Astronomy:Lunar Gateway

From HandWiki
Short description: Lunar orbital space station under development


Gateway
GATEWAY (Moon Space Station).jpg
An illustration of the Gateway's Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) in orbit around the Moon in 2025
NASA Artemis Gateway logo.png
Station statistics
CrewMax 4 (planned)
LaunchNovember 2025 (planned)[1]
Carrier rocketFalcon Heavy
SLS Block 1B
Launch padKennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39
Mission statusIn development
Pressurised volume≥125 m3 (4,400 cu ft) (planned)[2]
Periselene altitude3,000 km (1,900 mi)[3]
selene|helion||o}}selene altitude70,000 km (43,000 mi)
Orbital inclinationPolar near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO)
Orbital period≈7 days
Configuration
Gateway-infographic-11.16.22.png
Configuration as of 16 November 2022
Part of Space program of the United States
Space policy of the United States
Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
Human spaceflight programs
Robotic spaceflight programs
Launch vehicles
Astronaut corps

The Lunar Gateway, or simply Gateway, is the first planned extraterrestrial space station. It will be placed in lunar orbit and is intended to serve as a solar-powered communication hub, science laboratory, and short-term habitation module for government-agency astronauts, as well as a holding area for rovers and other robots. It is a multinational collaborative project involving four of the International Space Station partner agencies — NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) — as well as the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC), which will provide the Crew and Science Airlock module for the Lunar Gateway.[4] The Lunar Gateway is planned to be both the first space station beyond low Earth orbit and the first space station to orbit the Moon.[5][6]

Formerly known as the Deep Space Gateway (DSG), the station was renamed Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (LOP-G) in NASA's 2018 proposal for the 2019 United States federal budget.[7][8] When the NASA budget was signed into law on February 15, 2019,[9] US$450 million had been committed by Congress to preliminary studies.[9][10]

The science disciplines to be studied on the Gateway are expected to include planetary science, astrophysics, Earth observation, heliophysics, fundamental space biology, and human health and performance.[11] Construction is planned to take place in the 2020s.[12][13][14] The International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG), which is composed of 14 space agencies including NASA, has concluded that Gateway systems will be critical in expanding human presence to the Moon, to Mars, and deeper into the Solar System.[15]

The project is expected to play a major role in NASA's Artemis program, after 2024. While the project is led by NASA, the Gateway is meant to be developed, serviced, and utilized in collaboration with the CSA, ESA, JAXA, and commercial partners. It will serve as the staging point for both robotic and crewed exploration of the lunar south pole and is the proposed staging point for NASA's Deep Space Transport concept for transport to Mars.[16][12][17]

History

Background

The Apollo Command and Service Module was the first crewed lunar orbiting spacecraft performing dockings and crew transfers with another spacecraft, the Apollo lander. Lunar bases, like the first Tranquility Base as well as concepts for lunar bases have been the main focus of human presence at the Moon.

Studies

2012 concept for the Deep Space Habitat, consisting of a cryogenic propulsion stage, an ISS-derived habitat module, and a MPLM

An earlier NASA proposal for a cislunar station had been made public in 2012 and was dubbed the Deep Space Habitat. That proposal led to funding in 2015 under the NextSTEP program to study the requirements of deep space habitats.[18] In February 2018, it was announced that the NextSTEP studies and other ISS partner studies would help to guide the capabilities required of the Gateway's habitation modules.[19] The solar electric Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) of the Gateway was originally a part of the now-canceled Asteroid Redirect Mission.[20][21] On 7 November 2017, NASA asked the global science community to submit concepts for scientific studies that could take advantage of the Deep Space Gateway's location in cislunar space.[11] The Deep Space Gateway Concept Science Workshop was held in Denver, Colorado, from 27 February to 1 March 2018. This three-day conference was a workshop where 196 presentations were given for possible scientific studies that could be advanced through the use of the Gateway.[22]

In 2018, NASA initiated the Revolutionary Aerospace Systems Concepts Academic Linkage (RASC-AL) competition for universities to develop concepts and capabilities for the Gateway. The competitors were asked to employ original engineering and analysis in one of four areas; "Gateway Uncrewed Utilization and Operations", "Gateway-Based Human Lunar Surface Access", "Gateway Logistics as a Science Platform", and "Design of a Gateway-Based Cislunar Tug". Teams of undergraduate and graduate students were asked to submit a response by 17 January 2019 addressing one of these four themes. NASA selected 20 teams to continue developing proposed concepts. Fourteen of the teams presented their projects in person in June 2019 at the RASC-AL Forum in Cocoa Beach, Florida, receiving a US$6,000 stipend to participate in the Forum.[6] The "Lunar Exploration and Access to Polar Regions" from the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez was the winning concept.[23]

NASA unveiled the name of the lunar-orbit space station in November 2019, and the Gateway with its name and logo associated with the American frontier symbol of the St. Louis Gateway Arch.[24]

International participants

On 27 September 2017, an informal joint statement on cooperation regarding the program between NASA and Russia's Roscosmos was announced.[14] However, in October 2020 Dmitry Rogozin, director general of Roscosmos, said that the program is too “U.S.-centric” for Roscosmos to participate in,[25] and in January 2021, Roscosmos announced that it would not participate in the program.[26]

