Software:Kung-Fu Master (video game)

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Kung-Fu Master
KungFuMaster arcadeflyer.png
North American arcade flyer
Developer(s)
Publisher(s)
Director(s)
  • Takashi Nishiyama (arcade)
  • Shigeru Miyamoto (NES)[5]
Producer(s)Scott Tsumura
Designer(s)
  • Takashi Nishiyama (arcade)[6]
  • Shigeru Miyamoto (NES)[5]
Composer(s)
  • Masato Ishizaki (arcade)[6]
  • Koji Kondo (NES)[7]
Platform(s)
Release
Genre(s)Beat 'em up
Mode(s)Single-player, multiplayer

Kung-Fu Master, known as Spartan X[lower-alpha 1] in Japan, is a side-scrolling beat 'em up game developed by Irem as an arcade game in 1984, and distributed by Data East in North America. Designed by Takashi Nishiyama, the game was based on Hong Kong martial arts films. It is a loose adaptation of the Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Yuen Biao film Wheels on Meals (1984), called Spartan X in Japan, with the protagonist Thomas named after Jackie Chan's character in the film. The game is also heavily inspired by the Bruce Lee film Game of Death (1972), which was the basis for the game's concept. Nishiyama, who had previously designed the side-scrolling shooter Moon Patrol (1982), combined fighting elements with a shoot 'em up gameplay rhythm. Irem and Data East exported the game to the West without the Spartan X license.

The player controls Thomas, the titular Kung-Fu Master, as he fights his way through the five levels of the Devil's Temple to rescue his girlfriend Sylvia from the crime boss Mr. X. As he ascends the tower, he has to fight many enemies along the way and five end-of-level boss battles, a concept inspired by Game of Death. Thomas and each boss have a health meter, and the game temporarily becomes a one-on-one fighting game during boss battles.

The game was a major commercial success, topping the Japanese arcade charts and becoming America's second highest-grossing arcade game of 1985, while receiving critical acclaim for its fast-paced, side-scrolling gameplay and detailed, colorful graphics. A port for the Nintendo Entertainment System (known as the Famicom in Japan) was developed by Nintendo under the direction of Shigeru Miyamoto, released as Spartan X in Japan and Kung-Fu in the West, selling 3.5 million copies worldwide. It was also one of the top five best-selling Commodore 64 games of 1986. It spawned the sequel Spartan X 2 (1991) and the spiritual successors Trojan (1986) and Vigilante (1988).

Kung-Fu Master was a highly influential game. It is regarded as the first beat 'em up brawler, and an early example of the side-scrolling character action game genre, which became popular during the mid-to-late 1980s. Miyamoto's work on the NES port inspired his development of the side-scrolling platform game Super Mario Bros. (1985), while Nishiyama was hired by Capcom where he used the game's boss battles as the basis for the fighting game Street Fighter (1987), before working for SNK on fighting games such as Fatal Fury and The King of Fighters. Kung-Fu Master also influenced other media, such as the Red Ribbon Army saga (1985–1986) of the manga and anime series Dragon Ball, as well as the French film Kung Fu Master (1988).

Gameplay

Arcade screenshot

The player controls Thomas with an eight-way joystick and two attack buttons to punch and kick. Unlike more conventional side-scrolling games, the joystick is used not only to crouch, but also to jump. Punches and kicks can be performed from a standing, crouching or jumping position. Punches award more points than kicks and do more damage, but their range is shorter. Thomas has a health meter indicating how much damage he can take.[15][16] He can absorb a significant amount of damage, but loses a life if he takes too many hits.[1]

Underlings encountered by the player include Grippers, who can grab Thomas and drain his energy until shaken off; Knife Throwers, who can throw at two different heights and must be hit twice; and Tom Toms, short fighters who can either grab Thomas or somersault to strike his head when he is crouching. On even-numbered floors, the player must also deal with falling balls and pots, snakes, poisonous moths, fire-breathing dragons, and exploding confetti balls.

The Devil's Temple has five floors, each ending with a different boss (described as "sons of the devil" at the start of the game). Each boss has a health meter like Thomas, which leads to the game temporarily becoming a one-on-one fighting game during a boss battle.[15][16] In order to complete a floor, Thomas must connect enough strikes to completely drain the boss's energy meter; he can then climb the stairs to the next floor. Thomas has a fixed time limit to complete each floor; if time runs out or his meter is completely drained, the player loses one life and must replay the entire floor. Upon completing a floor, the player receives bonus points for remaining time and energy.

