Astronomy:Commercial Lunar Payload Services

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Short description: NASA program contracting commercial transportation services to the Moon
Commercial Lunar Payload Services
NASA Selects First Commercial Moon Landing Services for Artemis Program (47974872533).jpg
Models of the first three commercial landers selected for the program. Left to right: Peregrine by Astrobotic Technology, Nova-C by Intuitive Machines, and Z-01 by OrbitBeyond.
Type of projectAerospace
ProductsProposed: Artemis-7, Nova-C, McCandless Lunar Lander, Blue Ghost, XL-1, MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9, SERIES-2
Current: Peregrine
OwnerNASA
CountryUnited States
Established2018; 6 years ago (2018)
StatusActive
WebsiteNASA.gov/commercial-lunar-payload-services

Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) is a NASA program to hire companies to send small robotic landers and rovers to the Moon's south polar region, mostly[1][2] with the goals of scouting for lunar resources, testing in situ resource utilization (ISRU) concepts, and performing lunar science to support the Artemis lunar program. CLPS is intended to buy end-to-end payload services between Earth and the lunar surface using fixed-price contracts.[3][4] The program was extended to add support for large payloads starting after 2025.

The CLPS program is run by NASA's Science Mission Directorate along with the Human Exploration and Operations and Space Technology Mission directorates. NASA expects the contractors to provide all activities necessary to safely integrate, accommodate, transport, and operate NASA payloads, including launch vehicles, lunar lander spacecraft, lunar surface systems, Earth re-entry vehicles and associated resources.[4]

To date, eight missions have been contracted under the program (not counting one mission contract that was revoked after awarding and another mission contract that was cancelled after the contracted company went bankrupt).

History

NASA has been planning the exploration and use of natural lunar resources for many years. A variety of exploration, science, and technology objectives that could be addressed by regularly sending instruments, experiments and other small payloads to the Moon have been identified by NASA.[3]

When the concept study on the Resource Prospector rover was cancelled in April 2018, NASA officials explained that lunar surface exploration will continue in the future, but using commercial lander services under a new CLPS program.[5][6] Later that April, NASA launched the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program as the first step in the solicitation for flights to the Moon.[3][4][7] In April 2018, CLPS issued a Draft Request for Proposal,[4] and in September 2018 the actual CLPS Request for Proposal was issued.[8] The text of the formal solicitation and selected contractors are here:[8]

On 29 November 2018, NASA announced the first nine companies that will be allowed to bid on contracts,[9] which are indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contracts with a combined maximum contract value of $2.6 billion during the next 10 years.[9]

In February 2018 NASA issued a solicitation for Lunar Surface Instrument and Technology Payloads that may become CLPS customers. Proposals were due by November 2018 and January 17, 2019. NASA makes yearly calls for proposals.[10][11]

On May 31, 2019, NASA announced a list of awards, featuring Astrobotic, of Pittsburgh, Pa., $79.5 million; Intuitive Machines, of Houston, Texas, $77 million; and OrbitBeyond, $97 million; to launch their Moon landers.[12] However, Orbit Beyond dropped out of this contract in July 2019 (with NASA acknowledging termination of contract on 29 July 2019), but remains a contractor able to bid on future missions.[13] In January 2024 NASA reported the initial award to Astrobotic had grown to $108 million and it was going to carry only 5 NASA science payloads instead of the initial amount of 14.[14]


On 1 July 2019, a US$5.6 million contract was awarded to Astrobotic and its partner Carnegie Mellon University to develop MoonRanger, a 13 kg (29 lb) rover to carry payloads on the Moon for NASA's CLPS.[15][16] Launch is envisioned for either 2021 or 2022.[16][17] The rover will carry science payloads yet to be determined and developed by other providers, that will focus on scouting and creating 3D maps of a polar region for signs of water ice or lunar pits for entrances to Moon caves.[17][18] The rover would operate mostly autonomously for up to one week.[18]


On 18 November 2019, NASA added five contractors to the group of companies eligible to bid to deliver large payloads to the lunar surface under the CLPS program: Blue Origin, Ceres Robotics, Sierra Nevada Corporation, SpaceX, and Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems.[19]

On 8 April 2020, NASA announced it had awarded the fourth (after Astrobotic's, Intuitive Machines' and OrbitBeyond's awards) CLPS contract for Masten Space Systems. The contract, worth US$75.9 million, is for Masten's XL-1 lunar lander to deliver payloads from NASA and other customers to the south pole of the Moon in late 2022.[20]