As of January 2024, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the European Space Agency (ESA), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) all plan to participate in the Gateway project, contributing a robotic arm called Canadarm3 (CSA), refuelling and communications hardware, habitation and research capacity and an airlock module. These international elements are intended to launch after the initial NASA PPE and HALO elements are placed into lunar orbit.[27]

Power and propulsion

Gateway - Power and Propulsion Element

On 1 November 2017, NASA commissioned five studies lasting four months into affordable ways to develop the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), leveraging private companies' plans. These studies had a combined budget of US$2.4 million. The companies performing the PPE studies were Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Orbital ATK, Sierra Nevada and Space Systems/Loral.[28][21] These awards are in addition to the ongoing set of NextSTEP-2 awards made in 2016 to study development and make ground prototypes of habitat modules that could be used on the Gateway as well as other commercial applications,[17] so the Gateway is likely to incorporate components developed under NextSTEP as well.[21][29] The PPE will use four 6 kW BHT-6000 Busek Hall-effect thrusters[30][31][32] and two 12.5 kW NASA/Aerojet Rocketdyne Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) Hall-effect thrusters for a total engine output fractionally under 50 kW.[33] In 2019, the contract to manufacture the PPE was awarded to Maxar Technologies.[34] After a one-year demonstration period, NASA would then "exercise a contract option to take over control of the spacecraft".[35] Its expected service time is about 15 years.[36]

Orbit and operations

Near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) in cislunar space, as ilustrated by an A.I. Solutions, Inc. using the FreeFlyer software
Lunar Gateway orbit. Trajectory plot over seven days with the view fixed on Moon and Earth.

File:Lunar Gateway orbit animation.webm File:Lunar Gateway orbit animation moon north.webm

The Gateway is planned to be deployed in a highly elliptical seven-day near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) around the Moon, which would bring the station within 1,500 km (930 mi) over the lunar north pole surface at closest approach and as far away as 70,000 km (43,000 mi) over the lunar south pole.[3][37][38] Traveling to and from cislunar space (lunar orbit) is intended to develop the knowledge and experience necessary to venture beyond the Moon and into deep space. The proposed NRHO would allow lunar expeditions from the Gateway to reach a low polar orbit with a Δv of 730 m/s and a half a day of transit time. Orbital station-keeping would require less than 10 m/s of Δv per year, and the orbital inclination could be shifted with a relatively small Δv expenditure, allowing access to most of the lunar surface. Spacecraft launched from Earth would perform a powered flyby of the Moon (Δv ≈ 180 m/s) followed by a Δv ≈ 240 m/s NRHO insertion burn to dock with the Gateway as it approaches the apoapsis point of its orbit. The total travel time would be 5 days; the return to Earth would be similar in terms of trip duration and Δv requirement if the spacecraft spends 11 days at the Gateway. The crewed mission duration of 21 days and Δv ≈ 840 m/s is limited by the capabilities of the Orion life support and propulsion systems.[39]

One of the advantages of an NRHO is the minimal amount of communications blackout with the Earth.

Gateway will be the first modular space station to be both human-rated, and autonomously operating most of the time in its early years, as well as being the first deep-space station, far from low Earth orbit. This will be enabled by more sophisticated executive control software than on any prior space station, which will monitor and control all systems. The high-level architecture is provided by the Robotics and Intelligence for Human Spaceflight lab at NASA and implemented at NASA facilities. The Gateway could conceivably also support in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) development and testing from lunar and asteroid sources,[40] and would offer the opportunity for a gradual buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time.[41]

Structure

Full proposed Lunar Gateway
Four astronauts inside of the Gateway mock-up module at the Space Station Processing Facility in the Kennedy Space Center, Florida
NASA and Lockheed Martin employees group photo with one of the Gateway modules training mock-up inside the SSPF

For supporting the first crewed mission to the station (Artemis 3) planned for 2025, the Gateway will be a minimalistic mini-space station composed of only two modules: the Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO).[42][43] Both PPE and HALO will be assembled on Earth and launched together on a Falcon Heavy in November 2025,[1] and they are expected to reach lunar orbit after nine to ten months.[44] The I-Hab module, a contribution from ESA and JAXA, is to be launched on the SLS Block 1B as a co-manifested payload on the Artemis 4 crewed Orion mission.[45] All modules will be connected using the International Docking System Standard.[46]

