Engineering:List of Space Shuttle missions
The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.[1] Operational missions launched numerous satellites, conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.
From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, all launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time period the fleet logged 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.[2] The longest orbital flight of the Shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at one minute 13 seconds when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The cold morning shrunk an O-Ring on the right Solid Rocket Booster causing the external fuel tank to explode. The shuttles docked with Russia n space station Mir nine times and visited the ISS thirty-seven times. The highest altitude (apogee) achieved by the shuttle was 621 km (386 mi) when deploying the Hubble Space Telescope.[3] The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries, and with 852 total shuttle fliers.[4] The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions, while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California and one mission landed at White Sands, New Mexico.[5]
The first orbiter built, Enterprise, was used for atmospheric flight tests (ALT) but future plans to upgrade it to orbital capability were ultimately canceled. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of STS-135 by Atlantis on 21 July 2011.[6]
Flight numbering
The U.S. Space Shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".[2] Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as STS-7. Subsequent to the Apollo 13 mishap, due to Administrator of NASA James M. Beggs's triskaidekaphobia and consequent unwillingness to number a forthcoming flight as STS-13,[7][8][9][10] beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as STS-41-B, with the first digit (or pair of digits for years 1990 and beyond) indicating the federal fiscal year offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-A thru 51-L originally for FY 1985, and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1 was Kennedy Space Center and 2 was Space Launch Complex 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.[11] These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.[6] The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L (although the highest code used was actually STS-61-C), and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.
After the Challenger disaster, NASA returned to using a sequential numbering system, with the number counting from the beginning of the STS program. Unlike the initial system, however, the numbers were assigned based on the initial mission schedule, and did not always reflect actual launch order. This numbering scheme started at 26, with the first flight as STS-26R—the R suffix stood for "reflight" to disambiguate from prior missions. The suffix was used for two years through STS-33R, then the R was dropped.[6] As a result of the changes in systems, flights under different numbering systems could have the same number with one having a letter appended, e.g. flight STS-51 (a mission carried out by Discovery in 1993) was many years after STS-51-A (Discovery's second flight in 1984).[6] It wasn't until STS-127 in 2009 where the flight numbering system returned to a standard and consistent order.
Shuttle flights
Test flights
The Approach and Landing Test program encompassed 16 separate tests of Enterprise, covering taxi tests, uncrewed and crewed flights on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), and finally the free flight tests. The following list includes the free-flight tests, durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time. The list does not include total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA).
Order | Launch date | Mission | Shuttle | Crew | Duration | Launch Pad | Landing site | Notes | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 12 August 1977 | ALT-12 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00 h 05 m | N/A | Edwards |
|
[12][13][14][15] |
2 | 13 September 1977 | ALT-13 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00 h 05 m | Edwards |
|
[12][13] | |
3 | 23 September 1977 | ALT-14 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00 h 05 m | Edwards |
|
[12][13] | |
4 | 12 October 1977 | ALT-15 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00 h 02 m | Edwards |
|
[12][13][15][16] | |
5 | 26 October 1977 | ALT-16 |
Enterprise | 2 | 00 h 02 m | Edwards |
|
[12][13][17] |
Launches and orbital flights
Order | Launch date | Mission | Shuttle | Crew[lower-alpha 1] | Duration | Launch Pad | Landing Site | Notes | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 19810412 12 April 1981
|
Columbia | 2 | 02d 06h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[18][19][20] | |
2 | 19811112 12 November 1981
|
Columbia | 2 | 02d 06h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[21][22][23] | |
3 | 19820322 22 March 1982
|
Columbia | 2 | 08d 00h | LC-39A | White Sands |
|
[24][25][26] | |
4 | 19820627 27 June 1982
|
Columbia | 2 | 07d 01h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[27][28][29][30] | |
5 | 19821111 11 November 1982
