Astronomy:Soil Moisture Active Passive

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Soil Moisture Active Passive
SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) satellite.jpg
Artist rendition of SMAP
Mission typeEnvironmental
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID2015-003A
SATCAT no.40376
Websitesmap.jpl.nasa.gov
Mission duration3 years
Start of mission
Launch date31 January 2015, 14:22 (2015-01-31UTC14:22Z) UTC[1]
RocketDelta II 7320-10C[2]
Launch siteVandenberg Air Force Base SLC-2W
ContractorUnited Launch Alliance
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeSun-synchronous
Perigee altitude688.4 km (427.8 mi)[3]
Apogee altitude690.7 km (429.2 mi)[3]
Inclination98.12 degrees[3]
Period98.4 minutes[3]
Epoch9 May 2015, 02:10:00 UTC[3]
 
Animation of SMAP's trajectory around Earth from 31 January 2015 to 19 August 2015
   SMAP ·   Earth

Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) is an United States environmental research satellite launched on 31 January 2015.[1] It was one of the first Earth observation satellites developed by NASA in response to the National Research Council’s Decadal Survey.[4][5]

Mission overview

SMAP provides measurements of the land surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state with near-global revisit coverage in 2–3 days. SMAP surface measurements are coupled with hydrologic models to infer soil moisture conditions in the root zone. These measurements enable science applications users to:

  1. Understand processes that link the terrestrial water, energy, and carbon cycles.
  2. Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface.
  3. Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes.
  4. Enhance weather and climate forecast skill.
  5. Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capability.

SMAP observations will be acquired for a period of at least three years after launch. A comprehensive validation, science, and applications program will be implemented, and all data are publicly available through the NASA archive centers.

Measurement concept

The SMAP observatory includes a dedicated spacecraft and instrument suite in a near-polar, Sun-synchronous orbit. The SMAP measurement system consists of a radiometer (passive) instrument and a synthetic aperture radar (active) instrument operating with multiple polarizations in the L-band range. The combined active and passive measurement approach takes advantage of the spatial resolution of the radar and the sensing accuracy of the radiometer.[6]

The active and passive sensors provide coincident measurements of the surface emission and backscatter. The instruments sense conditions in the top 5 cm of soil through moderate vegetation cover to yield globally mapped estimates of soil moisture and its freeze-thaw state.

Scientific payload

The satellite carries two scientific instruments: a radar and a radiometer, that share a single feed and deployable 6m reflector antenna system that rotates around the nadir axis making conical scans of the surface. The wide swath provides near-global revisit every 2–3 days.

SMAP system characteristics

Characteristic Radar Radiometer
Frequency 1.2 GHz 1.41 GHz
Polarizations VV, HH, HV V, H, U
Resolution 1–3 km[1] 40 km
Antenna diameter 6 m
Rotation rate 14.6 rpm
Incidence angle 40°
Swath width 1000 km
Orbit Polar, Sun-synchronous
Local time asc. node 6 am
Altitude 670 km

Program description

SMAP is a directed mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA. The SMAP project is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL, with participation by the Goddard Space Flight Center GSFC. SMAP builds on the heritage and risk reduction activities of NASA's cancelled ESSP Hydros Mission.[7]

Science and applications

SMAP observations are used to characterize hydrologic and ecosystem processes including land-atmosphere exchanges of water, energy, and carbon. Among the users of SMAP data are hydrologists, weather forecasters, climate scientists and agricultural and water resource managers.[8] Additional users include fire hazard and flood disaster managers, disease control and prevention managers, emergency planners and policy makers.[8] SMAP soil moisture and freeze-thaw information will directly benefit several societal applications areas, including:

Weather and climate forecasting

Initialization of numerical weather prediction models and seasonal climate models with accurate soil moisture information will extend forecast lead times and enhance prediction skill.

Drought

SMAP soil moisture information will improve the monitoring and forecasting of drought conditions, enabling new capabilities for mitigating drought impacts.

Floods and landslides

Hydrologic forecast systems calibrated and initialized with high-resolution soil moisture fields will lead to improved flood forecasts and will provide essential information on the potential for landslides.

Agricultural productivity

Soil moisture observations from SMAP will lead to improvements in crop yield forecasts and will enhance the capabilities of crop water stress decision support systems for agricultural productivity.[8]

Human health

Improved seasonal soil moisture forecasts will directly benefit famine early warning systems. Benefits will also be realized through improved predictions of heat stress and virus spread rates, and improved disaster preparation and response.

Status

In August 2015, scientists completed their initial calibration of the two instruments on board, however, SMAP's radar stopped transmitting July 7 due to an anomaly that was investigated by a team at JPL.[9] The team identified the anomaly to the power supply for the radar's high-power amplifier.[10][11] On 2 September 2015, NASA announced that the amplifier failure meant that the radar could no longer return data. The science mission continues with data being returned only by the radiometer instrument.[12]

See also

Notes

1.^ Over outer 70% of swath

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "NASA SMAP "Here I go!!!!"". NASA JPL. January 31, 2015. https://twitter.com/NASASMAP/status/561529985048252418. Retrieved 2015-01-31. 
  2. ↑ Ray, Justin. "NASA gives the Delta 2 rocket a new lease on life". SpaceFlightNow. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1207/16delta2/. Retrieved 17 July 2012. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "SMAP Satellite details 2015-003A NORAD 40376". N2YO. 10 May 2015. http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=40376. Retrieved 10 May 2015. 
  4. ↑ O'Neill, Peggy; Entekhabi, Dara. "The NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission: Overview". NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110015242. Retrieved 14 September 2011. 
  5. ↑ "Decadal Survey". NASA. Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20090825204910/http://nasascience.nasa.gov/earth-science/decadal-surveys/. 
  6. ↑ "SMAP: Instrument." Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved: 19 April 2015.
  7. ↑ Stéphane Bélair1, Ralph Girard, and Thomas Piekutowski, Science Plan and Possible Canadian Contributions to the Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) Mission , Microwave Remote Sensing for Land Hydrology Research and Applications was held on October 20–22, 2008, in Oxnard, California, USA
    Quote: "As SMAP was emerging from the ashes of HYDROS in 2007, CSA exchanged with NASA on the possibility of renewing their partnership. CSA, in collaboration with other Canadian Government Departments, is currently developing plans regarding possible scientific and technical contributions to the new mission. The scientific activities would include both government and academic partners."
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Buis, Alan (October 15, 2014). "NASA Soil Moisture Mapper Arrives at Launch Site". JPL News (NASA). http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-355&1. Retrieved 2014-10-24. 
  9. ↑ "NASA's SMAP Releases First Calibrated Data". NASA News. 5 August 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/nasas-smap-releases-first-calibrated-data. Retrieved 2015-08-10. 
  10. ↑ "SMAP Team Investigating Radar Instrument Anomaly". NASA News. August 5, 2015. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4658. Retrieved 2015-08-11. 
  11. ↑ Clark, Stephen (10 August 2015). "NASA troubleshoots radar outage on new SMAP satellite". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/08/10/nasa-troubleshoots-radar-outage-on-new-smap-satellite/. Retrieved 2015-08-11. 
  12. ↑ "NASA Soil Moisture Radar Ends Operations, Mission Science Continues". 2 September 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-soil-moisture-radar-ends-operations-mission-science-continues. Retrieved 2015-09-02. 

External links




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