The bosses of the first four levels are Stick Fighter, Boomerang Fighter, Giant, and Black Magician.[17] The boss of the fifth floor is Mr. X, the leader of the gang that kidnapped Sylvia. Once he is defeated, Thomas rescues Sylvia and the game restarts at a higher difficulty level.

An extra life is given at 50,000 points; thereafter, the rest of the game is on "survival of the fittest" mode. Play continues until the last Thomas is dead, which ends the game.

Development

The game was designed for Irem by Takashi Nishiyama.[6][15][18] Kung-Fu Master is based on Hong Kong martial arts films. It is a loose adaptation of the Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Yuen Biao film Wheels on Meals (1984), called Spartan X in Japan, specifically the final part of the film which involves Thomas (Jackie Chan) climbing a Spanish castle to rescue Sylvia (Lola Forner), with the help of Moby (Sammo Hung) and his cousin David (Yuen Biao).[19][17] The game also borrows heavily from Bruce Lee's 1972 film Game of Death, with the five-level Devil's Temple reflecting the movie's setting of a five-level pagoda with a martial arts master in each level; in contrast, Wheels on Meals takes place in Spain as opposed to the game's East Asian setting.[20] The final part of Wheels on Meals had itself borrowed its concept of climbing an enemy base by fighting enemies along the way from Game of Death.[19] The game was also influenced by the Bruce Lee film Enter the Dragon (1973).[17]

Nishiyama had earlier created Irem's 1982 arcade side-scrolling shooter game Moon Patrol.[6][21] Nishiyama designed Kung-Fu Master by combining a shoot 'em up gameplay rhythm with fighting elements.[22]

The music and sound for the arcade game were composed by Masato Ishizaki. Nishiyama initially believed the game did not need any music, as it was a martial arts game and he thought it would sound more impressive to just have the sound effects. Ishizaki had a melody in mind for the game, leading him to suggest that two versions be made, with and without the music, and asked to see which sounded better. After hearing both versions, Nishiyama agreed that the music version sounded better and included Ishizaki's melody in the game.[6]

Prior to the game's development, Nishiyama was invited to join Capcom by its founder Kenzo Tsujimoto in 1983, after he had left Irem. Nishiyama decided to remain in Irem up until the development of Spartan X. He eventually decided to leave Irem and join Capcom before the game was complete.[22] Ishizaki later went on to compose the music and sound for R-Type (1987).[6]

Release

The arcade game was originally released as Spartan X in Japan, on November 24, 1984.[9] It was then released internationally as Kung-Fu Master, in North America during late 1984[8] and in Europe by early 1985.[1]

Ports

In June 1985, the game was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), known as the Famicom in Japan;[7] it was released as Spartan X in Japan, before releasing internationally as Kung Fu in North America and PAL regions. It was converted and published by Nintendo, with the port designed and directed by Shigeru Miyamoto.[5] He led the Nintendo development team responsible for porting the Famicom port. He was interested in porting Kung-Fu Master due to its side-scrolling action gameplay, which was something he had in mind for the platformer genre, so he wanted to gain experience developing side-scrolling games with Excitebike (1984) and Kung Fu.[23] Koji Kondo also worked on the Famicom port, designing the sound effects.[7] In the NES version, Thomas is closely modelled after Jackie Chan, making it the first video game to feature a real-life person.[24]

The game was ported to the Atari 2600 by programmer Dan Kitchen (brother of Garry Kitchen), shortly after he had ported Ghostbusters (1984) to the Atari 2600. This port of Kung-Fu Master is considered a significant programming feat considering the technical limitations of the Atari 2600.[17]

Kung-Fu Master was also ported to the Atari 7800,[4] Amstrad CPC, Apple II, Commodore 64, MSX (Irem/ASCII version as Seiken Achō), PlayChoice-10 (arcade, nearly the same as the NES version), and ZX Spectrum.

Reception

Reception
Review scores
PublicationScore
ArcadeAtari 2600C64NESZX
AllGame4.5/5 stars[25]3.5/5 stars[14]3/5 stars[26]2.5/5 stars[27]
CVGPositive[1]54%[28]9/10[11]
Your Sinclair30%[30]
Zzap!6479%[31]
Commodore User4/5 stars[32]
Computer GamerPositive[33]
Play Meter8/10[34]
The Video Games Guide5/5 stars[35]
Top Score3.5/4 stars[36]

Arcade

In Japan, the Game Machine arcade charts listed Spartan X as the top-grossing table arcade cabinet for two months in 1984, from January 15[37] through February 1984.[38][39] It regained popularity in Japanese arcades following the release of the Famicom port later that year.[40] In Europe, it was a major arcade hit in 1985.[41][11]