|
Columbia | 4 | 05d 02h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[31][32][33][34] | |
6 | 19830404 4 April 1983
|
Challenger | 4 | 05d 00h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[35][36] | |
7 | 19830618 18 June 1983
|
Challenger | 5 | 06d 02h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[37][38] | |
8 | 19830830 30 August 1983
|
Challenger | 5 | 06d 01h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[39][40] | |
9 | 19831128 28 November 1983
|
Columbia | 6 | 10d 07h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[41][42] | |
10 | 19840203 3 February 1984
|
Challenger | 5 | 07d 23h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[43][44] | |
11 | 19840406 6 April 1984
|
Challenger | 5 | 06d 23h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[45][46][47] | |
12 | 19840830 30 August 1984
|
Discovery | 6 | 06d 00h | LC-39A | Edwards | [48][49] | ||
13 | 19841005 5 October 1984
|
Challenger | 7 | 08d 05h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[50][51] | |
14 | 19841108 8 November 1984
|
Discovery | 5 | 07d 23h | LC-39A | Kennedy | [52][53] | ||
15 | 19850124 24 January 1985
|
Discovery | 5 | 03d 01h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[28][54][55] | |
16 | 19850412 12 April 1985
|
Discovery | 7 | 06d 23h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[56][57] | |
17 | 19850429 29 April 1985
|
Challenger | 7 | 07d 00h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[58][59] | |
18 | 19850617 17 June 1985
|
Discovery | 7 | 07d 01h | LC-39A | Edwards | [60][61] | ||
19 | 19850729 29 July 1985
|
Challenger | 7 | 07d 22h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[62][63] | |
20 | 19850827 27 August 1985
|
Discovery | 5 | 07d 02h | LC-39A | Edwards | [64][65] | ||
21 | 19851003 3 October 1985
|
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 01h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[28][66][67] | |
22 | 19851030 30 October 1985
|
Challenger | 8 | 07d 00h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[68][69] | |
23 | 19851126 26 November 1985
|
Atlantis | 7 | 06d 21h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[70][71] | |
24 | 19860112 12 January 1986
|
Columbia | 7 | 06d 02h | LC-39A | Edwards | [72][73] | ||
25 | 19860128 28 January 1986
|
Challenger | 7 | 00d 00h 01m 13s | LC-39B | Did not land [lower-alpha 2] |
|
[74][75] | |
26 | 19880929 29 September 1988
|
Discovery | 5 | 04d 01h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[76][77] | |
27 | 19881202 2 December 1988
|
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 09h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[28][78][79][80] | |
28 | 19890313 13 March 1989
|
Discovery | 5 | 04d 23h | LC-39B | Edwards | [81][82] | ||
29 | 19890504 4 May 1989
|
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 00h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[83][84] | |
30 | 19890808 8 August 1989
|
Columbia | 5 | 05d 01h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[28][85][86] | |
31 | 19891018 18 October 1989
|
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 23h | LC-39B | Edwards | [87][88] | ||
32 | 19891122 22 November 1989
|
Discovery | 5 | 05d 00h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[28][89][90] | |
33 | 19900109 9 January 1990
|
Columbia | 5 | 10d 21h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[91][92] | |
34 | 19900228 28 February 1990
|
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 10h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[28][93][94] | |
35 | 19900424 24 April 1990
|
Discovery | 5 | 05d 01h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[95][96] | |
36 | 19901006 6 October 1990
|
Discovery | 5 | 04d 02h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[97][98] | |
37 | 19901115 15 November 1990
|
Atlantis | 5 | 04d 21h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[28][99][100] | |
38 | 19901202 2 December 1990
|
Columbia | 7 | 08d 23h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[101][102] | |
39 | 19910405 5 April 1991
|
Atlantis | 5 | 05d 23h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[103][104] | |
40 | 19910428 28 April 1991
|
Discovery | 7 | 08d 07h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[28][105][106] | |
41 | 19910605 5 June 1991
|
Columbia | 7 | 09d 02h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[107][108] | |
42 | 19910802 2 August 1991
|
Atlantis | 5 | 08d 21h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[109][110] | |
43 | 19910912 12 September 1991
|
Discovery | 5 | 05d 08h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[111][112] | |
44 | 19911124 24 November 1991
|
Atlantis | 6 | 06d 22h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[113][114] | |
45 | 19920122 22 January 1992
|
Discovery | 7 | 08d 01h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[115][116] | |
46 | 19920324 24 March 1992
|
Atlantis | 7 | 08d 22h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[117][118] | |
47 | 19920507 7 May 1992
|
Endeavour | 7 | 08d 21h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[119][120] | |
48 | 19920625 25 June 1992
|
Columbia | 7 | 13d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[121][122] | |