On 11 June 2020 NASA awarded Astrobotic Technology its second CLPS contract. The mission will be the first flight of Astrobotic's larger Griffin lander, delivering NASA's VIPER resource prospecting lunar rover to the Lunar south pole.[21] Griffin weighs 450 kg, the VIPER rover approximately 1,000 pounds (about 450 kg), and the award is for $199.5 M[21] (this covers Griffin lander and launch costs too). The mission is scheduled for November 2024.[22]

On 16 October 2020[23] NASA awarded Intuitive Machines their second CLPS contract for Intuitive Machines Mission 2 (IM-2). The contract was worth approximately $47 million. Using Nova-C lander, the mission will land a drill (PRIME-1) combined with a mass spectrometer to the Lunar south pole, to attempt harvesting ice from below the surface. The mission is scheduled for December 2022, using a Falcon 9 rocket.

On 4 February 2021, NASA awarded a CLPS contract to Firefly Aerospace, of Cedar Park, Texas, worth approximately US$93.3 million, to deliver a suite of 10 science investigations and technology demonstrations to the Moon in 2023 (later delayed to 2024). This was the sixth award (seventh if one counts the OrbitBeyond award that was later cancelled) for lunar surface delivery (that is, for a lunar lander) under the CLPS initiative. This was the first delivery awarded to Firefly Aerospace, which will provide the lunar delivery service using its Blue Ghost lander, which the company designed and developed at its Cedar Park facility.[24]

The next (seventh, not counting OrbitBeyond contract) CLPS contract was awarded by NASA on 17 November 2021 to Intuitive Machines, their 3rd award. Their Nova-C lander was contracted to land four NASA payloads (about 92 kg in total) to study a lunar feature called Reiner Gamma. The mission was known as IM-3 mission and was planned to land on the Moon in 2024. The contract value was $77.5 million and under the contract, Intuitive Machines was responsible for end-to-end delivery services, including payload integration, delivery from Earth to the surface of the Moon, and payload operations.[25]

On July 21, 2022, NASA announced that it had awarded a CLPS contract (8th, not counting OrbitBeyond) worth $73 million to a team led by Draper. The mission targets Schrödinger Basin on the farside of the Moon and at the time was scheduled for 2025. The mission lander, called SERIES-2 by Draper, will deliver to Schrödinger Basin three experiments to collect seismic data, measure the heat flow and electrical conductivity of the lunar subsurface and measure electromagnetic phenomena created by the interaction of the solar wind and plasma with the lunar surface. This mission is the first CLPS mission to target the lunar farside, and aims to be the second landing of all time (after China's Chang'e-4) to the Moon's farside. The mission will also develop and deploy two data relay satellites, a must for missions in the lunar farside. Many companies are involved in the mission with Draper being the prime contractor, including ispace.[26] On September 29, 2023, ispace announced that the SERIES-2 lander had been comprehensively redesigned and renamed as APEX 1.0, causing the mission to be delayed to 2026.[27]

Masten Space Systems filed for bankruptcy in July 2022,[28] with nearly all of their assets sold to Astrobotic Technology.[29] This led to the cancellation of Masten's CLPS mission.

On March 14, 2023, NASA awarded Firefly a $112 million task order (8th CLPS contract, not counting OrbitBeyond or Masten Space Systems) for a mission to the far side of the Moon using the second Blue Ghost lander, which is expected to launch in 2026.[30]

Overview

The lunar south pole region is of special interest because of the occurrence of water ice in permanently shadowed areas inside craters, near constant solar power at the crater rims, and abundant metals and oxygen in the regolith.[31][32]

The competitive nature of the CLPS program is expected to reduce the cost of lunar exploration, accelerate a robotic return to the Moon, sample return, resource prospecting in the south polar region, and promote innovation and growth of related commercial industries.[33] The payload development program is called Development and Advancement of Lunar Instrumentation (DALI), and the payload goals are exploration, in situ resource utilization (ISRU), and lunar science. The first instruments were expected to be selected by Summer 2019,[4] and the flight opportunities were expected to start in 2021.[33][4]

Multiple contracts will be issued, and the early payloads will likely be small because of the limited capacity of the initial commercial landers.[7] The first landers and rovers will be technology demonstrators on hardware such as precision landing/hazard avoidance, power generation (solar and RTGs), in situ resource utilization (ISRU), cryogenic fluid management, autonomous operations and sensing, and advanced avionics, mobility, mechanisms, and materials.[4] This program requires that only US launch vehicles can launch the spacecraft.[4] The mass of the landers and rovers can range from miniature to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb),[34] with a 500 kg (1,100 lb) lander targeted to launch in 2022.[33]