Planned modules

  • The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) started development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the now canceled Asteroid Redirect Mission. The original concept was a robotic, high-performance solar electric spacecraft that would retrieve a multi-ton boulder from an asteroid and bring it to lunar orbit for study.[47] When ARM was canceled, the solar electric propulsion was repurposed for the Gateway.[48][49] The PPE will allow access to the entire lunar surface and act as a space tug for visiting craft.[34] It will also serve as the command and communications center of the Gateway.[50][51] The PPE is intended to have a launch mass of 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) with propellant accounting for half that mass [52] and the capability to generate 50 kW[21] of solar electric power for its ion thrusters, which can be supplemented by chemical propulsion.[53] In May 2019, Maxar Technologies was contracted by NASA to manufacture this module, which will also supply the station with electrical power and is based on Maxar's 1300 series satellite bus. The PPE will use Busek 6 kW Hall-effect thrusters and NASA Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) Hall-effect thrusters.[30][31][32] Maxar was awarded a firm-fixed-price contract of US$375 million to build the PPE. NASA is supplying the PPE with an S-band communications system to provide a radio link with nearby vehicles and a passive docking adapter to receive the Gateway's future utilization module.[54] NASA awarded a contract of US$331.8 million to launch PPE on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy in November 2025 with the HALO module.[1][55]
  • The Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO),[56][57] also called the Minimal Habitation Module (MHM) and formerly known as the Utilization Module,[58] will be built by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS).[42][59] A single Falcon Heavy will launch HALO in November 2025 along with the PPE module.[1][55] The HALO is based directly on a Cygnus Cargo resupply module[42][60] to the outside of which radial docking ports, body mounted radiators (BMRs), batteries and communications antennae will be added. The HALO will be a scaled-down habitation module,[61] yet it will feature a functional pressurized volume providing sufficient command, control and data handling capabilities, energy storage and power distribution, thermal control, communications and tracking capabilities, two axial and up to two radial docking ports, stowage volume, environmental control and life support systems to augment the Orion spacecraft and support a crew of four for at least 30 days.[59] The overall HALO mass is expected to be 8-9 tons depending on the final internal layout configuration and launch vehicle lift capability.[62] On 5 June 2020, Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems was awarded a contract, by NASA, of US$187 million to complete the preliminary design of HALO.[63] On 9 July 2021, NASA signed a separate contract with Northrop for the fabrication of the HALO, and for integration with the PPE being built by Maxar, for US$935 million.[1] In July 2022, Northrop Grumman awarded Solstar a contract to supply Wi-Fi access for personnel and equipment in the HALO module.[64][65]
  • Thales Alenia Space Gateway manufacturing team in front of their factories in Cannes, France
    The European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications (ESPRIT) service module will provide additional xenon and hydrazine capacity, additional communications equipment, and an airlock for science packages.[2] It will have a mass of approximately 4,000 kg (8,800 lb), and a length of 3.91 m (12.8 ft).[66] ESA has awarded two parallel design studies, one mostly led by Airbus in partnership with Comex and OHB[67] and one led by Thales Alenia Space.[68] The construction of the module was approved in November 2019.[69][70] On 14 October 2020, Thales Alenia Space announced that they had been selected by the European Space Agency (ESA) to build the ESPRIT module.[71][72] Early 2021, Thales Alenia Space announced effective contract signature.[73] The ESPRIT module will consist of two parts. The first part, called the Halo Lunar Communication System (HLCS) will provide the communications for the mini-station Gateway. It will launch in November 2025 pre-attached to the HALO module, for which Thales has separately been awarded a contract by NASA to construct its hull and micrometeoroid protection. The second part, called the ESPRIT Refueling Module (ERM), will contain the pressurized fuel tanks, docking ports and small-windowed habitation corridor[71][72] and launch in 2029.[74]
  • The International Habitation Module (I-HAB) will be an additional habitation module built by ESA in collaboration with Japan .[69] On 14 October 2020, Thales Alenia Space announced that they had been selected by ESA to build the I-HAB module slated for launch in 2026. The module will also feature contributions from the other station partners, including a life support system from JAXA, avionics and software from NASA and robotics from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).[71][72] The module is slated to launch in 2028 on the Artemis 4 mission as a co-manifested payload on the SLS Block 1B along with a crewed Orion spacecraft.[74] The I-HAB would have a maximum launch mass of 10,000 kg (22,000 lb) and provide a habitable volume of 10 m3 (350 cu ft) (the gross pressurized volume is 35 m3 (1,200 cu ft).[75] In 2019, NASA proposed the addition of a second large U.S. habitation module (to be developed by U.S. industry) in order to increase the station's combined habitable volume to 125 m3 (4,400 cu ft).[2]
  • The Canadarm3, a pair of robotic remote manipulator arms, one large and one small, broadly similar to the Space Shuttle Canadarm and International Space Station Canadarm2, and associated dextrous manipulator. The arm is to operate autonomously; however, it is also capable of accepting control from ground stations or from astronauts aboard Gateway.[76] The Canadarm3 is to be the contribution of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) to this international endeavor. CSA contracted MDA (formerly MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates) to build the arm. MDA previously built Canadarm2, while its former subsidiary, Spar Aerospace, built Canadarm.[77][78][79]

Proposed modules

(Outdated) artist's concept of Lunar Gateway orbiting the Moon. The Orion MPCV is docked on the left.

