoes. 
  8. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Which countries have the most volcanoes?" (in en). https://volcano.si.edu/faq/. 
  9. ↑ "Infographic: The Countries With the Most Active Volcanos" (in en). 2023-11-15. https://www.statista.com/chart/27828/countries-with-the-most-volcanoes-that-have-been-active-since-1950. 
  10. ↑ "The most active volcanoes in the world". VolcanoDiscovery.com. http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/558.html. 
  11. ↑ Leontiou, A. (2 November 2010). "The World's Five Most Active Volcanoes". livescience.com. http://www.livescience.com/29790-worlds-five-most-active-volcanoes.html. 
  12. ↑ "Where is the largest active volcano in the world? | U.S. Geological Survey". https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/where-largest-active-volcano-world. 
  13. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | What volcanoes have the most people living nearby?" (in en). https://volcano.si.edu/faq/. 
  14. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Iceland Volcanoes" (in en). https://volcano.si.edu/. 
  15. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Italy Volcanoes" (in en). https://volcano.si.edu/. 
  16. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Mexico Volcanoes" (in en). https://volcano.si.edu/. 
  17. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Philippines Volcanoes" (in en). https://volcano.si.edu/. 
  18. ↑ "Active Volcanoes of Hawaii | U.S. Geological Survey". https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/active-volcanoes-hawaii. 

See also



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