49 | 19920731 31 July 1992
|
Atlantis | 7 | 07d 23h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[123][124] | |
50 | 19920912 12 September 1992
|
Endeavour | 7 | 07d 22h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[125][126] | |
51 | 19921022 22 October 1992
|
Columbia | 6 | 09d 20h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[127][128] | |
52 | 19921202 2 December 1992
|
Discovery | 5 | 07d 07h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[28][129][130] | |
53 | 19930113 13 January 1993
|
Endeavour | 5 | 05d 23h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[131][132] | |
54 | 19930408 8 April 1993
|
Discovery | 5 | 09d 06h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[133][134] | |
55 | 19930426 26 April 1993
|
Columbia | 7 | 09d 23h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[135][136] | |
56 | 19930621 21 June 1993
|
Endeavour | 6 | 09d 23h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[137][138] | |
57 | 19930912 12 September 1993
|
Discovery | 5 | 09d 20h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[139][140] | |
58 | 19931018 18 October 1993
|
Columbia | 7 | 14d 00h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[141][142] | |
59 | 19931202 2 December 1993
|
Endeavour | 7 | 10d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[143][144] | |
60 | 19940203 3 February 1994
|
Discovery | 6 | 07d 06h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[145][146] | |
61 | 19940304 4 March 1994
|
Columbia | 5 | 13d 23h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[147][148] | |
62 | 19940409 9 April 1994
|
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 05h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[149][150] | |
63 | 19940708 8 July 1994
|
Columbia | 7 | 14d 17h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[151][152] | |
64 | 19940909 9 September 1994
|
Discovery | 6 | 10d 22h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[153][154] | |
65 | 19940930 30 September 1994
|
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 05h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[155][156] | |
66 | 19941103 3 November 1994
|
Atlantis | 6 | 10d 22h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[157][158] | |
67 | 19950203 3 February 1995
|
Discovery | 6 | 08d 06h | LC-39B | Kennedy | [159][160] | ||
68 | 19950302 2 March 1995
|
Endeavour | 7 | 16d 15h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[161][162] | |
69 | 19950627 27 June 1995
|
Atlantis | 7/8 | 09d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[163][164] | |
70 | 19950713 13 July 1995
|
Discovery | 5 | 08d 22h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[165][166] | |
71 | 19950907 7 September 1995
|
Endeavour | 5 | 10d 20h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[167][168] | |
72 | 19951020 20 October 1995
|
Columbia | 7 | 15d 21h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[169][170] | |
73 | 19951112 12 November 1995
|
Atlantis | 5 | 08d 04h | LC-39A | Kennedy | [171][172] | ||
74 | 19960111 11 January 1996
|
Endeavour | 6 | 08d 22h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[173][174] | |
75 | 19960222 22 February 1996
|
Columbia | 7 | 15d 17h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[175][176] | |
76 | 19960322 22 March 1996
|
Atlantis | 6/5 | 09d 05h | LC-39B | Edwards |
|
[177][178] | |
77 | 19960519 19 May 1996
|
Endeavour | 6 | 10d 00h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[179][180] | |
78 | 19960620 20 June 1996
|
Columbia | 7 | 16d 21h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[181][182] | |
79 | 19960916 16 September 1996
|
Atlantis | 6/6 | 10d 03h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[183][184] | |
80 | 19961119 19 November 1996
|
Columbia | 5 | 17d 15h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[185][186] | |
81 | 19970112 12 January 1997
|
Atlantis | 6/6 | 10d 04h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[187][188] | |
82 | 19970211 11 February 1997
|
Discovery | 7 | 09d 23h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[189][190] | |
83 | 19970404 4 April 1997
|
Columbia | 7 | 03d 23h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[191][192] | |
84 | 19970515 15 May 1997
|
Atlantis | 7/7 | 09d 05h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[193][194] | |
85 | 19970701 1 July 1997
|
Columbia | 7 | 15d 16h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[195][196] | |
86 | 19970807 7 August 1997
|
Discovery | 6 | 11d 20h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[197][198] | |
87 | 19970925 25 September 1997
|
Atlantis | 7/7 | 10d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[199][200] | |
88 | 19971119 19 November 1997
|
Columbia | 6 | 15d 16h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[201][202] | |
89 | 19980122 22 January 1998
|
Endeavour | 7/7 | 08d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[203][204] | |
90 | 19980417 17 April 1998
|
Columbia | 7 | 15d 21h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[205][206] | |
91 | 19980602 2 June 1998
|
Discovery | 6/7 | 09d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[207][208] | |