The Draft Request for Proposal's covering letter states that the contracts will last up to 10 years. As NASA's need to send payloads to the lunar surface (and other cislunar destinations) arises it will issue Firm-Fixed Price 'task orders' that the approved prime contractors can bid for. A Scope Of Work will be issued with each task order. The CLPS proposals are being evaluated against five Technical Accessibility Standards.[4]

NASA is assuming a cost of one million dollars per kilogram delivered to the lunar surface. (This figure may be revised after a lunar landing when the actual costs are available.)[35]

Contractors

Astrobotic Peregrine
Nova-C lander by Intuitive Machines

The companies selected are considered "main contractors" that can sub-contract projects to other companies of their choice. The first companies granted the right to bid on CLPS contracts were chosen in 2018.[9][36][8]

On 21 May 2019, three companies were awarded lander contracts: Astrobotic Technology, Intuitive Machines, OrbitBeyond.[12]

On 29 July 2019, NASA announced that it had granted OrbitBeyond's request to be released from this specific contract, citing "internal corporate challenges."[37]

On 18 November 2019, NASA added five new contractors to the group of companies who are eligible to bid to send large payloads to the surface of the Moon with the CLPS program.[19]

On 8 April 2020, NASA selected Masten Space Systems for a mission to deliver and operate eight payloads – with nine science and technology instruments – to the Moon's South Pole in 2022.[38][39][40] Masten Space Systems filed for bankruptcy in July 2022;[28][29] this led to the cancellation of Masten's CLPS mission.

On 4 February 2021, NASA awarded a CLPS contract to Firefly Aerospace for a mission deliver a suite of 10 science investigations and technology demonstrations to the Moon in 2023.[24]

On 21 July 2022, NASA announced that it had awarded a CLPS contract to Draper Laboratories.[26]

Eligible contractors and contract awards
Selection date Company Headquarters Proposed services First awarded contract
29 November 2018 Astrobotic Technology Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Peregrine and Griffin landers 31 May 2019
Deep Space Systems Littleton, Colorado Rover; design and development services
Draper Laboratory Cambridge, Massachusetts originally proposed Artemis-7 lander; contract awarded for SERIES-2 lander 21 July 2022
Firefly Aerospace Cedar Park, Texas Blue Ghost lander[41][42] 4 February 2021
Intuitive Machines Houston, Texas Nova-C lander 31 May 2019
Lockheed Martin Space Littleton, Colorado McCandless Lunar Lander
Masten Space Systems Mojave, California XL-1 lander 8 April 2020
Moon Express Cape Canaveral, Florida MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9 landers; sample return.
OrbitBeyond Edison, New Jersey Z-01 and Z-02 landers [note 1]
18 November 2019 Blue Origin Kent, Washington Blue Moon lander
Ceres Robotics Palo Alto, California
Sierra Nevada Corporation Louisville, Colorado
SpaceX Hawthorne, California Starship
Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems Irvine, California

Notes:

  1. ↑ Contract awarded 31 May 2019 and withdrawn 29 July 2019

Payload selection

The CLPS contracts for landers and lander missions do not include the payloads themselves. The payloads are developed under separate contracts either at NASA facilities or in commercial facilities. The CLPS landers provide landing, support services, and sample return as specified in each individual contract.

The first batch of science payloads are being developed in NASA facilities, due to the short time available before the first planned flights. Subsequent selections include payloads provided by universities and industry. Calls for payloads are planned to be released each year for additional opportunities.

First batch

The first twelve NASA payloads and experiments were announced on February 21, 2019,[43][44] and will fly on separate missions. (As of February 2021) NASA has awarded contracts for four CLPS lander missions to support these payloads.

  • Linear Energy Transfer Spectrometer, to monitor the lunar surface radiation.
  • Magnetometer, to measure the surface magnetic field.
  • Low-frequency Radio Observations from the Near Side Lunar Surface, a radio experiment to measure photoelectron sheath density near the surface.
  • A set of three instruments to collect data during entry, descent and landing on the lunar surface to help develop future crewed landers.
  • Stereo Cameras for Lunar Plume-Surface Studies is a set of cameras for monitoring the interaction between the lander engine plume and the lunar surface.
  • Surface and Exosphere Alterations by Landers, another landing monitor to study the effects of spacecraft on the lunar exosphere.
  • Navigation Doppler Lidar for Precise Velocity and Range Sensing is a velocity and ranging lidar instrument designed to make lunar landings more precise.
  • Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System, is an imaging spectrometer to analyze the composition of the lunar surface.
  • Neutron Spectrometer System and Advanced Neutron Measurements at the Lunar Surface, are a pair of neutron detectors to quantify the hydrogen -and therefore water near the surface.
  • Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometer for Lunar Surface Volatiles, is a mass spectrometer for measuring volatiles on the surface and in the exosphere.
  • Solar Cell Demonstration Platform for Enabling Long-Term Lunar Surface Power, a next-generation solar array for long-term missions.
  • Lunar Node 1 Navigation Demonstrator, a navigation beacon for providing geolocation for orbiters and landing craft.

