Biology:Hypogymnia

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Short description: Genus of lichens

Hypogymnia
Hypogymnia physodes.jpeg
Hypogymnia physodes
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Hypogymnia
(Nyl.) Nyl. (1896)
Type species
Hypogymnia physodes
(L.) Nyl. (1896)
Synonyms
  • Parmelia subgen. Hypogymnia Nyl. (1881)
  • Cavernularia Degel. (1937)
  • Ceratophyllum M.Choisy (1951)

Hypogymnia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines (root-like attachment organs on the lower surface) that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees.

Hypogymnia was proposed by lichenologist William Nylander, first as a subgenus of Parmelia in 1881, and 15 years later as a distinct genus of two species, including the widespread and common type species, Hypogymnia physodes. It has since grown to about 90 recognized species. Hypogymnia has a centre of biodiversity in China, where many of its species are found.

Taxonomy

Hypogymnia was first created as subgenus of Parmelia by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1881. He associated it with the species Parmelia physodem (which ultimately became the type species, Hypogymnia physodes), noting the lack of rhizines as the characteristic distinguishing it from Parmelia.[1] Nylander later promoted it to generic status in 1896. At this time, the genus contained only two species: Hypogymnia pertusa (currently named Menegazzia terebrata)[2] as well as the type species.[3] For many decades afterwards, the genus did not have widespread recognition, as most lichenologists preferred to include the "hypogymnioid" lichens in the classic form genus Parmelia.[4] In 1951 Hildur Krog considered the morphology and chemistry of this group of species to be distinctive and reinstated the genus Hypogymnia. Krog included four subgenera, including H. subg. Cavernularia and H. subg.Everniiformes.[5] These later became accepted as distinct genera (the former only temporarily; see synonymy below), the latter under the name Pseudevernia.[4]

In 1974, Krog published an account of three Northern Hemisphere Hypogymnia species that grow on acid rock in arctic and alpine habitats. These species, namely H.  atrofusca, H. intestiniformis, and H. oroarctica, make up the H. intestiniformis group.[6] This biologically discontinuous assemblage of species was segregated from Hypogymnia by Trevor Goward under the genus name Brodoa in 1986. It differs from Hypogymnia in its compact medulla, larger spores and different cortical structure.[4]

Hypogymnia is classified in the Parmeliaceae. The family Hypogymniaceae has been proposed in the past to contain the genus and other similar hypogymnioid lichens,[7] but this taxonomic arrangement has not been widely accepted by other taxonomists.[8] For example, Krog argued that no critical characters had been suggested that could be used as a defining familial characteristic.[9] In the Parmeliaceae, Hypogymnia belongs to the hypogymnioid clade along with the genera Arctoparmelia, Brodoa, and Pseudevernia.[10] All of these genera share the common characteristic of having a loosely compact medulla.[11]

Hypogymnia lichens are commonly known as "tube lichens", "bone lichens", or "pillow lichens".[12] The name Hypogymnia, derived from the Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupó, meaning "under") and γυμνός (gumnós, meaning "naked"), refers to the bare lower surface of the thallus.[13]

Synonymy

Synonyms of Hypogymnia are Cavernularia, created by Gunnar Degelius in 1937,[14] and Ceratophyllum, created by Maurice Choisy in 1951. Cavernularia contained two hypogymnoid species, C. lophyrea and C. hultenii. This species pair has an array of pronounced but small depressions in the lower surface, instead of the smooth or irregularly wrinkled surface typical of Hypogymnia;[15] Degelius called these minute cavities (about 0.1 mm diameter) "cavernulae".[14] The two Cavernularia species are otherwise similar to Hypogymnia in terms of overall morphology, microstructure of the apothecia, and chemistry. Molecular analysis showed that Cavernularia needed to be subsumed into Hypogymnia in order for the latter genus to be monophyletic. This suggested synonymy had already been proposed several decades earlier by Veli Räsänen in 1943 and Hildur Krog in 1952, but not adopted by later authors, including Krog herself.[15]