In North America, it was a major hit in arcades,[36][42] reaching number-one on the US arcade earnings charts upon release,[8] and selling 5,000 arcade cabinets by April 1985.[43] It was later the second top-grossing upright arcade cabinet on the RePlay charts in November 1985 (just below Capcom's Commando).[44] It ended the year as America's second highest-grossing arcade game of 1985, below the Data East fighting game Karate Champ.[45] Kung-Fu Master was later also America's eleventh highest-grossing arcade game of 1986, according to the annual RePlay chart.[46]

Claire Edgley of Computer and Video Games gave the arcade game a positive review in March 1985. She was positively surprised by the "hard-hitting" action, the "very fast" and "breath-taking" pace, and large number of enemies. She also praised the controls, referring to Thomas as "a whirling, kicking, jumping, fighting machine" controlled by an eight-way joystick and two buttons, the "energy levels" which allow the player to "absorb a large number of hits" from enemies, the smooth "lifelike" picturesque graphics, and the catchy music jingles. She concluded that if "you thought that Karate Champ was good — wait 'til you try this one!"[1]

Mike Roberts also gave the arcade game a positive review in the May 1985 issue of Computer Gamer. He noted it was part of the "current craze" for arcade martial arts games, but said it had "more of a story line and game play" than others, noting the progression through five floors, simplified controls, abilities such as ducking and jumping, and multiple "standard baddies" followed by "super baddies" who are tougher to beat; he refers to the final opponent as the boss of organization X.[33] Matt Fox later reviewed the arcade game in 2013, praising the gameplay, animation and innovation.[35]

Ports

In Japan, the Famicom version sold 1.42 million copies.[47] In North America, the NES version titled Kung Fu was the top-selling video game in the United States during July 1986,[48] and again in September.[49] The NES version went on to sell 3.5 million copies worldwide.[50] In Europe, the Commodore 64 port topped the UK Gallup software sales charts in February 1986,[3][51] and went on to become one of the top five best-selling Commodore 64 games of 1986.[52] The ZX Spectrum version also sold well.[17]

Top Score reviewed the NES version in early 1987, calling it "a fantastic reproduction of its arcade counterpart" and an action-packed winner.[36] Tony Takoushi of Computer and Video Games called it "a near perfect conversion with all the gameplay and levels" intact from the arcade original, praising the gameplay as well as the "solid" graphics and sound.[11] In 2017, IGN ranked the NES port at number 62 on its list of top 100 NES games. They said that, despite being a "dumbed-down port" compared to the arcade original, it was a fun game with rewarding gameplay, challenging boss battles and replay value.[53]

Commodore User gave the Commodore 64 version a positive review in February 1986.[32] Rick Teverbaugh reviewed the Commodore and Apple versions for Computer Gaming World in 1986. He called it "a karate game with adventure elements thrown in" and said that it looked better on the Commodore than on the Apple.[2]

Legacy

Mosaic of "Thomas" by Invader in Hong Kong (2014)

The arcade version was later included along with the arcade versions of 10-Yard Fight and Zippy Race in IAC/Irem Arcade Classics for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn, released in Japan only in 1996 by Irem and I'Max. The arcade version was released to cell phones.[citation needed]

The Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum versions of the game were included on the 1986 compilation They Sold a Million 3,[54][55] along with Fighter Pilot, Ghostbusters, and Rambo.

A remake of the game has been announced for release exclusively for the Intellivision Amico.[56]

Sequels and successors

Dragon Wang is an action game made by Sega for the SG-1000 released in 1985 and was inspired by Kung-Fu Master. The protagonist is Wang (inspired by Jackie Chan and/or his character Thomas) whose name means "King" in Chinese.

My Hero was released by Sega for arcades in 1985 and for the Master System on January 1, 1986. The gameplay format is similar to Irem's Kung-Fu Master.

After designing Kung-Fu Master, Takashi Nishiyama was later hired by Capcom.[21] He designed an arcade successor for Capcom, Trojan (1986), which evolved the basic gameplay concepts of Kung-Fu Master. The NES port included a one-on-one fighting mode, a precursor to Nishiyama's work on Street Fighter.[18]

Kung Fu Kid, known in Japan as Makai Retsuden (魔界列伝), is a Master System video game released in 1987. It is the follow-up to the Sega SG-1000 title Dragon Wang with both titles playing very closely to Spartan X.