The concept for the Gateway is still evolving, and is intended to include the following modules:[80]

  • The Gateway Logistics Modules will be used to refuel, resupply and provide logistics on board the mini-space station. The first logistics module sent to the Gateway will also arrive with a robotic arm, which will be built by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).[81][82]

Construction

Crewed flights to the Gateway are expected to use Orion and SLS, while other missions are expected to be done by commercial launch providers. In March 2020, NASA announced SpaceX with its future spacecraft Dragon XL as the first commercial partner to deliver supplies to the Gateway (see GLS).[83]

Phase 1

The first two modules (PPE and HALO) will be launched together on the Falcon Heavy rocket in November 2025.[1][55]

Year Mission objective Mission name Launch vehicle Human/robotic elements
November 2025[1] Launch of Power and Propulsion Element (PPE) and Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO) Mini-space station Gateway Falcon Heavy Robotic
December 2025[74] Delivery of Orion MPCV (with crew, for lunar landing) Artemis 3 SLS Block 1 Crewed
September 2028[74] Delivery of Orion MPCV and I-HAB module[45] Artemis 4 SLS Block 1B Crewed
September 2029[74] Delivery of Orion MPCV and ESPRIT Refueling Module (ERM)[84] Artemis 5 SLS Block 1B Crewed
September 2030[74] Delivery of Orion MPCV and Crew and Science Airlock module Artemis 6 SLS Block 1B Crewed
September 2031[74] (Proposed) Delivery of Orion MPCV and logistics module Artemis 7 SLS Block 1B Crewed

Criticism

NASA officials promote the Gateway as a "reusable command module" that could direct activities on the lunar surface.[85] However, Gateway has received mostly negative reactions from space professionals.

Michael D. Griffin, a former NASA administrator, said that the Gateway could be useful only after there are facilities on the Moon producing propellant that could be transported to the Gateway. Griffin thinks that after that is achieved, the Gateway would then serve as a fuel depot.[85] In a written testimony to Congress, Griffin stated that the current architecture requiring staging operations at a Gateway based in a lunar polar near-rectlinear halo orbit (NRHO) with a 6.5-day period was disadvantageous in that immediate return to the Gateway from the lunar surface is possible only on 6.5-day centers and that no early human lunar mission should knowingly accept the risk of stranding a crew, whether on the surface or in lunar orbit, for days at a time.[86]

Clive Neal, a University of Notre Dame geologist and advocate for the lunar exploration program, called the Gateway "a waste of money" and stated that NASA is "not fulfilling space policy by building an orbital space station around the Moon".[87]

Former NASA Associate Administrator Doug Cooke wrote in an article on The Hill stating, "NASA can significantly increase speed, simplicity, cost and probability of mission success by deferring Gateway, leveraging SLS, and reducing critical mission operations". He also wrote, "NASA should launch the lander elements (ascent and descent/transfer) on an SLS Block 1B. If an independent transfer element is required, it can be launched on a commercial launcher".[88]

George Abbey, a former director of NASA's Johnson Space Center, said, "The Gateway is, in essence, building a space station to orbit a natural space station, namely the Moon. [...] If we are going to return to the Moon, we should go directly there, not build a space station to orbit it".[89]

Former NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts, who was a pilot of STS-130 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour and commander of the ISS on Expedition 43, wrote in an op-ed on Ars Technica that the Gateway would "shackle human exploration, not enable it". He also said, "If we don't have the goal [of Gateway], we are putting the proverbial chicken before the egg by developing "Gemini" before we know what "Apollo" will look like. Regardless of a future destination, as someone who lived on the ISS for 200 days, I cannot envision a new technology that would be developed or validated by building another modular space station. Without a specific goal, we're unlikely to ever identify one". Terry further criticized NASA for abandoning its planned goal of separating crew from cargo, which was put in place following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003.[90] Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin stated that he is "quite opposed to the Gateway" and that "using the Gateway as a staging area for robotic or human missions to the lunar surface is absurd". Aldrin also questioned the benefit of the idea of sending "a crew to an intermediate point in space, pick up a lander there and go down". Conversely, Aldrin expressed support for Robert Zubrin's Moon Direct concept which involves lunar landers traveling from Earth orbit to the lunar surface and back.[91]

Pei Zhaoyu, deputy director of the Lunar Exploration and Space Program Center of the China National Space Administration (CNSA), concluded that the Gateway would have "low cost-effectiveness".[92] Pei said the Chinese plan is to focus on a national research station on the surface.[93] In July 2019, Pei announced that China was holding discussions with Russia and the ESA on international co-operation[94] and in August 2020 unveiled China's concept; the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS)[95] with co-operation from Russia and tentative agreement from ESA.

Architect René Waclavicek, who was involved with the design of the I-HAB module, noted the difficulty of designing a comfortable living quarter for astronauts visiting Gateway. His team was forced to shrink the size of the module to the point where its diameter is just 1.2 meters (4 feet), owing to the limited amount of weight current launch vehicles can carry to Lunar orbit and other technical limits. Additionally, most of I-HAB's 8 cubic meters (280 cubic feet) of available space will be filled with life support equipment, leaving a narrow corridor and a total of 1.5 cubic meters (53 cubic feet) of personal space to be shared by four astronauts.[96]

Mars Society founder Robert Zubrin called the Gateway "NASA's worst plan yet" in an article in the National Review. He said, "We do not need a lunar-orbiting station to go to the Moon. We do not need such a station to go to Mars. We do not need it to go to near-Earth asteroids. We do not need it to go anywhere. Nor can we accomplish anything in such a station that we cannot do in the Earth-orbiting International Space Station, except to expose human subjects to irradiation – a form of medical research for which a number of Nazi doctors were hanged". Zubrin also stated, "If the goal is to build a Moon base, it should be built on the surface of the Moon. That is where the science is, that is where the shielding material is, and that is where the resources to make propellant and other useful things are to be found".[97]