Description

Closeup of a perforated lobe tip of H. occidentalis

Hypogymnia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. They are typically greenish grey to brownish grey in colour;[12] some species are yellowish (from usnic acid).[8] The thallus comprises more or less inflated but hollow (tube-like) lobes. These lobes often have a perforation at the tip. The colour of the ceiling of the tubes (the medullary surface) is dark brown or white, and is often used as a characteristic to distinguish between species. The lower surface of the tube is black with a smooth or wrinkled texture.[12]

Soralia at the lobe tip of H. physodes; here the tip curls up and back

Rhizines are root-like attachment organs on the lower surface of a lichen thallus, made of elongated strands of hyphae; a shorter version of this attachment organ is called a hapter. Although many recent lichen floras and manuals describe Hypogymnia as lacking rhizines, a 2015 study challenges the universality of this assertion. In the study, researchers studied a large number of Hypogymnia collections, representing 72 species as well as 64 type specimens. They found that rhizines and hapters were occasionally present on the lower surface of 35 species. Two types of attachment organs are found: slender rhizines with fine and tapering tips (found in H. krogiae and H. subfarinacea), and the more common hapters, which are thick with broken tips. Both types are dark brown to black and usually the same colour as the lower surface. In all cases where these attachment organs are found, however, they are few in number and are sparsely distributed on the lower thallus surface.[11]

The apothecia of Hypogymnia are lecanorine in form with a constricted base and are often raised or shaped like an urn. The apothecial discs are red-brown and typically concave. Ascospores are colourless, ellipsoid, and number eight per ascus.[12] They are relatively small, less than 9 μm long.[15] Pycnidia are black and appear as small dots on the surface of the lobes.[12] The photobiont partner is trebouxioid–a green alga from the genus Trebouxia.[16]

The cortex contains atranorin (responsible for the grey colour),[8] while the medullae of most species have physodic acid, and some species contain other orcinol and beta-orcinol depsidones, including protocetraric acid and physodalic acid.[12]

The genus Menegazzia contains species that could be confused with Hypogymnia; Menegazzia, however, has perforations on the upper lobe surface, unlike Hypogymnia. Other superficially similar genera, such as Brodoa and Allantoparmelia, can be distinguished from Hypogymnia by their solid lobes.[12]

Habitat and distribution

Hypogymnia species usually grow on bark and wood, particular that of conifers. Less frequently, they are found on rock or mossy soil.[12] The genus has been recorded on all continents except Antarctica. In tropical to subtropical locations, Hypogymnia appears to be restricted to high elevations, where temperatures are cooler.[15] Seventeen species are recorded from the Himalaya n region of India and Nepal,[17] while 31 species are present in North America.[8] In Mexico, it is relatively rare; of the 11 species recorded from there, only two are known from more than 10 collections, and only one, H. guadalupensis, is endemic to the country.[18] Nine species occur in Europe.[19] Southwestern China is a centre of biodiversity for the genus, as more than 40 species occur there.[20] It is one of the few large Parmeliaceae genera that has its main distribution in the Northern Hemisphere.[21]

Ecology

There are several lichenicolous fungi that are known to infect Hypogymnia species. Some of them parasitise specific lichens, such as Plectocarpon hypogymniae (on Hypogymnia bitteri), Lichenopeltella hypogymniae (on Hypogymnia zeylanica), Muellerella antarctica (on Hypogymnia antarctica), Phacopsis cephalodioides (on Hypogymnia physodes). Others have a less specific host range, including Abrothallus prodiens, Epithamnolia xanthoriae, Minutoexcipula calatayudii, Trichonectria anisospora, Endophragmiella franconica, Cyphobasidium hypogymniicola, Tremella hypogymniae, and Tremella papuana.[22] The thalli of Hypogymnia physodes are inhabited by various species of orbatid mites.[23]