Second batch

On July 1, 2019, NASA announced the selection of twelve additional payloads, provided by universities and industry. Seven of these are scientific investigations while five are technology demonstrations.[45]

  • MoonRanger, a small, fast-moving rover that has the capability to drive beyond communications range with a lander and then return to it. Astrobotic Technology, Inc.
  • Heimdall, a flexible camera system for conducting lunar science on commercial vehicles. Planetary Science Institute.
  • Lunar Demonstration of a Reconfigurable, Radiation Tolerant Computer System, which will demonstrate a radiation-tolerant computing technology. Montana State University.
  • Regolith Adherence Characterization (RAC) Payload, which will determine how lunar regolith sticks to a range of materials exposed to the Moon's environment. Alpha Space Test and Research Alliance, LLC.
  • The Lunar Magnetotelluric Sounder, which will characterize the structure and composition of the Moon's mantle by studying electric and magnetic fields. Southwest Research Institute. Currently part of the Lunar Interior Temperature and Materials Suite planned for launch in 2024.[46]
  • The Lunar Surface Electromagnetics Experiment (LuSEE), which will make comprehensive measurements of electromagnetic phenomena on the surface of the Moon. University of California, Berkeley.
  • The Lunar Environment heliospheric X-ray Imager (LEXI), which will capture images of the interaction of Earth's magnetosphere with solar wind. Boston University.
  • Next Generation Lunar Retroreflectors (NGLR), which will serve as a target for lasers on Earth to precisely measure the Earth-Moon distance. University of Maryland.
  • Lunar Compact InfraRed Imaging System (L-CIRiS), an infrared radiometer to explore the Moon's surface composition and temperature distribution. University of Colorado.
  • The Lunar Instrumentation for Subsurface Thermal Exploration with Rapidity (LISTER), an instrument designed to measure heat flow from the interior of the Moon. Texas Tech University. Currently part of the Lunar Interior Temperature and Materials Suite planned for launch in 2024.[46]
  • PlanetVac, a technology for acquiring and transferring lunar regolith from the surface to other instruments or place it in a container for its potential return to Earth. Honeybee Robotics, Ltd.
  • SAMPLR: Sample Acquisition, Morphology Filtering, and Probing of Lunar Regolith, a sample acquisition technology that will make use of a robotic arm. Maxar Technologies.

Third batch

In June 2021, NASA announced the selection of three payloads from its Payloads and Research Investigations on the Surface of the Moon (PRISM) call for proposals. These payloads will be sent to Reiner Gamma and Schrödinger Basin in the 2023–2024 timeframe.[46]

  • Lunar Vertex:[47] a joint lander and rover payload suite slated for delivery to Reiner Gamma to investigate lunar swirls. Applied Physics Laboratory.
  • Farside Seismic Suite (FSS): two seismometers, the vertical Very Broadband seismometer and the Short Period sensor, will measure seismic activity on the far side of the Moon at Schrödinger Basin. Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  • Lunar Interior Temperature and Materials Suite (LITMS): two instruments, the Lunar Instrumentation for Subsurface Thermal Exploration with Rapidity pneumatic drill and the Lunar Magnetotelluric Sounder, previously selected in the second batch and slated for delivery to Schrödinger Basin. Will complement data acquired by the FSS. Southwest Research Institute.