Retired aerospace engineer Gerald Black wrote in an article on The Space Review stating that the Gateway is "useless for supporting human return to the lunar surface and a lunar base". He added that it was not planned to be used as a rocket fuel depot and that stopping at the Gateway on the way to or from the Moon would serve no useful purpose and cost propellant.[98]

Mark Whittington, a contributor to The Hill newspaper and an author of several space exploration studies, stated in an article that the "lunar orbit project doesn't help us get back to the Moon". Whittington also pointed out that a lunar orbiting space station was not utilized during the Apollo program and that a "reusable lunar lander could be refueled from a depot on the lunar surface and left in a parking orbit between missions without the need for a big, complex space station".[99]

Astrophysicist Ethan Siegel wrote an article in Forbes titled "NASA's Idea For A Space Station In Lunar Orbit Takes Humanity Nowhere". Siegel stated that "Orbiting the Moon represents barely incremental progress; the only scientific "advantages" to being in lunar orbit as opposed to low Earth orbit are twofold: 1. You're outside of the Van Allen belts. 2. You're closer to the lunar surface", reducing the time delay. His final opinion was that the Gateway is "a great way to spend a great deal of money, advancing science and humanity in no appreciable way".[100]

Response from NASA

On 10 December 2018, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said at a presentation "There are people who say we need to get there, and we need to get there tomorrow", speaking of a crewed mission to the Moon, countering with "What we're doing here at NASA is following Space Policy Directive 1", speaking of the Gateway and following up with "I would argue that we got there in 1969. That race is over, and we won. The time now is to build a sustainable, reusable architecture. [...] The next time we go to the Moon, we're going to have American boots on the Moon with the American flag on their shoulders, and they're going to be standing side-by-side with our international partners who have never been to the Moon before".[101]

Dan Hartman, the program manager for Gateway, on 30 March 2020, told Ars Technica that the benefits of using Gateway are extending the mission duration, buying down risk, providing research capability and the capability to re-use ascent modules.