Uses

Hypogymnia physodes has been used as a biomonitor for several applications. Examples include monitoring atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition in Norway,[24] the accumulation of mercury downwind of chloralkali plant in Wisconsin,[25] and pollution from several toxic heavy metal elements following the closure of a large mine waste dump close to Zlatna, Romania.[26] It was also used to help evaluate the levels of radionuclides deposited in the environment after the East Urals (1957) and Chernobyl (1988) nuclear accidents.[27] H. tubulosa is an indicator species of old-growth forests.[28] In China, H. physodes and H. pseudoenteromorpha are used as raw materials in the preparation of litmus reagent.[29]

In 15th-century Europe, Hypogymnia physodes was one component (in addition to Evernia prunastri and Pseudevernia furfuracea) of the popular drug "Lichen quercinus virdes".[30] In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hypogymnia hypotrypa is used for "dim vision, bleeding from uterus, bleeding from external injury, chronic dermatitis, and sores."[31] Hypogymnia flavida and H. hypotrypa serve as raw material in the preparation of antibiotics in China.[29]

Species

About 90 species are recognized in the genus.[32]

Hypogymnia austerodes
Hypogymnia farinacea
Hypogymnia imshaugii
Hypogymnia inactiva
Hypogymnia krogiae
Hypogymnia metaphysodes
Hypogymnia occidentalis
Hypogymnia tubulosa
Hypogymnia vittata
  • Hypogymnia alpina Awasthi (1984)[33] – China; India; Nepal
  • Hypogymnia amplexa Goward, Björk & T.B.Wheeler (2011)[34]
  • Hypogymnia arcuata Tchaban. & McCune (2001)[35] – widespread in Northern Hemisphere
  • Hypogymnia asahinae K.Yoshida (2001)[36] – Japan
  • Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Räsänen (1943) – Europe
  • Hypogymnia australica Elix (1989)[37]
  • Hypogymnia beringiana (Krog) McCune (2008) – Alaska; Russia
  • Hypogymnia billardierei (Mont.) Filson (1970)
  • Hypogymnia bitteri (Lynge) Ahti (1964) – Asia; Europe
  • Hypogymnia bryophila McCune (2002)[38] – Portugal
  • Hypogymnia bulbosa McCune & Li S.Wang (2003)[39] – China; Taiwan
  • Hypogymnia canadensis Goward & McCune (2007)[40] – North America
  • Hypogymnia capitata McCune (2014)[20] – China
  • Hypogymnia castanea McCune & Krog (2008)[41] – Alaska; Far East Russia
  • Hypogymnia congesta McCune & C.F.Culb. (2003)[39] – China
  • Hypogymnia crystallina McCune, Divakar & Upreti (2012)[17] – Himalayas
  • Hypogymnia delavayi (Hue) Rass. (1956) – China
  • Hypogymnia dichroma Goward (2012)[42] – American Cordillera
  • Hypogymnia diffractaica McCune (2003)[39] – China
  • Hypogymnia discopruina – southwestern China[43]
  • Hypogymnia duplicata (Sm.) Räsänen (1967)
