Biology:Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide
Pro-Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide, also known as Pro-GRP, is a Gastrin-Releasing-Peptide (GRP) precursor, a neurotransmitter that belongs to the bombesine/neuromedin B family. GRP stimulates the secretion of gastrin in order to increase the acidity of the gastric acid. Pro-GRP is a peptide composed of 125 amino acids, expressed in the nervous system and digestive tract.[1][2] It is also important to not confused with progastrin, consisting of 80 amino acids, precursor of gastrin in its intracellular version and oncogene in its extracellular version (hPG80).[3][4] The presence of GRP in lung cancer samples was identified in 1983.[5] In pathological situations, GRP has mitogenic activity in vitro in many tumors such as pancreatic, small cell lung (SCLC), prostate, kidney, breast and colorectal cancers.[6][7][8][9] GRP could operate as an autocrine growth factor. In cancers, GRP induces cell growth and inhibits apoptosis by shutting down the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.[10] The mechanisms of the impacted signal pathways have not been established.[11] As early as 1994, research on Pro-GRP as a biomarker for small cell lung cancer began.[12] Because of the very short half-life of GRP (2 minutes), the Pro-GRP is used for measurements and analysis. Since then, Pro-GRP has been used as a tumor marker for patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in limited and extended stages.[13]
References
- ↑ Dumesny, Chelsea; Patel, Oneel; Lachal, Shamilah; Giraud, Andrew S.; Baldwin, Graham S.; Shulkes, Arthur (2006). "Synthesis, expression and biological activity of the prohormone for gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP)". Endocrinology 147 (1): 502–509. doi:10.1210/en.2005-0574. ISSN 0013-7227. PMID 16223866.
- ↑ Saurin, Jc; Némoz-Gaillard, E; Ratineau, C; Chayvialle, Ja; Abello, J (2000). "Le neuropeptide bombésine module la prolifération et l'invasion tumorale.". Médecine/Sciences 16 (8–9): 929. doi:10.4267/10608/1760. ISSN 1958-5381.
- ↑ Verena, D. Huebner; Roulan, JiangS; Terry D., Lee; Kassu, Legesse; Takeshi, AzumiQ (April 2, 1990). Purification and Structural Characterization of Progastrin-derived Peptides from a Human Gastrinoma. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY. https://www.jbc.org/content/266/19/12223.full.pdf.
- ↑ You, Benoit; Mercier, Frédéric; Assenat, Eric; Langlois-Jacques, Carole; Glehen, Olivier; Soulé, Julien; Payen, Léa; Kepenekian, Vahan et al. (2020). "The oncogenic and druggable hPG80 (Progastrin) is overexpressed in multiple cancers and detected in the blood of patients" (in en). EBioMedicine 51: 102574. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.035. PMID 31877416.
- ↑ Bhatnagar, M.; Springall, D. R.; Ghatei, M. A.; Burnet, P. W. J.; Hamid, Q.; Giaid, A.; Ibrahim, N. B. N.; Cuttitta, F. et al. (1988-07-01). "Localisation of mRNA and co-expression and molecular forms of GRP gene products in endocrine cells of fetal human lung". Histochemistry 90 (4): 299–307. doi:10.1007/BF00495974. ISSN 0301-5564. PMID 3068217. https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/localisation-of-mrna-and-co-expression-and-molecular-forms-of-grp-2.
- ↑ Uchida, Kazuhiro; Kojima, Akira; Morokawa, Nasa; Tanabe, Osamu; Anzai, Chieko; Kawakami, Makio; Eto, Yoshikatsu; Yoshimura, Kunihiko (2002-12-01). "Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 128 (12): 633–640. doi:10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8. ISSN 0171-5216. PMID 12474049.
- ↑ Preston, Shaun R.; Miller, Glenn V.; Primrose, John N. (1996). "Bombesin-like peptides and cancer" (in en). Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 23 (3): 225–238. doi:10.1016/1040-8428(96)00204-1. PMID 8842591.
- ↑ Moody, Terry W.; Chan, Daniel; Jensen, Jan Fahrenkrug and Robert T. (2003-01-31). "Neuropeptides as Autocrine Growth Factors in Cancer Cells" (in en). Current Pharmaceutical Design 9 (6): 495–509. doi:10.2174/1381612033391621. PMID 12570813. https://www.eurekaselect.com/63304/article. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
- ↑ Patel, Oneel; Dumesny, Chelsea; Giraud, Andrew S.; Baldwin, Graham S.; Shulkes, Arthur (2004). "Stimulation of proliferation and migration of a colorectal cancer cell line by amidated and glycine-extended gastrin-releasing peptide via the same receptor" (in en). Biochemical Pharmacology 68 (11): 2129–2142. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.009. PMID 15498503.
- ↑ Li, Xinqiu; Zhang, Litang; Ke, Xianzhu; Wang, Yuming (2013). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide triggers growth of HepG2 cells through blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis" (in en). Biochemistry (Moscow) 78 (1): 102–110. doi:10.1134/S0006297913010136. ISSN 0006-2979. PMID 23379566.
- ↑ "Gastrin-releasing peptide gene-associated peptides are expressed in normal human fetal lung and small cell lung cancer: A novel peptide family found in man". Lung Cancer 5: 10. 1989. doi:10.1016/0169-5002(89)90319-x. ISSN 0169-5002.
- ↑ "Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (PROGRP) as a specific tumor marker in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)". Lung Cancer 11: 45. 1994. doi:10.1016/0169-5002(94)93944-6. ISSN 0169-5002.
- ↑ Cavalieri, Stefano; Morelli, Daniele; Martinetti, Antonia; Galli, Giulia; Nichetti, Federico; de Braud, Filippo; Platania, Marco (2018). "Clinical implications for pro-GRP in small cell lung cancer. A single center experience" (in en). The International Journal of Biological Markers 33 (1): 55–61. doi:10.5301/ijbm.5000305. ISSN 1724-6008. PMID 28967066.
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