When you go single, I'll say direct mission to the Moon, you're limited on the supplies, either with the Lander or with Orion. With the Gateway, with just with one logistics module, we think we can extend to about twice the mission duration, so 30 days to 60 days. Obviously, the more crew time you have in lunar orbit helps us with research in the human aspects of living in deep space. The more duration we have, certainly that'll help us buy down significant risk with the extreme environments that we're going to be subjecting our crews to. Because we've got to go figure out how to operate in deep space. Obviously we'll demonstrate new hardware and offer that sustainable flexible path for our Lunar Lander system. With the Gateway, the thinking is we'll be able to reuse the ascent modules potentially multiple times. And again, if we can get mission duration beyond the 30 days, it's going to offer us some additional environmental capabilities. We think it's a tremendous risk buy down asset, not only to explore the Moon sustainably, but to prove out some things that we need to do to get to Mars.[102]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "NASA, Gateway Overview". NASA. 9 July 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/gateway/overview. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sloss, Philip (September 11, 2018). "NASA updates lunar Gateway plans". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/09/nasa-lunar-gateway-plans/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Angelic halo orbit chosen for humankind's first lunar outpost. European Space Agency, Published by PhysOrg, 19 July 2019
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Foust, Jeff (7 January 2024). "UAE to build airlock for lunar Gateway". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/uae-to-build-airlock-for-lunar-gateway/. 
  5. ↑ "FY 2022: NASA Budget Request". NASA. 28 May 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy2022_budget_summary.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jackson, Shanessa (11 September 2018). "Competition Seeks University Concepts for Gateway and Deep Space Exploration Capabilities". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/competition-seeks-university-concepts-for-gateway-and-deep-space-exploration-capabilities.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ Davis, Jason (February 26, 2018). "Some snark (and details!) about NASA's proposed lunar space station". The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2018/20180226-lop-g-snark-details.html. 
  8. ↑ Yuhas, Alan (2018-02-12). "Trump's Nasa budget: flying 'Jetson cars' and a return to the Moon". https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/12/trump-nasa-budget-moon-flying-cars-plans. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jeff Foust (February 17, 2019). "Final fiscal year 2019 budget bill secures $21.5 billion for NASA". Space News. https://spacenews.com/final-fiscal-year-2019-budget-bill-secures-21-5-billion-for-nasa/. 
  10. ↑ "NASA just got its best budget in a decade". http://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2019/0215-fy2019-nasa-gets-its-best-budget-in-decades.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mahoney, Erin (24 August 2018). "NASA Seeks Ideas for Scientific Activities Near the Moon". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-seeks-ideas-for-scientific-activities-near-the-moon.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kathryn Hambleton (28 March 2017). "Deep Space Gateway to Open OpportunitiesArtemis for Distant Destinations". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/deep-space-gateway-to-open-opportunities-for-distant-destinations.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. ↑ "РОСКОСМОС - NASA СОВМЕСТНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ДАЛЬНЕГО КОСМОСА (ROSCOSMOS - NASA JOINT RESEARCH OF FAR COSMOS)". https://www.roscosmos.ru/24136. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Weitering, Hanneke (27 September 2017). "NASA and Russia Partner Up for Crewed Deep-Space Missions". Space.com. https://www.space.com/38287-nasa-russia-deep-space-gateway-partnership.html. 
  15. ↑ "Gateway Memorandum for the Record". NASA. 2 May 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/gateway_domestic_and_international_benefits-memo.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (6 April 2017). "NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars". NASASpaceflight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars/. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Robyn Gatens, Jason Crusan. "Cislunar Habitation and Environmental Control and Life Support System". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20170329-nacheoc-crusan-gatens-hab-eclss-v5b.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ↑ Doug Messier on (August 11, 2016). "A Closer Look at NextSTEP-2 Deep Space Habitat Concepts". Parabolic Arc. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/08/11/deep-space-habitat-concepts. 
  19. ↑ Warner, Cheryl (2 May 2018). "NASA's Lunar Outpost will Extend Human Presence in Deep Space". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-lunar-outpost-will-extend-human-presence-in-deep-space.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  20. ↑ NASA Seeks Information on Developing Deep Space Gateway Module Jeff Foust, Space.com 29 July 2017
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Foust, Jeff (3 November 2017). "NASA issues study contracts for Deep Space Gateway element". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-issues-study-contracts-for-deep-space-gateway-element/. 
  22. ↑ "Deep Space 2018 Program". Universities Space Research Association. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/deepspace2018/program.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "Students Blaze New Trails in NASA Space Exploration Design Competition". NASA. 21 June 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/students-blaze-new-trails-in-nasa-space-exploration-design-competition.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  24. ↑ Robert Z. Pearlman (September 18, 2019). "NASA Reveals New Gateway Logo for Artemis Lunar Orbit Way Station". space.com. https://www.space.com/nasa-lunar-gateway-moon-station-logo.html. 
  25. ↑ "Russia skeptical about participating in lunar Gateway". SPACENEWS. 12 October 2020. https://spacenews.com/russia-skeptical-about-participating-in-lunar-gateway/. 
  26. ↑ ""Роскосмос" подтвердил выход из лунного проекта Gateway". 25 January 2021. https://www.interfax.ru/russia/746690. 
  27. ↑ Clark, Stephen (6 May 2020). "NASA plans to launch first two Gateway elements on same rocket – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/06/nasa-plans-to-launch-first-two-gateway-elements-on-same-rocket/. 