  • Hypogymnia elgonensis C.W.Dodge (1959)[44] – Africa
  • Hypogymnia elongata (Hillmann) Rass. (1956)
  • Hypogymnia enteromorphoides Elix (1980)[7]
  • Hypogymnia farinacea Zopf (1907) – Europe
  • Hypogymnia fistulosa McCune & Krog (2008)[41] – Aleutian Islands; other islands in the Bering Sea; Seward Peninsula
  • Hypogymnia flavida McCune & Obermayer (2001)[45] – East Asia
  • Hypogymnia fragillima (Hillmann ex Sato) Rass. (1956) – northeast Asia
  • Hypogymnia fujisanensis (Asahina) Kurok. (1971)
  • Hypogymnia gracilis McCune (2002)[46]
  • Hypogymnia guadalupensis McCune (2002)[47]
  • Hypogymnia hengduanensis J.C.Wei (1984)[48] – Asia
  • Hypogymnia heterophylla L.H.Pike (1982)[49] – North America
  • Hypogymnia hokkaidensis Kurok. (1971)[50] – Japan
  • Hypogymnia hultenii (Degel.) Krog (1951)
  • Hypogymnia hypotrypa (Nyl.) Rass. (1956) – Asia
  • Hypogymnia imshaugii Krog (1968[51] – Alaska
  • Hypogymnia inactiva (Krog) Ohlsson (1973)
  • Hypogymnia incurvoides Rass. (1967)[52] – Europe
  • Hypogymnia inflata C.W.Dodge (1959)[44] – Africa
  • Hypogymnia irregularis McCune (2011)[53] – Asia
  • Hypogymnia kangdingensis (J.C.Wei) J.B.Chen & J.C.Wei (1989)
  • Hypogymnia kiboensis C.W.Dodge (1959)[44] – Africa
  • Hypogymnia kosciuskoensis Elix (1980)[7] – Australia
  • Hypogymnia krogiae Ohlsson (1973)[54] – North America
  • Hypogymnia laccata J.C.Wei & Y.M.Jiang (1980)[55] – southwest China
  • Hypogymnia laminisorediata D.Hawksw. & Poelt (1973)[56] – Greece; Morocco
  • Hypogymnia laxa McCune (2003)[39] – China
  • Hypogymnia lijiangensis J.B.Chen (1994)[57] – China
  • Hypogymnia lugubris (Pers.) Krog (1968)
  • Hypogymnia lophyrea (Ach.) Krog (1951)
  • Hypogymnia macrospora (J.D.Zhao) J.C.Wei (1991) – China
  • Hypogymnia madeirensis (Tav.) D.Hawksw. (1973)
  • Hypogymnia magnifica X.L.Wei & McCune (2010)[58] – China
  • Hypogymnia metaphysodes (Asahina) Rass. (1967) – Asia
  • Hypogymnia minilobata McCune & C.L.Schoch (2009)[59] – United States
  • Hypogymnia mollis L.H.Pike & Hale (1982)[49] – North America
  • Hypogymnia mundata (Nyl.) Oxner ex Rass. (1956)
  • Hypogymnia nikkoensis (Zahlbr.) Rass. (1967)
  • Hypogymnia nitida McCune & Li S.Wang (2014)[20] – China
  • Hypogymnia obscurata (Bitter) Räsänen (1943)
  • Hypogymnia occidentalis L.H.Pike (1982)[49] – Oregon
  • Hypogymnia oceanica Goward (1988)[60] – North America
  • Hypogymnia papilliformis McCune, Tchaban. & X.L.Wei (2015)[61] – Russian Far East; China
  • Hypogymnia pectinatula (Zahlbr.) Elix (1989) – Java; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; North Borneo
  • Hypogymnia pendula McCune & Li S.Wang (2014)[20] – China
  • Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. (1896) – widespread in Northern Hemisphere