92 | 19981029 29 October 1998
|
Discovery | 7 | 08d 21h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[209][210] | |
93 | 19981204 4 December 1998
|
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[211][212] | |
94 | 19990527 27 May 1999
|
Discovery | 7 | 09d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[213][214] | |
95 | 19990723 23 July 1999
|
Columbia | 5 | 04d 22h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[215][216] | |
96 | 19991219 19 December 1999
|
Discovery | 7 | 07d 23h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[217][218] | |
97 | 20000211 11 February 2000
|
Endeavour | 6 | 11d 05h | LC-39A | Kennedy | [219][220] | ||
98 | 20000519 19 May 2000
|
Atlantis | 7 | 09d 21h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[221][222] | |
99 | 20000908 8 September 2000
|
Atlantis | 7 | 11d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[223][224] | |
100 | 20001011 11 October 2000
|
Discovery | 7 | 12d 21h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[225][226] | |
101 | 20001130 30 November 2000
|
Endeavour | 5 | 10d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[227][228] | |
102 | 20010207 7 February 2001
|
Atlantis | 5 | 12d 21h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[229][230] | |
103 | 20010308 8 March 2001
|
Discovery | 7/7 | 12d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[231][232] | |
104 | 20010419 19 April 2001
|
Endeavour | 7 | 11d 21h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[233][234] | |
105 | 20010712 12 July 2001
|
Atlantis | 5 | 12d 18h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[235][236] | |
106 | 20010810 10 August 2001
|
Discovery | 7/7 | 11d 21h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[237][238] | |
107 | 20011205 5 December 2001
|
Endeavour | 7/7 | 11d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[239][240] | |
108 | 20020301 1 March 2002
|
Columbia | 7 | 10d 22h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[241][242] | |
109 | 20020408 8 April 2002
|
Atlantis | 7 | 10d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[243][244] | |
110 | 20020605 5 June 2002
|
Endeavour | 7/7 | 13d 20h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[245][246] | |
111 | 20021007 7 October 2002
|
Atlantis | 6 | 10d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[247][248] | |
112 | 20021123 23 November 2002
|
Endeavour | 7/7 | 13d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy | [249][250] | ||
113 | 20030116 16 January 2003
|
Columbia | 7 | 15d 22h | LC-39A | Did not land[lower-alpha 2] |
|
[251][252] | |
114 | 20050726 26 July 2005
|
Discovery | 7 | 13d 21h | LC-39B | Edwards | [253][254] | ||
115 | 20060704 4 July 2006
|
Discovery | 7/6 | 12d 18h | LC-39B | Kennedy | [255][256] | ||
116 | 20060909 9 September 2006
|
Atlantis | 6 | 11d 19h | LC-39B | Kennedy |
|
[257][258] | |
117 | 20061209 9 December 2006
|
Discovery | 7/7 | 12d 21h | LC-39B | Kennedy | [259][260] | ||
118 | 20070608 8 June 2007
|
Atlantis | 7/7 | 13d 20h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[261][262] | |
119 | 20070808 8 August 2007
|
Endeavour | 7 | 12d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[263][264] | |
120 | 20071023 23 October 2007
|
Discovery | 7/7 | 15d 02h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[265][266] | |
121 | 20080207 7 February 2008
|
Atlantis | 7/7 | 12d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[267][268] | |
122 | 20080311 11 March 2008
|
Endeavour | 7/7 | 15d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[269][270] | |
123 | 20080531 31 May 2008
|
Discovery | 7/7 | 13d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[271][272] | |
124 | 20081114 14 November 2008
|
Endeavour | 7/7 | 15d 20h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[273][274] | |
125 | 20090315 15 March 2009
|
Discovery | 7/7 | 12d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[275][276] | |
126 | 20090511 11 May 2009
|
Atlantis | 7 | 12d 21h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[277][278][279] | |
127 | 20090715 15 July 2009
|
Endeavour | 7/7 | 15d 16h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[280][281] | |
128 | 20090828 28 August 2009
|
Discovery | 7/7 | 13d 21h | LC-39A | Edwards |
|
[282][283] | |
129 | 20091116 16 November 2009
|
Atlantis | 6/7 | 10d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[284][285] | |
130 | 20100208 8 February 2010
|
Endeavour | 6 | 13d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[286][287] | |
131 | 20100405 5 April 2010
|
Discovery | 7 | 15d 03h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[288][289] | |
132 | 20100514 14 May 2010
|
Atlantis | 6 | 11d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[290][291] | |
133 | 20110214 24 February 2011
|
Discovery | 6 | 12d 19h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[292][293] | |
134 | 20110516 16 May 2011
|
Endeavour | 6 | 15d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[294][295] | |
135 | 20110708 8 July 2011
|
Atlantis | 4 | 12d 18h | LC-39A | Kennedy |
|
[296][297][298] |
Shuttle missions
Canceled missions
One initial emergency flight abort (RTLS) sub-orbital test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters.