  28. ↑ Jimi Russell (November 2017). "NASA Selects Studies for Gateway Power and Propulsion Element". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-studies-for-gateway-power-and-propulsion-element.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  29. ↑ Erin Mahoney (9 August 2016). "NextSTEP Partners Develop Ground Prototypes to Expand our Knowledge of Deep Space Habitats". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nextstep-partnerships-develop-ground-prototypes.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Foust, Jeff (May 23, 2019). "NASA selects Maxar to build first Gateway element". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-maxar-to-build-first-gateway-element. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Status of Advanced Electric Propulsion Systems for Exploration Missions. R. Joseph Cassady, Sam Wiley, Jerry Jackson, Aerojet Rocketdyne, October 2018
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Maxar and Busek Thruster System for NASA Lunar Gateway Passes Critical Milestone". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  33. ↑ "Advanced Electric Propulsion System passes full-power test milestone". 15 November 2019. https://newatlas.com/space/advanced-electric-propulsion-system-aeps-full-power-test/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "NASA Awards Artemis Contract for Lunar Gateway Power, Propulsion" (Press release). NASA. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  35. ↑ NASA updates Lunar Gateway plans Philip Sloss, NASASpaceFlight.com, 11 September 2018
  36. ↑ Gateway Update NASA Advisory Council, Human Exploration and Operations Committee, Jason Crusan, 7 December 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  37. ↑ Halo orbit selected for Gateway space station. David Szondy, New Atlas 18 July 2019
  38. ↑ Foust, Jeff (16 September 2019). "NASA cubesat to test lunar Gateway orbit". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-cubesat-to-test-lunar-gateway-orbit/. 
  39. ↑ Whitley, Ryan; Martinez, Roland (21 October 2015). "Options for Staging Orbits in Cis-Lunar Space". NASA. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20150019648.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  40. ↑ NASA.gov Research Possibilities Beyond Deep Space Gateway] David Smitherman, Debra Needham, Ruthan Lewis, NASA, February 28, 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  41. ↑ NASA.gov Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate - Architecture Status], Jim Free, NASA, 28 March 2017 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Foust, Jeff (23 July 2019). "NASA to sole source Gateway habitation module to Northrop Grumman". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-sole-source-gateway-habitation-module-to-northrop-grumman/. 
  43. ↑ NASA's Grand Plan for a Lunar Gateway Is to Start Small. Mike Wall, Space.com - 24 May 2019
  44. ↑ Foust, Jeff (14 May 2020). "NASA refines plans for launching Gateway and other Artemis elements". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-refines-plans-for-launching-gateway-and-other-artemis-elements/. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "NASA FY 2022 Budget Estimates". p. PDF page 97, in-text page DEXP-67. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fy2022_congressional_justification_nasa_budget_request.pdf. "Delivery of I-Hab to the Gateway will be via the SLS Block 1B launch vehicle with Orion providing orbital insertion and docking." 
  46. ↑ NASA Unveils the Keys to Getting Astronauts to Mars and Beyond Neel V. Patel, The Inverse - April 4, 2017
  47. ↑ Greicius, Tony (2016-09-20). "JPL Seeks Robotic Spacecraft Development for Asteroid Redirect Mission". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jpl-seeks-robotic-spacecraft-development-for-asteroid-redirect-mission.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  48. ↑ "NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission". SpaceNews. 2017-06-14. https://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/. 
  49. ↑ "Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission". NASA. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/asteroid-redirect-robotic-mission-arrm/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  50. ↑ "Deep Space Gateway and Transport: Concepts for Mars, Moon Exploration Unveiled". Science News. 4 April 2017. http://www.sci-news.com/space/deep-space-gateway-transport-mars-moon-exploration-04756.html. 
  51. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "NASA chooses Maxar to build keystone module for lunar Gateway station". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/24/nasa-chooses-maxar-to-build-keystone-module-for-lunar-gateway-station/. 
  52. ↑ Boyle, Alan (23 May 2019). "NASA says Maxar will build the first big piece for Gateway station in lunar orbit". GeekWire. https://www.geekwire.com/2019/nasa-says-maxar-will-build-first-big-piece-gateway-space-outpost-lunar-orbit/. 
  53. ↑ Chris Gebhardt (6 April 2017). "NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/04/nasa-goals-missions-sls-eyes-multi-step-mars. 
  54. ↑ Clark, Stephen (May 24, 2019). "NASA chooses Maxar to build keystone module for lunar Gateway station". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/24/nasa-chooses-maxar-to-build-keystone-module-for-lunar-gateway-station. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 "NASA Awards Contract to Launch Initial Elements for Lunar Outpost". NASA. 9 February 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-launch-initial-elements-for-lunar-outpost. 
  56. ↑ Foust, Jeff (30 August 2019). "ISS partners endorse modified Gateway plans". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/iss-partners-endorse-modified-gateway-plans/. 
  57. ↑ NASA Asks American Companies to Deliver Supplies for Artemis Moon Missions. NASA Press Release M019-14, 23 August 2019 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  58. ↑ "Humans in Deep Space". http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/humans-in-deep-space.html. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Justification for other than full and open competition (JOFOC) for the Minimal Habitation Module (MHM)". Federal Business Opportunities. https://www.fbo.gov/index.php?tab=documents&tabmode=form&subtab=core&tabid=d4e9e11d78e9dd0b8bd05395b3d82c7f.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  60. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (7 August 2020). "Northrop Grumman outlines HALO plans for Gateway's central module". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/northrop-halo-plans-gateway/. 
  61. ↑ Messier, Doug (23 July 2019). "NASA Awards Contract to Northrop Grumman for Gateway Habitat Module". Parabolic Arc. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2019/07/23/nasa-awards-contract-to-northrop-grumman-for-lunar-gateway-habitat-module/. 
  62. ↑ Evans, Ben (2021-07-10). "NASA, Northrop Grumman Finalize Lunar Gateway Integration Contract" (in en-US). https://www.americaspace.com/2021/07/10/nasa-northrop-grumman-finalize-lunar-gateway-integration-contract/. 
  63. ↑ "NASA signs Gateway habitat design contract with Northrop Grumman". Spaceflight Now. 9 June 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/09/nasa-signs-gateway-habitat-design-contract-with-northrop-grumman/. 
  64. ↑ Werner, Debra (2022-07-18). "Northrop Grumman taps Solstar for HALO Module Wi-Fi" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/solstar-halo-wi-fi/. 
  65. ↑ "NM firm builds Wi-Fi 'hotspot' for NASA moon station" (in en-US). 3 August 2022. https://news.yahoo.com/nm-firm-builds-wi-fi-035900403.html. 