  • Hypogymnia protea Goward, T.Sprib. & Ahti (2012)[42] – American Cordillera
  • Hypogymnia pruinoidea X.L.Wei & J.C.Wei (2012)[62] – China
  • Hypogymnia pruinosa J.C.Wei & Y.M.Jiang (1980)[55] – China
  • Hypogymnia pseudobitteriana (D.D.Awasthi) D.D.Awasthi (1971) – Asia; Papua New Guinea
  • Hypogymnia pseudocyphellata McCune & E.P.Martin (2003)[39] – China
  • Hypogymnia pseudoenteromorpha M.J.Lai (1980)[63] – Japan
  • Hypogymnia pseudophysodes (Asahina) Rass. (1967) – northeast Asia
  • Hypogymnia pseudopruinosa X.L.Wei & J.C.Wei (2006)[64] – China
  • Hypogymnia pulchrilobata (Bitter) Elix (1980)
  • Hypogymnia pulverata (Nyl.) Elix (1980)
  • Hypogymnia recurva Goward, Björk & Hollinger (2010)[65] – North America
  • Hypogymnia rhodesiana C.W.Dodge (1959)[44] – Africa
  • Hypogymnia sachalinensis Tchaban. & McCune (2002)[35] – east Asia
  • Hypogymnia salsa Goward (2012)[42] – American Cordillera
  • Hypogymnia saxicola McCune & Li S.Wang (2014)[20] – China
  • Hypogymnia schizidiata McCune (2002)[66]
  • Hypogymnia sikkimensis G.P.Sinha & Elix (2003)[67] – Sikkim, India
  • Hypogymnia sinica J.C.Wei & Y.M.Jiang (1980)[55] – China
  • Hypogymnia stricta (Hillmann) K.Yoshida (2001) – Asia
  • Hypogymnia subarticulata (J.D.Zhao, L.W.Hsu & Z.M.Sun) J.C.Wei & Y.M.Jiang (1986) – Asia
  • Hypogymnia subcrustacea (Flot.) Kurok. (1971)
  • Hypogymnia subduplicata (Rass.) Rass. (1973)
  • Hypogymnia subfarinacea X.L.Wei & J.C.Wei (2006)[64] – China
  • Hypogymnia submundata (Oxner) Rass. (1967)
  • Hypogymnia subobscura (Vain.) Poelt (1962) – Europe
  • Hypogymnia subphysodes (Kremp.) Filson (1970)
  • Hypogymnia subpruinosa J.B.Chen (1994) – China
  • Hypogymnia subvittata (J.D.Zhao) J.C.Wei (1991)
  • Hypogymnia taiwanalpina M.J.Lai (1980)[63] – Taiwan
  • Hypogymnia tasmanica Elix (1989)[37]
  • Hypogymnia tavaresii D.Hawksw. & P.James (1973)[56] – Canary Islands
  • Hypogymnia tenuispora McCune & Li S.Wang (2014)[20] – China
  • Hypogymnia thomsoniana (Müll.Arg.) D.D.Awasthi (1985) – Asia
  • Hypogymnia tubularis (Taylor) Elix (1980)
  • Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav. (1918) – Europe
  • Hypogymnia tuckerae – Oregon & California[43]
  • Hypogymnia turgidula (Bitter) Elix (1980)
  • Hypogymnia verruculosaGoward (2012)[42] – American Cordillera
  • Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique (1898) – Asia; Europe; North America
  • Hypogymnia wattiana (Müll.Arg.) D.D.Awasthi (1985)
  • Hypogymnia wilfiana Goward, T.Sprib. & Ahti (2010)[65] – North America
  • Hypogymnia yunnanensis Y.M.Jiang & J.C.Wei (1990)[68] – China
  • Hypogymnia zeylanica (R.Sant.) D.D.Awasthi & Kr.P.Singh (1971) – Sri Lanka