Four missions were cut short by a day or more while in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure),[22] STS-35 (weather),[101] STS-44 (equipment failure),[192] and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94).[192]
Contingency missions
STS-300 was the designation for the Space Shuttle Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for STS-114 and STS-121, in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.[299][300][301] The rescue flight for STS-115, if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the STS-116 rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was STS-117. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions were ever flown.[302]
No contingency mission was planned for STS-135, the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[303]
Flight | Rescue Flight |
---|---|
STS-114 (Discovery) | STS-300 (Atlantis) |
STS-121 (Discovery) | STS-300 (Atlantis) |
STS-115 (Atlantis) | STS-301 (Discovery) |
STS-116 (Discovery) | STS-317 (Atlantis) |
STS-117 (Atlantis) | STS-318 (Endeavour) |
STS-118 (Endeavour) | STS-322 (Discovery) |
STS-120 (Discovery) | STS-320 (Atlantis)[lower-alpha 4] |
STS-122 (Atlantis) | STS-323 (Discovery)[lower-alpha 5] |
STS-123 (Endeavour) | STS-324 (Discovery) |
STS-124 (Discovery) | STS-326 (Endeavour) |
STS-125 (Atlantis) | STS-400 (Endeavour) |
STS-134 (Endeavour) | STS-335 (Atlantis) |
Flight statistics
Orbiters
Flights
Script error: No such module "Chart".
Timeline of missions
See also
- International Space Station construction
- List of Buran missions
- List of human spaceflights
- List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station
- List of Soyuz missions
- List of Space Shuttle crews
- List of Space Shuttle rollbacks
Notes
- ↑ If there are two numbers in this column, it signifies the number of astronauts launched and landed with, respectively. If the two numbers are the same, this indicates a crew swap took place during the mission.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 This shuttle was intended to land at Kennedy.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 The listed UTC time occurs the next day.
- ↑ NASA called this mission STS-320 instead of STS-321.[301]
- ↑ Originally scheduled to be Endeavour, changed to Discovery due to contamination issues.[304]
References
- ↑ "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969". NASA. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Malik, Tarik (21 July 2011). "NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon". Space.com. http://www.space.com/12376-nasa-space-shuttle-program-facts-statistics.html. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ Pinchefsky, Carol (18 April 2012). "5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolpinchefsky/2012/04/18/5-horrifying-facts-you-didnt-know-about-the-space-shuttle/2/.
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- ↑ "Space Shuttle Launch and Landing". NASA. 11 September 2012. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Jenkins, p. 524.
- ↑ "Robert L. Crippen". Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 26 May 2006. p. 45. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/CrippenRL/CrippenRL_5-26-06.pdf. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ "Terry J. Hart". Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 10 April 2003. pp. 18-19. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/HartTJ/HartTJ_4-10-03.pdf. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ "Paul J. Weitz". Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 26 March 2000. p. 12-58. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/WeitzPJ/PJW_3-26-00.pdf. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ "James D. A. van Hoften". Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 5 December 2007. p. 20. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/vanHoftenJD/vanHoftenJDA_12-5-07.pdf. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ Norton, Lily (30 June 2011). "8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts". Space.com. http://www.space.com/12127-8-surprising-space-shuttle-facts.html.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Heppenheimer, p. 123.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Dumoulin, Jim. "Enterprise (OV-101)". Kennedy Space Center. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/resources/orbiters/enterprise.html. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ Goodwin, p. 32.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Howell, Elizabeth (9 October 2012). "Enterprise: The Test Shuttle". Space.com. http://www.space.com/17983-space-shuttle-enterprise.html.
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- ↑ Duggins, p. 64.
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- ↑ Goodwin, pp. 206–264.
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- ↑ Goodwin, pp. 267–344.
- ↑ Wilford, John Noble (18 March 1982). "Space Shuttle Landing Site Is Shifted Because of Rains". The New York Times. ProQuest 121923320.