Originally in 1985, Irem began work on the prototype Super Kung-Fu Master which later expanded the work into an arcade sequel called Beyond Kung-Fu: Return of the Master under development and underwent location testing in 1987, but was shelved after it underperformed. Beyond Kung-Fu was then revamped into Vigilante, after Irem decided to give the game a more Americanized setting, which was released in 1988.[57]

In 1990, the arcade game received a Game Boy sequel titled as Kung-Fu Master (Spartan X in Japan), which has similar gameplay to the arcade game, but with a completely different plot and setting.[58]

In 1991, a sequel was released in Japan for the Famicom, titled Spartan X 2. It was originally planned to release in North America as Kung Fu II in the fall of 1991, but ended up not releasing there.[59] Spartan X 2 did not receive a North American release until 2016, when it was included as a built-in title for the Retro-Bit Generations retro video game console under the name Kung-Fu Master 2.

Indie publisher and developer Toushiryoku Laboratory (闘志力研究所) released doujin games Tifa Tan X (ティファタンX) in 2004 and its sequel Tifa Tan X2 (ティファタンX2) in 2005 as light-hearted homages and ecchi style parodies of Spartan X for PC and stars Tifa Lockhart from Final Fantasy VII as a playable character. Inspired heavily from Kung-Fu Master, gameplay is similar across both titles with the second seeing improvement to overall gameplay, graphics, and sound. The second game also features other characters making cameos from other games as boss fights those being Lilith from Darkstalkers, Mai Shiranui from Fatal Fury, Princess Athena from her own game, Abobo from Double Dragon, and a male Red Mage from Final Fantasy who is the main antagonist.[60][61][62]

On December 26, 2019, developer PiXEL[63] released their doujin game Xiaomei and the Flame Dragon's Fist (焔龍聖拳シャオメイ, Fire Dragon Master Fist Xiaomei) for PC through DLsite[64] and was later ported to the Nintendo Switch by publisher Leoful[65] on March 31, 2023 as a digital only release.[66][67] The game pays homage mainly to the original Kung-Fu Master in terms of its hud, level layout, and overall game structure although the title includes other elements from other games of its type during the '80s and '90s. The plot features heroine Xiaomei, who embarks on a journey to save her older sister, Xiaoyin, from the evil influence of the Dark Dragon. The Switch version also comes with a new story from Xiaoyin's perspective in Xiaoyin Mode (after completing the main story), with new characters, and unlockables such as wallpapers and character illustrations. Players fight enemies on a single plane from left to right to reach and fight a boss at the end of each stage with a variety of moves including simple and kicks to jumping attacks along with more advanced moves such as a powerful downward strike and short ranged attacks among others. Moves can also be strung together into combos for extra damage and points. While fighting, item pickups can be available to restore health and augment the player's attacks. Enemies include the classic Gripper types the swarm and immobilize the player to drain health with flying birds and dragons attack them from above. Former Namco composer Norio Nakagata was brought onboard along with one-time Sega sound designer Hirofumi Murasaki to do the game's music and sound effects.[68] The game's illustrations and graphics are by Studio Vigor and character voices by Suika.[69]

Impact

Beat 'em up and fighting games

Kung-Fu Master is regarded as the first beat 'em up video game in the world.[70][71][72][73][74][75] According to Retro Gamer, Kung-Fu Master invented the brawler genre.[17] It distinguished itself from Karate Champ by simplifying the combat system and featuring multiple opponents along a side-scrolling playfield.[76] It established the "walk forward and beat up dudes" trend that influenced many games after it.[18] It also established the end-of-level boss battle structure used in the beat 'em up genre, with the player character progressing through levels and fighting a boss character at the end of each level; in turn, this end-of-level boss battle structure was adapted from the Bruce Lee film Game of Death, where Lee's character fights a different boss character on each floor as he ascends a pagoda.[77]

According to Matt Fox, it "one hundred percent defined" the beat 'em up genre, with variations of its plot structure used in virtually every scrolling beat 'em up since.[35] There were numerous imitators, such as Black Belt (1986) and Kung Fu Kid (1987) on the Master System.[76] Other beat 'em ups that followed its single-plane side-scrolling format include arcade games such as Sega's My Hero and Flashgal (1985), Taito's The Ninja Warriors (1987), Data East's Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja (1988) and Namco's Splatterhouse (1988).[78][79] Other titles such as Technōs Japan's Renegade (1986) and Double Dragon (1987), Capcom's Final Fight (1989) and Sega's Streets of Rage (1991) evolved the beat 'em up formula established by Kung-Fu Master with a belt-scrolling format.[78][80][72]