Hypogymnia contains three species pairs: H. krogiae and the sorediate counterpart H. incurvoides, H. minilobata and the sorediate H. mollis, and H. lophyrea and the sorediate H. hultenii.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Nylander, William (1881). "Addenda nova ad Lichenographium europaeam". Flora oder Botanische Zeitung 34: 537. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/66595. 
  2. ↑ "Record Details: Hypogymnia pertusa (Schaer.) Nyl.". Index Fungorum. http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=386959. Retrieved June 3, 2020. 
  3. ↑ Nylander, W. (1896) (in French). Les Lichens des Environs de Paris. Paris: Typographye Paul. Schmidt. pp. 39, 139. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k98406x/f44.image. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Goward, Trevor (1986). "Brodoa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Bryologist 89 (3): 219–223. doi:10.2307/3243288. 
  5. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1951). "Microchemical studies on Parmelia". Nytt Magazin for Naturvidenskapene 88: 57–85. 
  6. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1974). "Taxonomic studies in the Hypogymnia intestiniformis complex". Lichenologist 6 (2): 135–140. doi:10.1017/S0024282974000211. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Elix, John A. (1979). "A taxonomic revision of the lichen genus Hypogymnia in Australasia". Brunonia 2 (2): 175–245. doi:10.1071/BRU9790175. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Elvebakk, Arve (2011). "A review of the genus Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae) in Chile". Bryologist 114 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.379. 
  9. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1982). "Evolutionary trends in foliose and fruticose lichens of the Parmeliaceae". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 52: 303–311. 
  10. ↑ Crespo, Ana; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Mattsson, Jan-Eric; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Articus, Kristina; Wiklund, Elisabeth; Bawingan, Paulina A. et al. (2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID 17276700. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wei, Xin-Li; Chen, Kai; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Wri, Jiang-Chun (2015). "Rhizines occasionally occur in the genus Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Lichenologist 47 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000541. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 345. ISBN 978-0300082494. 
  13. ↑ Ulloa, Miguel; Aguirre-Acosta, Elvira (2020). Illustrated Generic names of Fungi. APS press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-89054-618-5. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Degelius, G. (1937). "Lichens from southern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, collected by Dr. E. Hultén". Meddelelser från Götebörgs Botaniska Trädgård 12: 105–144. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Miadlikowska, Jolanta; Schoch, Conrad L.; Kageyama, Stacie A.; Molnar, Katalin; Lutzoni, François; McCune, Bruce (2011). "Hypogymnia phylogeny, including Cavernularia, reveals biogeographic structure". Bryologist 114 (2): 392–400. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-114.2.392. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232684061. 
  16. ↑ Westberg, M.; Ahti, T.; Thell, A. (2011). "Hypogymnia". Nordic Lichen Flora. 4. Svenska Botaniska Föreningen. pp. 56–62. ISBN 978-91-85221-24-0. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 McCune, B.; Divakar, P. K.; Upreti, D. K. (2012). "Hypogymnia in the Himalayas of India and Nepal". Lichenologist 44 (5): 595–609. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000321. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236035423. 
  18. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Pérez Pérez, Rosa Emilia (2016). "Hypogymnia in Mexico". Lichens of Mexico. The Parmeliaceae – Keys, distribution and specimen descriptions. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 110. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-3-443-58089-6. 
  19. ↑ Hawksworth, David L.; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ahti, Teuvo; Crespo, Ana (2008). "A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions". The Lichenologist 40 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007329. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 McCune, B; Wang, LS (2014). "The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China". Mycosphere 5 (1): 27–76. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2. http://mycosphere.org/pdf/Mycosphere_5_1_2.pdf.  open access
  21. ↑ Thell, Arne; Crespo, Ana; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Kärnefelt, Ingvar; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Seaward, Mark R. D. (2012). "A review of the lichen family Parmeliaceae – history, phylogeny and current taxonomy". Nordic Journal of Botany 30 (6): 641–664. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00008.x. 
  22. ↑ Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018). "The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa". The Bryologist 121 (3): 340–425. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328374342. 
