Biology:ParaHoxozoa

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Short description: Clade of all animals except sponges and comb jellies

ParaHoxozoa
Temporal range: 605.2 –0 Ma
Ediacaran-Present
Animalia diversity.jpg
Diversity of parahoxozoans
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Ryan et al., 2010
Taxa

ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria.[1] The relationship of this clade relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Porifera as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [2][3][4][5][6][7]).[excessive citations] Other studies have presented evidence supporting Porifera as the sister to Parahoxozoa and Ctenophora as the sister group to the rest of animals (e.g. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]),[excessive citations] finding that nervous systems either evolved independently in ctenophores and parahoxozoans,[16] or were secondarily lost in poriferans.[17]

Phylogeny

The tree below, which is congruent with the vast majority of these phylogenomic studies, conveys this uncertainty with a polytomy.

  Choanozoa  
 

 Choanoflagellata Cronoflagelado2.svg

 
  Animalia  
 

 Ctenophora Mertensia ovum.png

 
 

 Porifera Reef3859 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg

 
  Parahoxozoa  
 

 Placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens photograph.png

 
  Planulozoa  
     

 Cnidaria Medusae of world-vol03 fig360 Atolla chuni.jpg

 
 

 Bilateria Acrodipsas brisbanensis.jpg

 
 
  
  
 
  
  

ParaHoxozoa or Parahoxozoa

Though "ParaHox" genes are usually referred to in CamelCase and the original paper that named the clade used "ParaHoxozoa", the single initial capital format "Parahoxozoa" has become more common in the literature as CamelCase is not standard in zoological nomenclature.[citation needed]

Characteristics

Parahoxozoa was defined by the presence of several gene (sub)classes (HNF, CUT, PROS, ZF, CERS, K50, S50-PRD), as well as Hox/ParaHox-ANTP from which the name of this clade originated. It was later proposed[18][19] and contested[20] that a gene of the same class (ANTP) as the Hox/ParaHox, the NK gene and the Cdx Parahox gene, is also present in Porifera, the sponges. Regardless of whether a ParaHox gene is ever definitively identified, Parahoxozoa, as originally defined, is monophyletic and therefore continues to be used as such.[21]

Planula-acoel, triploblasty, and bilaterian similarities

The original Bilateria are hypothesized to be a bottom dwelling worm with a single body opening.[22] A through-gut may already have developed with the Ctenophora however.[23] The through-gut may have developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g. Acoela resemble the planula larvae of some Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian Buddenbrockia is.[24][25][26] Placozoa has been noted to resemble planula.[27] Usually, "Planulozoa" is to the exclusion of Placozoa, but not necessarily. In this case it appears synonymous with Parahoxozoa.[28] Triploblasty developed before the Cnidaria-Bilateria radiation as well.[29]