The boss battles had health meters for the player character and each boss, which led to the game temporarily becoming a one-on-one fighting game during boss battles.[15][16] The Kung-Fu Master boss battles became the basis for the 1987 fighting game Street Fighter, which was directed by Kung-Fu Master designer Takashi Nishiyama after leaving Irem for Capcom.[81][16] Following the release of Kung-Fu Master, Capcom was interested in hiring Nishiyama, who then led the development of Street Fighter. Nishiyama later left Capcom to run SNK's video game development division, creating the Neo Geo arcade system board and fighting games including Fatal Fury, Art of Fighting, Samurai Shodown and The King of Fighters.[21]

Side-scrolling character action games

Kung-Fu Master was an early example of a side-scrolling character action game, a genre of games that featured large sprite characters in colorful, side-scrolling environments, with the core gameplay consisting of fighting large groups of weaker enemies using attacks (or weapons) such as punches, kicks, guns, swords, ninjutsu or magic. More arcade side-scrollers followed during the mid-to-late 1980s, including ninja games such as Taito's The Legend of Kage (1985), Sega's Shinobi (1987), and Tecmo's Ninja Gaiden (1988) as well as run and gun video games such as Konami's Rush'n Attack and Namco's Rolling Thunder (1986).[16] Kung-Fu Master was the first side-scrolling martial arts action game,[82] serving as the prototype for most martial arts games during the late 1980s,[76] and also established the health meter mechanic as a standard feature in fighting games and side-scrolling action games such as beat 'em ups.[16] Jamie Lendino also notes that, unlike "most arcade games" which had emphasized high scores and lives, Kung-Fu Master "had a genuine narrative arc" with a beginning, middle and end.[15]

The game's side-scrolling action gameplay played a key role in the development of Nintendo's influential side-scrolling platform game Super Mario Bros. (1985),[83][84] developed by the same Nintendo team behind the NES port Kung Fu. Shigeru Miyamoto cited his development of the Famicom port as one of the key factors behind his creation of Super Mario Bros. According to Miyamoto, the concept of Super Mario Bros. came about as a result of the "technical know-how" built up from Excitebike and Kung Fu,[85] his work on which inspired him to come up with a game that would have the player "strategize while scrolling sideways" over long distances, have aboveground and underground levels, and have colorful backgrounds rather than black backgrounds, resulting in the creation of Super Mario Bros.[23] Kung Fu was also one of the first NES titles that originated from a third-party developer, giving it a "special place" in the history of the Nintendo Entertainment System according to IGN.[53]

Popular culture

Akira Toriyama cited the Famicom version of Spartan X as an inspiration for a major saga in the manga and anime series Dragon Ball: the Red Ribbon Army saga (1985-1986), specifically the Muscle Tower arc, which involves Goku ascending an enemy base and fighting enemies on each floor. This arc was a turning point for Dragon Ball, a departure from the tournament format of the previous saga.[86] Tooru Fujisawa, creator of manga and anime series Great Teacher Onizuka (GTO), is also a fan of Spartan X.[87]

The game also influenced a French film called Kung Fu Master (1988) directed by Agnès Varda. Despite the title, it is not an adaptation of the game, nor is it a martial arts film, but it is rather a drama film concerning a divorced mother falling in love with a 14-year old video game player. The film showcases many French arcade games and the characters interest in Kung-Fu Master arcade game is a central plot device.[88]