Fourth batch

In June 2022, NASA announced the selection of two new payloads from its Payloads and Research Investigations on the Surface of the Moon (PRISM) call for proposals.[48]

The Lunar Vulkan Imaging and Spectroscopy Explorer (Lunar-VISE)[49] investigation is a suite of five instruments, two of which will be mounted on a stationary lander and three mounted on a mobile rover to be provided as a service by the CLPS vendor. Lunar-VISE will study a rare form of lunar volcanism. Lunar-VISE will be sent to one of the Gruithuisen Domes: Mons Gruithuisen Gamma or Mons Gruithuisen Delta.[48]

The Lunar Explorer Instrument for space biology Applications (LEIA) science suite, is a small CubeSat-based device. LEIA will provide biological research on the Moon – which cannot be simulated or replicated with high fidelity on the Earth or International Space Station – by delivering the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the lunar surface and studying its response to radiation and lunar gravity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as a model organism used to understand DNA damage response and repair.[48]

List of missions announced under CLPS

Further information: List of Artemis missions

Missions contracted

Orbit Beyond returned their task order (cancelling their mission) two months after award in 2019.[21] That mission is not listed below.

No Name Patch Launch Contractor Lander Launch Vehicle Awarded Lunar
Destination 		Notes Outcome
CLPS-1 Peregrine Mission One File:Peregrine Mission Onepng.png 8 January 2024[50] Astrobotic Technology Peregrine Vulcan May 2019 Gruithuisen Domes[51] Carried 20 payloads, including 5 NASA payloads contracted under CLPS.[52][53] NASA awarded $79.5 M, later increased to $108 M.[54][55] Peregrine mass 1,283 kg, payload mass up to 256 kg. Landing abandoned due to excessive propellant leak.[56] Did not leave Earth's orbit; total flight time 10 days before re-entry. Failure
CLPS-2 Intuitive Machines Mission 1 (IM-1) TBA February 2024[57] Intuitive Machines Nova-C Falcon 9 May 2019[21] near the South Pole[58] Will carry up to five NASA contracted payloads as well as payloads from other customers. The spacecraft will operate for up to 14 days after landing.[59][60] Planned
CLPS-3 Intuitive Machines Mission 2 (IM-2) TBA Q2 2024[61] Intuitive Machines Nova-C Falcon 9 October 2020[23] South Pole Will land a drill (PRIME-1) combined with a mass spectrometer, to attempt harvesting ice from below the surface. Planned
Blue Ghost M1 TBA Q3 2024[62] Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost Falcon 9
[63] 		February 2021[64] Mare Crisium Will land ten payloads.[65] Planned
VIPER TBA November 2024[22] Astrobotic Technology Griffin Falcon Heavy June 2020 Nobile Crater First flight of Astrobotic's larger Griffin lander. Will deliver NASA's VIPER resource prospecting lunar rover.[21] Griffin is 450 kg; the award is for $199.5 million[21] (this covers Griffin lander and launch costs too). Planned
Intuitive Machines Mission 3 (IM-3) TBA 2024 Intuitive Machines Nova-C Falcon 9 November 2021[66][25] Reiner Gamma IM-3 will carry 203 lbs (92 kg) of payload to the Moon, including the ESA provided MoonLIGHT lunar laser retroreflector payload.[67] Planned
CLPS-12 TBA TBA 2026[27] Draper Laboratory APEX 1.0 TBA July 2022 Schrödinger Basin LuSEE-Lite, a flight spare from the FIELDS instrument on the Parker Solar Probe, will fly on this mission.[67] Planned
CS-3 Blue Ghost M2 TBA 2026 Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost TBA March 2023 Far side of the Moon ESA communications and data relay satellite to lunar orbit, LuSEE-Night (a radio telescope pathfinder) and User Terminal (a communication technology demonstrator) the to the far side of the Moon.[68] Planned

Missions announced but not yet contracted

No Name Launch Contractor Lander Launch Vehicle Awarded Lunar
Destination 		Notes Outcome
TBA Q4 2025 – Q1 2026 TBA TBA TBA South Pole ESA's Package for Resource Observation and in-Situ Prospecting for Exploration, Commercial exploitation, and Transportation (PROSPECT) payload will fly on this mission.[69] Planned
TBA 2027 TBA TBA TBA TBA Ina volcanic crater The DIMPLE payload, short for Dating an Irregular Mare Patch with a Lunar Explorer, will fly on a future CLPS provider's mission. DIMPLE will investigate the Ina irregular mare patch.[70] Planned

Cancelled Missions

No Name Launch Contractor Lander Launch Vehicle Awarded Lunar
Destination 		Notes
Masten Mission One Intended: November 2023 Masten Space XL-1 Falcon 9
[71] 		April 2020[72] South Pole Intended to deliver several hundred kg of payloads.[73][74] Masten Space filed for bankruptcy in July 2022,[28] with nearly all of their assets sold to Astrobotic Technology.[29]