References

  1. ↑ Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. (2010-10-04). "The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the Parahoxozoa". EvoDevo 1 (1): 9. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMID 20920347. 
  2. ↑ Pick, K. S.; Philippe, H.; Schreiber, F.; Erpenbeck, D.; Jackson, D. J.; Wrede, P.; Wiens, M.; Alie, A. et al. (2010). "Improved Phylogenomic Taxon Sampling Noticeably Affects Nonbilaterian Relationships". Molecular Biology and Evolution 27 (9): 1983–1987. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq089. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 20378579. 
  3. ↑ Nosenko, Tetyana; Schreiber, Fabian; Adamska, Maja; Adamski, Marcin; Eitel, Michael; Hammel, Jörg; Maldonado, Manuel; Müller, Werner E.G. et al. (2013). "Deep metazoan phylogeny: When different genes tell different stories". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67 (1): 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.010. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 23353073. 
  4. ↑ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (15 December 2015). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (50): 15402–15407. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 26621703. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..11215402P. 
  5. ↑ Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide (2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. PMID 29199080. 
  6. ↑ Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori et al. (3 April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals". Current Biology 27 (7): 958–967. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681528/file/Simion_etal2017_CurrBiol_proofs.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Leclère, Lucas; Horin, Coralie; Chevalier, Sandra; Lapébie, Pascal; Dru, Philippe; Peron, Sophie; Jager, Muriel; Condamine, Thomas et al. (2019). "The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle". Nature Ecology & Evolution 3 (5): 801–810. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0833-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 30858591. 
  8. ↑ Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Matus, David Q.; Pang, Kevin; Browne, William E.; Smith, Stephen A.; Seaver, Elaine; Rouse, Greg W. et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18322464. Bibcode: 2008Natur.452..745D. 
  9. ↑ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (18): 5773–5778. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503453112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 25902535. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..112.5773W. 
  10. ↑ Borowiec, Marek L.; Lee, Ernest K.; Chiu, Joanna C.; Plachetzki, David C. (2015). "Extracting phylogenetic signal and accounting for bias in whole-genome data sets supports the Ctenophora as sister to remaining Metazoa". BMC Genomics 16 (1): 987. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2146-4. ISSN 1471-2164. PMID 26596625. 
  11. ↑ Shen, Xing-Xing; Hittinger, Chris Todd; Rokas, Antonis (2017). "Contentious relationships in phylogenomic studies can be driven by a handful of genes". Nature Ecology & Evolution 1 (5): 126. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0126. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28812701. 
  12. ↑ Arcila, Dahiana; Ortí, Guillermo; Vari, Richard; Armbruster, Jonathan W.; Stiassny, Melanie L. J.; Ko, Kyung D.; Sabaj, Mark H.; Lundberg, John et al. (2017). "Genome-wide interrogation advances resolution of recalcitrant groups in the tree of life". Nature Ecology & Evolution 1 (2): 20. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0020. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28812610. 
  13. ↑ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017). "Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals". Nature Ecology & Evolution 1 (11): 1737–1746. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28993654. 
  14. ↑ Pandey, Akanksha; Braun, Edward L. (2021). "The Roles of Protein Structure, Taxon Sampling, and Model Complexity in Phylogenomics: A Case Study Focused on Early Animal Divergences". Biophysica 1 (2): 87–105. doi:10.3390/biophysica1020008. ISSN 2673-4125. 
  15. ↑ Erives, Albert; Fritzsch, Bernd (2020). "A Screen for Gene Paralogies Delineating Evolutionary Branching Order of Early Metazoa". G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics 10 (2): 811–826. doi:10.1534/g3.119.400951. ISSN 2160-1836. PMID 31879283. 
  16. ↑ Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; Povolotskaya, Inna S.; Grigorenko, Anastasia P.; Dailey, Christopher et al. (2014). "The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems". Nature 510 (7503): 109–114. doi:10.1038/nature13400. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24847885. Bibcode: 2014Natur.510..109M. 
  17. ↑ Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R. et al. (2013). "The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution". Science 342 (6164): 1242592. doi:10.1126/science.1242592. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24337300. 
  18. ↑ Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja (2014-10-30). "Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes". Nature 514 (7524): 620–623. doi:10.1038/nature13881. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. Bibcode: 2014Natur.514..620F. 
  19. ↑ Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. (1996). "The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes". Current Biology 17 (8): 706–710. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008. PMID 17379523. 
  20. ↑ Pastrana, Claudia C.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Ryan, Joseph F. (2019). "Sponges lack ParaHox genes". Genome Biology and Evolution 11 (4): 1250–1257. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052. PMID 30859199. 
  21. ↑ Giribet, Gonzalo (1 October 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta 45: 14–21. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215. ISSN 1463-6409. 
  22. ↑ Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature 530 (7588): 89–93. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. Bibcode: 2016Natur.530...89C. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1844. 
  23. ↑ Browne, William E.; Amemiya, Chris T.; Swalla, Billie J.; Warren, Kaitlyn J.; Vandepas, Lauren E.; Presnell, Jason S. (2016-10-24). "The Presence of a Functionally Tripartite Through-Gut in Ctenophora Has Implications for Metazoan Character Trait Evolution" (in en). Current Biology 26 (20): 2814–2820. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.019. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27568594. 
  24. ↑ Jiménez-Guri, Eva; Philippe, Hervé; Okamura, Beth; Holland, Peter W. H. (2007-07-06). "Buddenbrockia Is a Cnidarian Worm" (in en). Science 317 (5834): 116–118. doi:10.1126/science.1142024. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17615357. Bibcode: 2007Sci...317..116J. 
  25. ↑ Baguñà, Jaume; Martinez, Pere; Paps, Jordi; Riutort, Marta (2008-04-27). "Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria" (in en). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363 (1496): 1481–1491. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2238. ISSN 0962-8436. PMID 18192186. 
  26. ↑ Genikhovich, Grigory; Technau, Ulrich (2017-10-01). "On the evolution of bilaterality" (in en). Development 144 (19): 3392–3404. doi:10.1242/dev.141507. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 28974637. 
  27. ↑ Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model" (in en). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82 (1): 315–324. doi:10.1007/bf03043791. ISSN 0037-2110. 
  28. ↑ Wallberg, Andreas; Thollesson, Mikael; Farris, James S.; Jondelius, Ulf (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling" (in en). Cladistics 20 (6): 558–578. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 34892961. 
  29. ↑ Boero, F.; Schierwater, B.; Piraino, S. (2007-06-01). "Cnidarian milestones in metazoan evolution" (in en). Integrative and Comparative Biology 47 (5): 693–700. doi:10.1093/icb/icm041. ISSN 1540-7063. PMID 21669750. 

Wikidata ☰ Q16976127 entry



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