Notes

  1. ↑ Japanese: スパルタンX Hepburn: Suparutan X

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Edgeley, Clare (16 March 1985). "Arcade Action: Can You Resist the Temptation?". Computer and Video Games (United Kingdom: EMAP) (42 (April 1985)): 92–3. https://archive.org/details/computer-video-games-magazine-042/page/n91/mode/2up. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Teverbaugh, Rick (April 1986). "Sports Scorecard". Computer Gaming World (United States) (27): 41. http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_27.pdf#page=41. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Charts: Top Twenty". Popular Computing Weekly: 43. 20 February 1986. https://archive.org/details/popular-computing-weekly-1986-02-20/page/n42/mode/1up. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Kung Fu Master Atari 7800 Manual". Absolute Entertainment. 1989. https://archive.org/details/Kung-Fu_Master_1989_Absolute_Entertainment. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Yamashita, Akira (8 January 1989). "Shigeru Miyamoto Interview: Profile of Shigeru Miyamoto" (in ja). Micom BASIC (1989–02). "Famicom (as director & game designer) - Hogan's Alley, Excitebike, Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, Wild Gunman, Duck Hunt, Devil World, Spartan X". 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "R-Type Sound Developer Interview – Masato Ishizaki". Shooting Gameside 9. March 25, 2014. http://shmuplations.com/rtypesound/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Original Super Mario Developers: The New Guys, Too!". Nintendo. February 1, 2011. http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/wii/mario25th/4/1. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Video Game Flyers: Kung-Fu Master, Data East (DECO)". https://flyers.arcade-museum.com/?page=flyer&db=videodb&id=576&image=1. 
  9. ↑ "スパルタンX". Famitsu. https://www.famitsu.com/cominy/?m=pc&a=page_h_title&title_id=2829&redirect=no. Retrieved 17 March 2021. 
  10. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Takoushi, Tony (15 December 1987). "Reviews: Kung Fu". Computer and Video Games (United Kingdom: EMAP) (75 (January 1988)): 134–5. https://archive.org/details/cvg-magazine-075/page/n133/mode/2up. 
  11. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "1985 Index". Computer Entertainer 4 (10): 6. January 1986. http://www.ataricompendium.com/archives/newsletters/video_game_update/computer_entertainer_jan86.pdf#page=6. 
  12. ↑ "Kung Fu Master". Zzap!64 (United Kingdom: Newsfield) (11 (March 1986)): 31. 9 February 1986. http://www.zzap64.co.uk/cgi-bin/displaypage.pl?issue=011&page=031&thumbstart=0&magazine=zzap&check=1. 
  13. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Kung-Fu Master". http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=8212. 
  14. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Lendino, Jamie (27 September 2020). Attract Mode: The Rise and Fall of Coin-Op Arcade Games. Steel Gear Press. pp. 289–90. https://books.google.com/books?id=d6wCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289. 
  15. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Williams, Andrew (16 March 2017). History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction. CRC Press. pp. 143–6. ISBN 978-1-317-50381-1. 
  16. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Mason, Graeme (March 2015). "Kung-Fu Master". Retro Gamer (140): 70–5. https://issuu.com/michelfranca/docs/retro_gamer____140/70. 
  17. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Kalata, Kurt (January 29, 2019). "Trojan". http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/trojan/. 
  18. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Dellafrana, Danilo (29 August 2017). "Le origini di Street Fighter" (in it-IT). https://www.thegamesmachine.it/speciali/90208/street-fighter/. 
  19. ↑ Spencer, Spanner (6 February 2008). "The Tao of Beat-'em-ups". Eurogamer. p. 2. https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/the-tao-of-beat-em-ups-article?page=2. 
  20. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Leone, Matt. "The Man Who Created Street Fighter". 1UP.com. http://www.1up.com/features/the-man-who-created-street-fighter.html. 
  21. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Okamoto, Yoshiki; Nishiyama, Takashi. "[ENG SUB A Talk Between the Creators of Street Fighter and Fatal Fury: KOF (Takashi Nishiyama)"] (in ja). 世界の岡本吉起Ch (YouTube). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqRFod7nuHo. 
  22. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Shigeru Miyamoto (December 2010). Super Mario Bros. 25th Anniversary - Interview with Shigeru Miyamoto #2 (in Japanese). Nintendo Channel. Retrieved 12 April 2021.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  23. ↑ "Bravo World Record!". Famicom Tsūshin (226): 91. 16 April 1993. https://archive.org/details/famitsu-issue-226-apr-1993/page/91. 