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- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 Cassutt, Michael (August 2009). "Secret Space Shuttles". Air and Space Magazine (Smithsonian Institution). http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Secret-Space-Shuttles.html?c=y&page=1. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-8.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 23.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-9". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-9.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 25.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41B.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 27.
- ↑ Wilford, John Noble (5 April 1984). "Space Shuttle Poised For First Service Call On Satellite in Orbit". The New York Times. ProQuest 122322581.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41D". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41D.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-41G.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51A.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51C.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51D.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51B.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51G.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51F". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51F.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 45.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51I". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51I.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51J". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51J.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-61A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61A.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-61B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61B.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-61C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-61C.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-51L". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-51L.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 57.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-26". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-26.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-27". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-27.html.
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- ↑ "Shuttle Atlantis almost lost in 1988". 2009-03-31. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2009/03/31/shuttle-atlantis-almost-lost-in-1988/.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-30". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-30.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-33". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-33.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-32". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-32.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 73.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-36". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-36.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-31". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-31.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-38". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-38.html.
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- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-111". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-111.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 227.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-112". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-112.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 229.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-113". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-113.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 231.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-107". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-107.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 233.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-114". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-114.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 235.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-121". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-121.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 237.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-115". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-115.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 239.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-116". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-116.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 241.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts117/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 243.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts118/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 245.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-120". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts120/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 247.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-122". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts122/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 249.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-123". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts123/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 251.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-124". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts124/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 253.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-126". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts126/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 255.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-119". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts119/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 257.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-125". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts125/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 259.
- ↑ "Hubble's Amazing Rescue (transcript)". NOVA. Season 37. Episode 2. 13 October 2009. PBS. Rocky Mountain PBS.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-127". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts127/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 261.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-128". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts128/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 263.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-129". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts129/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 265.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-130". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts130/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 267.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-131". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts131/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 269.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-132". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts132/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 271.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-133". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts133/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 273.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-134". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts134/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 275.
- ↑ "Mission Archives: STS-135". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts135/main/index.html.
- ↑ Chen, p. 277.
- ↑ Reichhardt, Tony (January 2013). "The Last Shuttle Flight: On Board Atlantis, the Closing of an Era.". Air and Space Magazine (Smithsonian Institution). http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/The-Last-Shuttle-Flight-179511511.html. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
- ↑ NASA (2005). "Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153444main_CSCS_Resource_%20Book.pdf.
- ↑ NASA (2005). "Flight Readiness Review Briefing Transcript". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/150494main_frr_brief_20060617.pdf.
- ↑ 301.0 301.1 Bergin, Chris (15 April 2007). "NASA Sets New Launch Date Targets Through to STS-124". CSCS flight numbers. NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/04/nasa-sets-new-launch-date-targets-through-to-sts-124/.
- ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (31 May 2010). "STS-335: NASA Continues Planning for Contingency Launch On Need Mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/05/sts-335-nasa-planning-contingency-launch-on-need-mission/.
- ↑ Ned, Potter (8 July 2011). "NASA Space Shuttle: Only Four Astronauts on Final Launch From Cape Canaveral". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasas-space-shuttle-risky-missions-atlantis-flight/story?id=14030398.
- ↑ Bergin, Chris (7 February 2008). "STS-122: Atlantis Launches – Endeavour LON doubt". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2008/02/sts-122-atlantis-launches-endeavour-lon-doubt/.
Bibliography
- Chen, Adam (2012). Wallack, William; Gonzalez, George. eds. Celebrating 30 years the Space Shuttle Program. Washington, D.C., United States: NASA. ISBN 978-0-16-090202-4. https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo25159. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- Duggins, Pat (2007). Final Countdown: NASA and the End of the Space Shuttle Program. United States of America: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3146-0. https://archive.org/details/finalcountdownna00dugg.
- Goodwin, Robert (2001). Space Shuttle – STS Flights 1-5 – The NASA Mission Reports. Canada: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-896522-69-6.
- Heppenheimer, T.A. (2002). Development of the Space Shuttle: 1972–1981. United States of America: Smithsonian Press. ISBN 978-1-58834-009-2.
- Jenkins, Dennis R. (2007). Space Shuttle: The History of the National Space Transportation System. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-9633974-5-4. https://archive.org/details/spaceshuttlehist0000jenk.
External links
- NASA's Shuttle and Rocket Missions
- NASA ISS Consolidated Launch Manifest
- Unofficial Space Shuttle Manifest
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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of Space Shuttle missions.
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