See also


References

  1. ↑ NASA taps 3 companies for commercial moon missions . William Harwood, CBS News. 31 May 2019.
  2. ↑ Foust, Jeff (31 May 2019). "NASA awards contracts to three companies to land payloads on the moon.". Space News. https://spacenews.com/nasa-awards-contracts-to-three-companies-to-land-payloads-on-the-moon/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "NASA Expands Plans for Moon Exploration: More Missions, More Science". NASA. April 30, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-expands-plans-for-moon-exploration-more-missions-more-science. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 "Draft Commercial Lunar Payload Services – CLPS solicitation". NASA. https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=46b23a8f2c06da6ac08e1d1d2ae97d35&tab=core&_cview=0. 
  5. ↑ Foust, Jeff (4 May 2018). "NASA argues Resource Prospector no longer fit into agency's lunar exploration plans". Space News. http://spacenews.com/nasa-argues-resource-prospector-no-longer-fit-into-agencys-lunar-exploration-plans/. 
  6. ↑ NASA emphasizes commercial lunar lander plans with Resource Prospector cancellation . Jeff Foust, Space News. 28 April 2018.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 NASA cancels lunar rover, shifts focus to commercial moon landers . Stephen Clark, Space News. 1 June 2018.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Commercial Lunar Payload Services
    Solicitation Number: 80HQTR18R0011R"    . NASA. https://www.fbo.gov/index.php?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=c75600797f4e70bbe095dc3a42659a95&tab=core&tabmode=list.     
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "NASA Announces New Partnerships for Commercial Lunar Payload Delivery Services". NASA. November 29, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-announces-new-partnerships-for-commercial-lunar-payload-delivery-services. 
  10. ↑ "NASA Calls for Instruments, Technologies for Delivery to the Moon". NASA. October 18, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-calls-for-instruments-technologies-for-delivery-to-the-moon. 
  11. ↑ "Lunar Surface Instrument and Technology Payloads". NASA. https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/solicitations/summary!init.do?solId={2D390C4D-39F9-E880-34C8-C07DC523698E}&path=open. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "NASA chooses three companies to send landers to the moon" (in en). https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2019/05/31/NASA-chooses-three-companies-to-send-landers-to-the-moon/8021559322020/. 
  13. ↑ Private Company Orbit Beyond Drops Out of 2020 NASA Moon-Landing Deal. Mike Wall, Space.com. 30 July 2019.
  14. ↑ https://twitter.com/SpcPlcyOnline/status/1743381586374967705
  15. ↑ Astrobotic Awarded US$5.6 Million NASA Contract to Deliver Autonomous Moon Rover Astrobotic 1 July 2019
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Astrobotic gets $5.6m NASA contract to develop MoonRanger rover Brittany A. Roston, Slash Gear 1 July 2019
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Astrobotic awarded NASA funding to build autonomous rover Julia Mericle, Pittsburgh Business Times 2 July 2019
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 NASA Selects Carnegie Mellon, Astrobotic To Build Lunar Robot Byron Spice, Carnegie Mellon University 3 July 2019
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Grush, Loren (2019-11-18). "NASA partners with SpaceX, Blue Origin, and more to send large payloads to the Moon 5 – The companies are aiming to land in the early 2020s". https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/18/20971307/nasa-clps-program-spacex-blue-origin-sierra-nevada-ceres-tyvak-viper-rover. 
  20. ↑ Foust, Jeff (8 April 2020). "Masten wins NASA lunar lander award". Space News.. https://spacenews.com/masten-wins-nasa-lunar-lander-award/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 "Astrobotic Awarded $199.5 Million Contract to Deliver NASA Moon Rover | Astrobotic". https://www.astrobotic.com/2020/6/11/astrobotic-awarded-199-5-million-contract-to-deliver-nasa-moon-rover. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "NASA Replans CLPS Delivery of VIPER to 2024 to Reduce Risk". NASA. 18 July 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-replans-clps-delivery-of-viper-to-2024-to-reduce-risk. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Brown, Katherine (16 October 2020). "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Land Water-Measuring Payload on the Moon". https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-land-water-measuring-payload-on-the-moon. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA. 4 February 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-firefly-aerospace-for-artemis-commercial-moon-delivery-in-2023.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines for New Lunar Science Delivery". NASA (Press release). 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Draper wins NASA contract for farside lunar lander mission". July 22, 2022. https://spacenews.com/draper-wins-nasa-contract-for-farside-lunar-lander-mission/. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Foust, Jeff (29 September 2023). "Ispace revises design of lunar lander for NASA CLPS mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/ispace-revises-design-of-lunar-lander-for-nasa-clps-mission/. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Foust, Jeff (29 July 2022). "Masten Space Systems files for bankruptcy". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/masten-space-systems-files-for-bankruptcy/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Foust, Jeff (11 September 2022). "Court approves sale of Masten assets to Astrobotic". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/court-approves-sale-of-masten-assets-to-astrobotic/. 
  30. ↑ Foust, Jeff (March 15, 2023). "Firefly wins second NASA CLPS mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/firefly-wins-second-nasa-clps-mission/. 
  31. ↑ Why the Lunar South Pole? Adam Hugo. The Space Resource. 25 April 2029.
  32. ↑ Lunar Resources: Unlocking the Space Frontier. Paul D. Spudis. Ad Astra, Volume 23 Number 2, Summer 2011. Published by the National Space Society. Retrieved on 16 July 2019.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "NASA Expands Plans for Moon Exploration: More Missions, More Science". SpaceRef. 3 May 2018. http://spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=52539. 
  34. ↑ Werner, Debra (24 May 2018). "NASA to begin buying rides on commercial lunar landers by year's end"]. Space News. http://spacenews.com/nasa-to-buy-rides-on-commercial-landers-by-years-end/. 
  35. ↑ Report Series: Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science (2019). Review of the Commercial Aspects of NASA SMD's Lunar Science and Exploration. The National Academies Press. p. 15. doi:10.17226/25374. ISBN 978-0-309-48928-7. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25374/report-series-committee-on-astrobiology-and-planetary-science-review-of. Retrieved February 9, 2019. 
  36. ↑ Draft Concepts for Commercial Lunar Landers . NASA, CLPS. Accessed on 12 December 2018.
  37. ↑ "Commercial lunar lander company terminates NASA contract" (in en-US). 2019-07-30. https://spacenews.com/commercial-lunar-lander-company-terminates-nasa-contract/. 
  38. ↑ "NASA Awards Contract to Deliver Science, Tech to Moon". April 8, 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-deliver-science-tech-to-moon-ahead-of-human-missions/. 
  39. ↑ "Masten wins NASA lunar lander award". April 8, 2020. https://spacenews.com/masten-wins-nasa-lunar-lander-award/. 
  40. ↑ "Masten Space Systems Awarded $76M to Help NASA Deliver Lunar Sci-Tech Payloads". April 9, 2020. https://www.govconwire.com/2020/04/masten-space-systems-awarded-76m-to-help-nasa-deliver-lunar-sci-tech-payloads/. 
  41. ↑ Jeff Foust (July 9, 2019). "Firefly to partner with IAI on lunar lander". Space News. https://spacenews.com/firefly-to-partner-with-iai-on-lunar-lander. 
  42. ↑ Foust, Jeff (February 4, 2021). "Firefly wins NASA CLPS lunar lander contract". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/firefly-wins-nasa-clps-lunar-lander-contract/. 
  43. ↑ NASA selects experiments to fly aboard commercial lunar landers . Derek Richardson, Spaceflight Insider. February 26, 2019,
  44. ↑ NASA picks 12 lunar experiments that could fly this year . David Szondy, New Atlas. 21 February 2019.
  45. ↑ NASA Selects 12 New Lunar Science, Technology Investigations . Grey Hautaluoma, NASA Headquarters Press Release 19-053. July 1, 2019
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 "NASA Selects New Science Investigations for Future Moon Deliveries". NASA (Press release). June 10, 2021. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  47. ↑ "Lunar Vertex". https://space.jhuapl.edu/destinations/missions/lunar-vertex. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "NASA Selects New Instruments for Priority Artemis Science on Moon" (Press release). Retrieved 2024-01-12. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:
  49. ↑ "Lunar Vulkan Imaging and Spectroscopy Explorer". https://www.ucf.edu/research/lunarvise/. 
  50. ↑ McCrea, Aaron (8 January 2024). "Vulcan successfully launches Peregrine lunar lander on inaugural flight". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/01/vulcan-launch-peregrine-inaugural-flight/. 