  24. ↑ Baize, Anthony. "Kung-Fu Master - Review". http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=421&tab=review. 
  25. ↑ "Kung-Fu Master (Commodore)". http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=3974. 
  26. ↑ "Kung Fu". http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=13879. 
  27. ↑ "Complete Games Guide". Computer and Video Games (Complete Guide to Consoles): 46–77. 16 October 1989. https://retrocdn.net/images/9/98/CompleteGuideToConsoles_UK_01.pdf#page=46. 
  28. ↑ "Kung Fu". Génération 4 (1): 38. 1987. http://download.abandonware.org/magazines/Generation%204/generation4_numero001/Generation4%20001%20-%20Page%20038%20(1987-Q4).jpg. 
  29. ↑ "The YS Complete Guide To Beat-'em-ups". Your Spectrum (53 (May 1990)). 12 April 1990. http://www.ysrnry.co.uk/articles/completeguidetobeatemups.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 
  30. ↑ "Kung Fu Master". Zzap!64 (11 (March 1986)): 31. 9 February 1986. http://www.zzap64.co.uk/cgi-bin/displaypage.pl?issue=011&page=031&thumbstart=0&magazine=zzap. 
  31. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Screen Scene". Commodore User (30 (March 1986)): 10–4. 26 February 1986. https://archive.org/details/commodore-user-magazine-30/page/n9/mode/2up. 
  32. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Roberts, Mike (May 1985). "Coin-Op Connection". Computer Gamer (United Kingdom: Argus Press) (2): 26–7. https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_02_1985-05_Argus_Press_GB/page/n25/mode/2up. 
  33. ↑ Lewin, Gene (June 15, 1985). "Gene's Gudgements". Play Meter 11 (11): 38–9. https://retrocdn.net/images/c/c0/PlayMeter_US_Volume_11_No._11.pdf#page=34. 
  34. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Fox, Matt (3 January 2013). The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962-2012 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7864-7257-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=xzMYYrsDaAEC&pg=PA162. 
  35. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 "Two Pick-Hits for the Nintendo Entertainment System". Top Score (Amusement Players Association). Winter 1987. https://archive.org/details/1987WinterTopScore/page/n11. 
  36. ↑ "Game Machine's Best Hit Games 25 - テーブル型TVゲーム機 (Table Videos)". Game Machine (Amusement Press, Inc.) (252): 27. 15 January 1985. https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19850115p.pdf#page=14. 
  37. ↑ "Best Hit Games 25". Game Machine (Amusement Press, Inc.) (253): 25. 1 February 1985. https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19850201p.pdf#page=13. 
  38. ↑ "Best Hit Games 25". Game Machine (Amusement Press, Inc.) (254): 23. 15 February 1985. https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19850215p.pdf#page=12. 
  39. ↑ "Overseas Readers Column: "Super Mario Bros." Boom Bringing Best Selling Book". Game Machine (Amusement Press, Inc.) (275): 24. 15 January 1986. https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19860115p.pdf#page=12. 
  40. ↑ "Arcade Action". Computer and Video Games (45 (July 1985)): 106. 16 June 1985. https://www.solvalou.com/arcade/reviews/216/579. 
  41. ↑ Carter, Jay (1985-08-24). "The Great Screen Test Of 1985". Cash Box (Cash Box Pub. Co.): 39, 41. https://archive.org/details/cashbox49unse_9/page/39. 
  42. ↑ "Overseas Readers Column". Game Machine (Amusement Press, Inc.) (259): 22. 1 May 1985. https://onitama.tv/gamemachine/pdf/19850501p.pdf#page=12. 
  43. ↑ "RePlay: The Players' Choice". RePlay 11 (2): 6. November 1985. https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-11-issue-no.-2-november-1985-600DPI/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2011%2C%20Issue%20No.%202%20-%20November%201985%20%28Compressed%29/page/6. 
  44. ↑ "1985 Operator Survey: This Poll Says Go Gettum!". RePlay 11 (2): 91-102 (93-4). November 1985. https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-11-issue-no.-2-november-1985-600DPI/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2011%2C%20Issue%20No.%202%20-%20November%201985/page/93. 
  45. ↑ "Top 20 of 1986". Top Score (Amusement Players Association): p. 3. July–August 1987. http://www.videoparadise-sanjose.com/ts-3.htm. 
  46. ↑ "Japan Platinum Chart Games". http://www.the-magicbox.com/Chart-JPPlatinum.shtml. 
  47. ↑ "U.S.A. TOP 10: 7月4日". Famicom Tsūshin (3): 7. 18 July 1986. https://archive.org/details/bi-weekly-famicom-tsushin-famitsu-no.-3-july-18th-1986-600dpi/Bi-Weekly%20Famicom%20Ts%C5%ABshin%20%28Famitsu%29%20-%20No.%203%20July%2018th%201986%20%28Compressed%29/page/7. 
  48. ↑ "U.S.A. TOP 10: 9月5日". Famicom Tsūshin (7): 7. 19 September 1986. https://archive.org/details/famitsu7september1986/page/n7. 
  49. ↑ CESA Games White Papers. Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association. 
  50. ↑ "History in the Making: The First Three Years". Computer and Video Games (83 (September 1988)): 51. 16 August 1988. https://archive.org/details/computer-video-games-magazine-083/page/n50/mode/1up. 