  23. ↑ Melekhina, E.N. (2020). "Oribatid mites as inhabitants of lichens in the taiga zone of northeastern Europe: Biotopic association and ecological groups of species". Biology Bulletin 47 (5): 522–534. doi:10.1134/s1062359020050064. 
  24. ↑ Bruteig, Inga E. (1993). "The epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes as a biomonitor of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition in Norway". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 26 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1007/BF00555060. PMID 24225896. 
  25. ↑ Makholm, M. M.; Bennett, J. P. (1998). "Mercury accumulation in transplanted Hypogymnia physodes lichens downwind of Wisconsin chlor-alkali plant". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 102 (3/4): 427–436. doi:10.1023/A:1004977717769. Bibcode: 1998WASP..102..427M. 
  26. ↑ Rusu, A.-M.; Jones, G.C.; Chimonides, P.D.J.; Purvis, O.W. (2006). "Biomonitoring using the lichen Hypogymnia physodes and bark samples near Zlatna, Romania immediately following closure of a copper ore-processing plant". Environmental Pollution 143 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.11.002. PMID 16368174. 
  27. ↑ Biazrov, Lev G. (1994). "The radionuclides in lichen thalli in Chernobyl and East Urals areas after nuclear accidents". Phyton 34 (1): 85–95. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279901793. 
  28. ↑ Whelan, Paul (2011). Lichens of Ireland – an illustrated introduction to over 250 species. Cork: Collins Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84889-137-1. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Yang, Mei-Xia; Devkota, Shiva; Wang, Li-Song; Scheidegger, Christoph (2021). "Ethnolichenology—The use of lichens in the Himalayas and southwestern parts of China". Diversity 13 (7): 330–346. doi:10.3390/d13070330. 
  30. ↑ Mitrovic, Tatjana; Stamenkovic, Slaviša; Cvetkovic, Vladimir; Radulovic, Niko; Mladenovic, Marko; Stankovic, Milan (2014). "Platismatia glaucia and Pseudevernia furfuracea lichens as sources of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents". EXCLI Journal 13: 938–953. PMID 26417313. 
  31. ↑ Crawford, Stuart (2019). "Lichens Used in Traditional Medicine". Lichen Secondary Metabolites. Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential (2 ed.). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. p. 66. ISBN 978-3-030-16813-1. 
  32. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332. 
  33. ↑ Awasthi, D.D. (1984). "The lichen genera Hypogymnia and Menegazzia from India and Nepal". Kavaka 12( (2): 87–97. 
  34. ↑ Lumbsch, H. T.; Ahti, T.; Altermann, S.; De Paz, G. A.; Aptroot, A.; Arup, U. et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity". Phytotaxa 18 (1): 64. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 McCune, Bruce; Tchabanenko, Svetlana (2001). "Hypogymnia arcuata and H. sachalinensis, two new lichens from east Asia". Bryologist 104 (1): 146–150. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0146:HAAHST2.0.CO;2]. 
  36. ↑ Yoshida, K.; Kashiwadani, H. (2001). "Typification of taxa of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae) described from Japan and Sakhalin". Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 27 (2–3): 35–46. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Elix, John A.; Jenkins, Gillian A. (1989). "New species and new records of Hypogymnia (lichenized Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon 35 (2): 469–476. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0035/002/0469.htm. 
  38. ↑ McCune, Bruce (2002). "Hypogymnia bryophila, A new sorediate lichen species from Portugal". The Bryologist 105 (3): 470–472. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)105[0470:HBANSL2.0.CO;2]. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 McCune, Bruce; Martin, Erin P.; Wang, Li-song (2003). "Five new species of Hypogymnia with rimmed holes from the Chinese Himalayas". Bryologist 106 (2): 226–234. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0226:FNSOHW2.0.CO;2]. 
  40. ↑ Goward, Trevor; McCune, Bruce (2007). "Hypogymnia canadensis (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from the Pacific Coast of North America". Bryologist 110 (4): 808–811. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2007)110[808:HCPANL2.0.CO;2]. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 McCune, Bruce (2008). "Three new species of Hypogymnia (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae from the Bering Sea region, Alaska, and Russia". North American Fungi 3 (6): 1–10. doi:10.2509/naf2008.003.006.  open access
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Goward, Trevor; Spribille, Toby; Ahti, Teuvo; Hampton-Miller, Celia J. (2012). "Four new sorediate species in the Hypogymnia austerodes group (lichens) from northwestern North America, with notes on thallus morphology". Bryologist 115 (1): 84–100. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-115.1.84. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232708370. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 McCune, Bruce; Conway, Sarah Norvell (2022). "Two new species, Hypogymnia tuckerae and H. discopruina (Parmeliaceae), from North America and China". The Bryologist 125 (3): 406–417. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-125.3.406. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Dodge, C.W. (1959). "Some lichens of Tropical Africa. III. Parmeliaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 46 (1–2): 39–193. doi:10.2307/2394567. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16157748. 