  66. ↑ ESA develops logistics vehicle for cis-lunar outpost Anatoly Zak, RussianSpaceWeb.com 8 September 2018
  67. ↑ Comex and Airbus join forces around a module of the future lunar station Comex, press release, 21 November 2018
  68. ↑ "Back to the Moon, a step towards future exploration missions". 5 August 2019. https://www.thalesgroup.com/fr/monde-espace/orbital-infrastructure-and-space-transport/magazine/retour-lune-pas-vers-nouvelles. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Funding Europe's space ambitions Jeff Foust, The Space Review December 2019
  70. ↑ Hera mission is approved as ESA receives biggest ever budget Kerry Hebden, Room 29 November 2019
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 "Europe steps up contributions to Artemis Moon plan". BBC News. 2020-10-14. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54537906. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 "Thales Alenia Space on its way to reach the Moon". 14 October 2020. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-its-way-reach-moon. 
  73. ↑ "Thales Alenia Space: at the heart of lunar industrial challenges". 7 January 2021. https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/news/thales-alenia-space-heart-lunar-industrial-challenges. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 74.6 Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/. 
  75. ↑ "Artemis IV". European Space Agency. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Artemis_IV. 
  76. ↑ Agency, Canadian Space (2020-06-26). "About Canadarm3". https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/canadarm3/about.asp. 
  77. ↑ Canadian Space Agency (26 June 2020). "Building the next Canadarm". Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/space-agency/news/2020/06/building-the-next-canadarm.html. 
  78. ↑ "Canadian Space Agency awards Canadarm3 contract worth $22.8 million to MDA". The Canadian Press. CTV News. 8 December 2020. https://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/canadian-space-agency-awards-canadarm3-contract-worth-22-8m-to-mda-1.5221827. 
  79. ↑ MDA (8 December 2020). "MDA Announces Contract for Canadarm3 on NASA-led Gateway". CNW. Yahoo News. https://www.yahoo.com/now/mda-announces-contract-canadarm3-nasa-143000109.html. 
  80. ↑ Cursan, Jason (March 27, 2018). "Future Human Exploration Planning:Lunar Orbital Platform – Gateway and Science Workshop Findings". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/20180327-crusan-nac-heoc-v8.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  81. ↑ Mortillaro, Nicole (February 28, 2019). "Canada's heading to the moon: A look at the Gateway". CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canada-lunar-gateway-1.5037522. 
  82. ↑ "Canadian Space Agency to build robotic arms for lunar space station". Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/3775926/canadian-space-agency-robotic-arms/. 
  83. ↑ Foust, Jeff (27 March 2020). "SpaceX wins NASA commercial cargo contract for lunar Gateway". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-nasa-commercial-cargo-contract-for-lunar-gateway/. 
  84. ↑ Foust, Jeff (20 January 2022). "NASA foresees gap in lunar landings after Artemis 3". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-foresees-gap-in-lunar-landings-after-artemis-3/. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Is the Gateway the right way to the Moon? Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 25 December 2018
  86. ↑ Griffin, Michael (17 January 2024). "Returning to the Moon: Keeping Artemis on Track". https://republicans-science.house.gov/_cache/files/2/d/2dc97bb6-040b-4d15-ae69-6b8de637174d/448A0B95841995613C9A9B19135C104C.2024-01-17-griffin---testimony.pdf/. 
  87. ↑ Berger, Eric (20 June 2022). "We got a leaked look at NASA's future Moon missions—and likely delays". https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/06/we-got-a-leaked-look-at-nasas-future-moon-missions-and-likely-delays/. 
  88. ↑ Cooke, Doug (13 September 2019). "Getting back to the moon requires speed and simplicity". https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/461299-getting-back-to-the-moon-requires-speed-and-simplicity. 
  89. ↑ Abbey, George (13 July 2019). "The Moon is "a God-given space station orbiting Earth" [Opinion"]. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/outlook/article/The-moon-is-a-God-given-space-station-orbiting-14092345.php. 
  90. ↑ "Op-ed: The Deep Space Gateway would shackle human exploration, not enable it". Ars Technica. 28 September 2017. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/09/op-ed-the-deep-space-gateway-would-shackle-human-exploration-not-enable-it/. 
  91. ↑ Foust, Jeff (16 November 2018). "Advisory group skeptical of NASA lunar exploration plans". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/advisory-group-skeptical-of-nasa-lunar-exploration-plans/. 
  92. ↑ Berger, Eric (17 July 2018). "Chinese space official seems unimpressed with NASA's lunar gateway". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/07/chinese-space-official-seems-unimpressed-with-nasas-lunar-gateway/. 
  93. ↑ Kapoglou, Angeliki. "twitter.com/Capoglou". https://twitter.com/Capoglou/status/1018793732626440192. 
  94. ↑ "China, Russia, Europe to jointly explore plan for research station on Moon - Xinhua | English.news.cn". http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/22/c_138248065.htm. 
  95. ↑ "China is aiming to attract partners for an international lunar research station". 21 August 2020. https://spacenews.com/china-is-aiming-to-attract-partners-for-an-international-lunar-research-station/. 
  96. ↑ Pultarova, Tereza (2023-01-08). "NASA's moon-orbiting space station will be claustrophobic, architect says" (in en). https://www.space.com/lunar-gateway-station-claustrophobic-architect-says. 
  97. ↑ "NASA's Worst Plan Yet". National Review. 16 May 2017. https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/05/nasa-lunar-orbit-space-station-terrible-idea/. 
  98. ↑ The Lunar Orbital Platform – Gateway: an unneeded and costly diversion Gerald Black, The Space Review 14 May 2018
  99. ↑ Whittington, Mark (16 June 2018). "NASA's unnecessary US$504 million lunar orbit project doesn't help us get back to the Moon". https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/392611-nasas-unnecessary-504-million-lunar-orbit-project-doesnt-help-us-get-back. 
  100. ↑ Siegel, Ethan. "NASA's Idea For A Space Station In Lunar Orbit Takes Humanity Nowhere". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/05/18/nasas-idea-for-a-space-station-in-lunar-orbit-takes-humanity-nowhere/#221e7593d145. 
  101. ↑ Foust, Jeff (15 December 2018). "Is the Gateway the right way to the moon?". https://spacenews.com/is-the-gateway-the-right-way-to-the-moon/. 
  102. ↑ Eric, Berger (30 March 2020). "NASA officials outline plans for building a lunar Gateway in the mid-2020s". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/03/nasa-officials-outline-plans-for-building-a-lunar-gateway-in-the-mid-2020s/. 

External links



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Astronomy:Lunar_Gateway&oldid=3353433"