  51. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2 February 2023). "NASA changes landing site for Peregrine lunar lander". https://spacenews.com/nasa-changes-landing-site-for-peregrine-lunar-lander. 
  52. ↑ https://spacenews.com/nasa-instruments-set-to-fly-on-peregrine-commercial-lunar-lander/
  53. ↑ Berger, Eric (June 25, 2021). "Rocket Report: China to copy SpaceX's Super Heavy? Vulcan slips to 2022". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/06/rocket-report-china-to-copy-spacexs-super-heavy-vulcan-slips-to-2022/2/. 
  54. ↑ https://twitter.com/SpcPlcyOnline/status/1743381586374967705
  55. ↑ "Astrobotic Awarded $79.5 Million Contract to Deliver 14 NASA Payloads to the Moon | Astrobotic". https://www.astrobotic.com/2019/5/31/astrobotic-awarded-79-5-million-contract-to-deliver-14-nasa-payloads-to-the-moon. 
  56. ↑ Fisher, Jackie Wattles, Kristin (2024-01-08). "Peregrine mission abandons Moon landing attempt after suffering 'critical' fuel loss" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/08/world/peregrine-lunar-lander-anomaly-astrobotic-nasa-scn/index.html. 
  57. ↑ Foust, Jeff (19 December 2023). "Intuitive Machines delays first lunar lander launch to February". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-delays-first-lunar-lander-launch-to-february/. 
  58. ↑ "NASA Redirects Intuitive Machines' First Mission to the Lunar South Pole Region". Intuitive Machines. February 6, 2023. https://www.intuitivemachines.com/post/nasa-redirects-intuitive-machines-first-mission-to-the-lunar-south-pole-region. 
  59. ↑ "Intuitive Machines-1 Orbital Debris Assessment Report (ODAR) Revision 1.1". Intuitive Machines. FCC. 22 April 2021. https://fcc.report/IBFS/SAT-LOA-20210423-00055/6378695.pdf. 
  60. ↑ Etherington, Darrell (13 April 2020). "Intuitive Machines picks a launch date and landing site for 2021 Moon cargo delivery mission". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/13/intuitive-machines-picks-a-launch-date-and-landing-site-for-2021-moon-cargo-delivery-mission/. 
  61. ↑ "Falcon 9 Block 5 – PRIME-1 (IM-2)". Next Spaceflight. 4 July 2023. https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6828. 
  62. ↑ Alamalhoadei, Aria (6 November 2023). "Firefly's Blue Ghost lander represents a big bet on a future lunar economy". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/06/fireflys-blue-ghost-lander-represents-a-big-bet-on-a-future-lunar-economy/. 
  63. ↑ "Firefly Aerospace Awards Contract to SpaceX to Launch Blue Ghost Mission to Moon in 2023". 20 May 2021. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210520005731/en/Firefly-Aerospace-Awards-Contract-to-SpaceX-to-Launch-Blue-Ghost-Mission-to-Moon-in-2023. 
  64. ↑ "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Press release). February 4, 2021. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. February 1, 2021. https://firefly.com/lunar-lander/. 
  66. ↑ "NASA Selects Intuitive Machines to Deliver 4 Lunar Payloads in 2024". Intuitive Machines. 17 November 2021. https://www.intuitivemachines.com/post/nasa-selects-intuitive-machines-to-deliver-4-lunar-payloads-in-2024. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Amendment 68: New Opportunity in ROSES: E.11 Payloads and Research Investigations on the Surface of the Moon (PRISM)". NSPIRES. November 5, 2020. https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=788867/solicitationId=%7B03464E24-4AFA-781E-200C-956EE283CD8A%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/E.11%20PRISM%20Amend%2069.pdf. 
  68. ↑ "Blue Ghost Mission 2" (in en-US). https://fireflyspace.com/missions/blue-ghost-mission-2/. 
  69. ↑ "Amendment 34: Payloads and Research Investigations on the Surface of the Moon (PRISM) final text and due dates". NSPIRES. September 2, 2021. https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/viewrepositorydocument/cmdocumentid=820831/solicitationId=%7BAD1DEAD1-7060-2C93-8CD1-780AF8FC9D54%7D/viewSolicitationDocument=1/F.10%20PRISM_Amend34.pdf. 
  70. ↑ "New NASA Artemis Instruments to Study Volcanic Terrain on the Moon". July 14, 2023. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/new-nasa-artemis-instruments-to-study-volcanic-terrain-on-the-moon/. 
  71. ↑ SpaceX to Launch Masten Lunar Mission in 2022 . Meagan Crawford, Masten Press Release. August 26, 2020.
  72. ↑ "Masten wins NASA lunar lander award". April 8, 2020. https://spacenews.com/masten-wins-nasa-lunar-lander-award/. 
  73. ↑ "XL-1 — Masten Space Systems". https://www.masten.aero/xl1. 
  74. ↑ "Masten Space Systems". https://www.masten.aero/. 

External links

  • [1] Slides from the Industrial Day on May 8, 2018



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