  51. ↑ "Top 50 Games of 1986". Commodore User (43 (April 1987)): 12. 26 March 1987. https://archive.org/details/commodore-user-magazine-43/page/n11. 
  52. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Top 100 NES Games". IGN. https://www.ign.com/lists/top-100-nes-games/62. 
  53. ↑ "They Sold a Million 3". Spectrum Computing. https://spectrumcomputing.co.uk/index.php?cat=96&id=11373. 
  54. ↑ "They Sold a Million 3 for Amstrad CPC (1986) - MobyGames". http://www.mobygames.com/game/they-sold-a-million-3. 
  55. ↑ "Intellivision® Reveals Initial Details For The Upcoming Amico™ Home Video Game Console!". PR Newswire (Press release).
  56. ↑ "Long Lost Kung-Fu Master Sequel Found". Retro Gamer (Future Publishing). 29 April 2015. https://www.retrogamer.net/blog_post/long-lost-kung-fu-master-sequel-found/. 
  57. ↑ Hawken, Kieren (31 August 2018). The A-Z of Nintendo Game Boy Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK Limited. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-78538-779-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=m8NBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81. 
  58. ↑ Wilds, Stephen (12 October 2016). "8 NES Games That Were Never Officially Released". https://www.pastemagazine.com/games/nes/8-nes-games-that-were-never-released/. 
  59. ↑ "List of games developed or published by "toushiryoku laboratory"". https://www.squakenet.com/software-house/toushiryoku-laboratory/. 
  60. ↑ "TIFA TAN X WINDOWS - 2004". https://www.myabandonware.com/game/tifa-tan-x-co6. 
  61. ↑ "TIFA TAN X 2WINDOWS - 2005". https://www.myabandonware.com/game/tifa-tan-x-2-co7. 
  62. ↑ "Game Companies - PiXEL". https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/games/company/252309-pixel. 
  63. ↑ "FireDragonMasterFistXIAOMEI". https://www.dlsite.com/home/work/=/product_id/RJ273610.html. 
  64. ↑ "Game Companies - Leoful". https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/games/company/218512-leoful. 
  65. ↑ "Xiaomei and the Flame Dragon's Fist - Nintendo eShop". 31 March 2023. https://www.nintendo.com/store/products/xiaomei-and-the-flame-dragons-fist-switch/. 
  66. ↑ "Xiaomei and the Flame Dragon's Fist - Nintendo Switch". https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/switch/400557-xiaomei-and-the-flame-dragons-fist. 
  67. ↑ "Xiaomei And The Flame Dragon's Fist Is A 16-Bit Kung Fu Throwback That Packs A Punch". 21 March 2023. https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2023/03/xiaomei-and-the-flame-dragons-fist-is-a-16-bit-kung-fu-throwback-that-packs-a-punch. 
  68. ↑ "Xiaomei and the Flame Dragon's Fist - leoful.com". https://leoful.com/xiaomei-and-the-flame-dragons-fist-en/. 
  69. ↑ Hawken, Kieren (16 February 2017). The A-Z of Atari 2600 Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781785386428. https://books.google.com/books?id=FdMnDwAAQBAJ&q=beat+em+up+kung+fu+master&pg=PT51. Retrieved 2 March 2018. 
  70. ↑ Hawken, Kieren (6 June 2017). The A-Z of Atari ST Games: Volume 1. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781785387005. https://books.google.com/books?id=EtEnDwAAQBAJ&q=beat+em+up+kung+fu+master&pg=PT29. Retrieved 2 March 2018. 
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  72. ↑ "First side-scrolling beat-em-up". http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-side-scrolling-beat-em-up. 
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  75. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Kunkel, Bill; Worley, Joyce; Katz, Arnie, "The Furious Fists of Sega!", Computer Gaming World, Oct 1988, pp. 48-49
  76. ↑ Stuart, Keith (9 April 2014). "Bruce Lee, UFC and why the martial arts star is a video game hero". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/09/bruce-lee-ea-sports-. 
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  79. ↑ Spencer, Spanner (12 February 2008). "The Tao of Beat-'em-ups - Part 2: A fight is not won by one punch or kick. Fighting from '85 to '93.". https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/a_taoofbeatemups_pt2_retro. 
  80. ↑ Leone, Matt (July 7, 2020). "Street Fighter 1: An oral history". Vox Media. https://www.polygon.com/2020/7/7/21270906/street-fighter-1-oral-history-takashi-nishiyama. 
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  84. ↑ Gifford, Kevin. "Super Mario Bros.' 25th: Miyamoto Reveals All". http://www.ugo.com/games/super-mario-bros-25th-miyamoto-reveals-all.html. 
  85. ↑ (in ja). Shueisha. 1995. pp. 261–265. ISBN 4-08-782752-6. 
  86. ↑ Okamoto, Yoshiki; Nishiyama, Takashi. "[ENG SUB A Talk Between the Creators of Street Fighter and Fatal Fury: KOF (Takashi Nishiyama)"] (in ja). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqRFod7nuHo. 
  87. ↑ Ebert, Roger (November 17, 1989). "Kung-fu master!". https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/kung-fu-master-1989. 

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