  45. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Obermayer, Walter (2001). "Typification of Hypogymnia hypotrypa and H. sinica". Mycotaxon 79: 23–27. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0079/0023.htm. 
  46. ↑ Nash et al. 2002, p. 231.
  47. ↑ Nash et al. 2002, p. 232.
  48. ↑ Wei, J.C. (1984). "A new isidiate species of Hypogymnia in China". Acta Mycologica Sinica 3: 214–216. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Pike, Lawrence H.; Hale Jr, Mason E. (1982). "Three new species of Hypogymnia from western North America (Lichenes: Hypogymniaceae)". Mycotaxon 16 (1): 157–161. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0016/001/0157.htm. 
  50. ↑ Kurokawa, S.; Nakanishi, S. (1971). "Lichens of the Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido". Memoirs of the National Science Museum Tokyo 4: 59–70. 
  51. ↑ Krog, H. (1968). "The macrolichens of Alaska". Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 144: 96. 
  52. ↑ Rassadina, K.A. (1967). "Species et formae Hypogymniae novae et curiosae". Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii 4: 289–300. 
  53. ↑ McCune, Bruce (2011). "Hypogymnia irregularis (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae) – a new species from Asia". Mycotaxon 115: 485–494. doi:10.5248/115.485. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0115/0485.htm. 
  54. ↑ Ohlsson, Karl E. (1973). "New and interesting macrolichens of British Columbia". Bryologist 76 (3): 366–387. doi:10.2307/3241719. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Wei, J.C.; Jiang, Y.M. (1980). "Species novae lichenum e Parmeliaceis in regione xizangensis". Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 18 (3): 368–388. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Hawksworth, D.L. (2007). "Two new species of Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl". Lichenologist 5 (5–6): 452–456. doi:10.1017/S0024282973000502. 
  57. ↑ Chen, J.B. (1994). "Two new species of Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. (Hypogymniaceae, Ascomycotina)". Acta Mycologica Sinica 13: 107–110. 
  58. ↑ Wei, Xinli; McCune, Bruce; Wang, Lisong; Wei, Jiangchun (2010). "Hypogymnia magnifica (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from southwest China". Bryologist 113 (1): 120–123. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-113.1.120. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250066882. 
  59. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Schoch, Conrad (2009). "Hypogymnia minilobata (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from coastal California". Bryologist 112 (1): 94–100. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-112.1.94. 
  60. ↑ Goward, Trevor (1988). "Hypogymnia oceanica, a new lichen (Ascomycotina) from the Pacific Northwest of North America". Bryologist 91 (3): 229–232. doi:10.2307/3243225. 
  61. ↑ McCune, Bruce; Tchabanenko, Svetlana; Wei, Xin Li (2015). "Hypogymnia papilliformis (Parmeliaceae), a new lichen from Far East Russia and China". Lichenologist 47 (2): 117–122. doi:10.1017/S0024282914000656. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276867424. 
  62. ↑ Wei, Xin-Li; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2012). "A study of the pruinose species of Hypogymnia (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China". Lichenologist 44 (6): 783–793. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000473. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lai, M.J. (1980). "Notes on some Hypogymniae (Parmeliaceae) from East Asia". Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 33 (3–4): 209–214. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Wei, Xinli; Wei, Jiangchun (2005). "Two new species of Hypogymnia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) with pruinose lobe tips from China". Mycotaxon 94: 155–158. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290570682. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Goward, Trevor; Ahti, Teuvo; Elix, John A.; Spribille, Toby (2010). "Hypogymnia recurva and Hypogymnia wilfiana spp. nov., two new lichens from western North America". Botany 88 (4): 345–351. doi:10.1139/B10-028. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228371553. 
  66. ↑ Nash et al. 2002, p. 236.
  67. ↑ Sinha, G.P.; Elix, J.A. (2003). "A new species of Hypogymnia and a new record in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Sikkim, India". Mycotaxon 87: 81–84. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290172234. 
  68. ↑ Jiang, Yumei; Wei, Jiangcgun (1990). "馬鞍菌屬新種和新記錄 II." (in zh). Acta Mycologica Sinica 9 (4): 293–295. 

Cited literature

Wikidata ☰ Q740357 entry



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