Biology:Gastrin-releasing peptide
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Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells of the stomach.
The gene from which GRP is derived encodes a number of bombesin-like peptides.[1][2][3][4] Its 148-amino acid preproprotein, following cleavage of a signal peptide, is further processed to produce either the 27-amino acid gastrin-releasing peptide or the 10-amino acid neuromedin C.[5] These smaller peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.[1]
Function
Gastrin-releasing peptide is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function.[6] The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate bombesin/GRP neurons of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.
GRP is also involved in the biology of the circadian system, playing a role in the signaling of light to the master circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Furthermore, GRP seems to mediate certain aspects of stress. This is the reason for the observed fact that atropine does not block the vagal effect on gastrin release.
Gene
The human GRP gene is located on chromosome 18q21. PreproGRP (the unprocessed form of GRP) is encoded in three exons separated by two introns.[4] Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[1]
Synthesis
PreproGRP begins with signal peptidase cleavage to generate the proGRP, which is then processed by proteolytic cleavages, to form smaller GRP peptides.[6]
These smaller peptides are released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve, which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin. GRP regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.[6]
Clinical significance
Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C, it is postulated, play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate.[1]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Entrez Gene: GRP gastrin-releasing peptide". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2922.
- ↑ "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (18): 5699–703. September 1984. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699. PMID 6207529. Bibcode: 1984PNAS...81.5699S.
- ↑ "Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1): 19–23. January 1986. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.1.19. PMID 3001723. Bibcode: 1986PNAS...83...19S.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 13 (1): 81–6. January 1987. doi:10.1007/BF02422302. PMID 3027901. https://zenodo.org/record/1232950.
- ↑ "Neuromedin C" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Neuromedin-C.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake". Neuropeptides 33 (5): 376–86. October 1999. doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0054. PMID 10657515.
Further reading
- "Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake". Neuropeptides 33 (5): 376–86. 2000. doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0054. PMID 10657515.
- "Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) binding sites in human bronchi". Neuropeptides 21 (2): 81–4. 1992. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(92)90518-2. PMID 1557184. https://zenodo.org/record/1258325.
- "Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (1): 19–23. 1986. doi:10.1073/pnas.83.1.19. PMID 3001723. Bibcode: 1986PNAS...83...19S.
- "Expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide gene in human small cell lung cancer. Evidence for alternative processing resulting in three distinct mRNAs". J. Biol. Chem. 261 (5): 2451–7. 1986. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)35956-2. PMID 3003116.
- "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 13 (1): 81–6. 1987. doi:10.1007/BF02422302. PMID 3027901. https://zenodo.org/record/1232950.
- "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene is located on chromosome 18". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 13 (1): 87–91. 1987. doi:10.1007/BF02422303. PMID 3027902.
- "Posttranslational processing of endogenous and of baculovirus-expressed human gastrin-releasing peptide precursor". Mol. Cell. Biol. 8 (8): 3129–35. 1989. doi:10.1128/MCB.8.8.3129. PMID 3211139.
- "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81 (18): 5699–703. 1984. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699. PMID 6207529. Bibcode: 1984PNAS...81.5699S.
- "Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors". Mol. Pharmacol. 47 (1): 10–20. 1995. PMID 7838118.
- "Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates cyclic AMP, arachidonic acid release, and growth of lung cancer cells". Peptides 15 (2): 281–5. 1994. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(94)90013-2. PMID 8008632.
- "Receptor subtype expression and responsiveness to bombesin in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells". Cancer Res. 54 (7): 1613–6. 1994. PMID 8137267.
- "Proglucagon gene expression is induced by gastrin-releasing peptide in a mouse enteroendocrine cell line". Endocrinology 137 (9): 3710–6. 1996. doi:10.1210/en.137.9.3710. PMID 8756537.
- "Marked differences between metalloproteases meprin A and B in substrate and peptide bond specificity". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (16): 13248–55. 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M011414200. PMID 11278902.
- "Kinetic study of the processing by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 of neuropeptides involved in pancreatic insulin secretion". FEBS Lett. 507 (3): 327–30. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02982-9. PMID 11696365.
- "Identification and characterisation of functional bombesin receptors in human astrocytes". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 438 (1–2): 25–34. 2002. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01268-2. PMID 11906707.
- "Contribution of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor to villus development in the murine and human gastrointestinal tract". Mech. Dev. 113 (2): 121–30. 2002. doi:10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00032-1. PMID 11960700.
- "Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer". J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 128 (12): 633–40. 2003. doi:10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8. PMID 12474049.
- "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.
- "Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1) in patients with lung cancer in comparison to other lung diseases". Anticancer Res. 23 (2A): 885–93. 2003. PMID 12820318.
External links
- Gastrin-Releasing+Peptide at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_35". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_35.htm.
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