Biology:Panaeolus cinctulus
| Panaeolus cinctulus | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
| Genus: | Panaeolus |
| Species: | P. cinctulus
|
| Binomial name | |
| Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Saccardo (1887)
| |
| |
| Approximate Panaeolus cinctulus range | |
| Synonyms[1][2] | |
|
Agaricus cinctulus Bolton (1791) | |
| Panaeolus cinctulus | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | gills on hymenium |
 | cap is campanulate or convex |
 | hymenium is adnate or adnexed |
 | stipe is bare |
 | spore print is black |
 | ecology is saprotrophic |
 | edibility: psychoactive |
Panaeolus cinctulus, syn. Panaeolus subbalteatus, commonly known as the banded mottlegill, weed Panaeolus, belted panaeolus,[3] or subbs is a very common, widely distributed psilocybin mushroom. According to American naturalist and mycologist David Arora, Panaeolus cinctulus is the most common psilocybin mushroom in California .
During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms because of its hallucinogenic properties.[4]
Name
The descriptor subbalteatus comes from the Latin words sub ('somewhat') and balteat ('girdled'), a reference to the dark outer band of the cap.[5]
Description
- Cap: 1.5–5.5 centimetres (5⁄8–2 1⁄8 in), hemispherical to convex when young to broadly umbonate or plane in age,[5] smooth, hygrophanous, striking cinnamon-brown when moist, soot-black when wet which disappears as the mushroom completely dries out. The outer band is usually darker.[5] The flesh is cinnamon-brown to cream-colored and thin.
- Gills: Close, adnate to adnexed, cream-colored when young, later mottled dingy brown then to soot-black. Gill edges white and slightly fringed, but turn blackish when fully mature.[6]
- Spore Print: Jet Black
- Spores: 12 x 8 µm, smooth, ellipitic-citriform, thick-walled.
- Stipe: 2–10 cm long, 2–9 mm thick, equal or tapered at the ends, reddish brown to whitish, pruinose, hollow, no veil remnants, longitudinally white-fibrillose and white-powdered, striate at the apex or twisting vertically down the entire length of the stipe, Stem base and mycelium occasionally staining blue.
- Taste: Farinaceous (like flour) when fresh, saliferous (salty) when dried.
- Odor: Slightly farinaceous.
- Microscopic features: Spores 11–16 x 7.5–10 x 6–9 µm, smooth, elliptical to rhomboid in face view, elliptical in side view.
Morphologically, Panaeolus cinctulus can be easily confused with other species of psilocybin mushrooms. They have a resemblance to Panaeolus fimicola, and prefer the same habitats, but the latter species has sulphidia on the gill faces.
Habitat and formation
Panaeolus cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose (densely clumped) on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and, rarely, directly on horse dung.[7] It grows from Spring to Fall seasons. It grows abundantly after rain. It can be found in many regions, including: Africa[8] (South Africa ),[8] Austria,[8][9] Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia[8]), Denmark ,[9] Finland ,[10] France ,[8] Germany ,[8][9] Great Britain,[8] Guadeloupe,[9] Estonia,[8] Iceland,[8] India ,[8] Ireland,[8] Italy,[8] South Korea ,[8] Japan ,[8] Mexico,[10] New Guinea,[8] New Zealand,[8] Norway ,[9] Philippines ,[8] Russia ,[8] Slovenia,[9] South America (Argentina , Chile , Brazil )[8] and the United States (it is common in Oregon, Alaska, Washington (state) , and both Northern and Southern California, but is also known to occur in all 50 states).
It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia , Central Queensland, Australia Belgium and The Czech Republic.
Legality
The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A (United Kingdom) or Schedule I (US) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[11] The possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including P. cinctulus, is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms. Panaeolus cinctulus is mildly psychoactive.[5]
Neurological effects
Psilocybin is similar in structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is involved in or associated with mood regulation, appetite, sleep, learning and the cardiovascular system among others. Thus psilocybin may disrupt the actions of serotonin, accounting for its effects such as restlessness, increased heart rate, and inability to concentrate.[12][13]
Baeocystin is a psilocybin mushroom alkaloid and analog of psilocybin. It is found as a minor compound in most psilocybin mushrooms together with psilocybin, norbaeocystin, and psilocin. Baeocystin is a N-demethylated derivative of psilocybin, and a phosphorylated derivative of 4-HO-NMT (4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine). Baeocystin produces similar, if not almost exactly the same effects of psilocin.[citation needed]
Gallery
|
See also
References
- ↑ "Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Sacc. 1887". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=170056.
- ↑ Gerhardt, E. (1996). "Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina (Fungi, Agaricales, Coprinaceae)". Bibliotheca Botanica 147: 1–149.
- ↑ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
- ↑ Singer and Smith (1958).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=WevHvt6Tr8kC.
- ↑ "Panaeolus Cinctulus". Shroomery. http://www.shroomery.org/9473/Panaeolus-cinctulus.
- ↑ Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0. p. 82.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 Gastón Guzmán, John W. Allen, Jochen Gartz (1998). "A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion". Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto (14): 189–280. http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf. (on Fondazione Museo Civico di Rovereto)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 [1] Panaeolus Specimens in Various Countries (data.gbif.org)
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Panaeolus cinctulus Mushroom Observer (mushroomobserver.org)
- ↑ "List of psychotropic substances under international control". International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf.
- ↑ "What is serotonin? What does serotonin do?". Medical News Today. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232248.php.
- ↑ "Neuroscience for Kids - Hallucinogenic Mushrooms". c. 1998. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/mush.html.
Sources:
- Stamets P. (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-9610798-0-0.
- Allen John W. (1994). Psychedelic Illuminations vol. 5: Close Encounters of the Panaeolus Kind. Los Angeles, California: Ron Piper. pp. 58–62}. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258757639.
- Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 359. ISBN 0-89815-009-4.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panaeolus cinctulus. |
- "Guide to Hunting and Identifying Panaeolus subbalteatus" at shroomery.org
- "Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault : Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire" at Erowid.org
- A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi
Wikidata ☰ Q10543371 entry
 |  |
